Charles Frederick Chandler (December 6, 1836 – August 25, 1925) was an American chemist , best known for his regulatory work in public health , sanitation , and consumer safety in New York City , as well as his work in chemical education—first at Union College and then, for the majority of his career, at Columbia University , where he taught in the Chemical Department, the College of Physicians and Surgeons , and served as the first Dean of Columbia University's School of Mines .
65-633: The Priestley Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and is awarded for distinguished service in the field of chemistry . Established in 1922, the award is named after Joseph Priestley , one of the discoverers of oxygen , who immigrated to the United States of America in 1794. The ACS formed in 1876, spearheaded by a group of chemists who had met two years previously in Priestley's home. The Priestley Medal
130-651: A congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus, Ohio . The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals, national conferences, and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces over 80 scholarly journals including
195-682: A German court refused to award monetary compensation to the ACS and Elsevier ; against Sci-Hub , which resulted in a non-enforceable judgement. The ACS was also found guilty in several lawsuits brought against the Society by its employees. Charles F. Chandler Charles Frederick Chandler was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts , on December 6, 1836. His family moved shortly after his birth to New Bedford, Massachusetts , where he spent most of his formative years and engaged in his earliest formal education. As
260-605: A child he devoted nearly all of his free time to scientific and geological explorations and attending public lectures on scientific subjects. These public lectures at the New Bedford Lyceum, and in particular a series of lectures given by the geologist and naturalist Louis Agassiz , sparked his lifelong interest in science. He was particularly interested in mineralogy and collected rock and mineral samples that he found around his grandfather's Lancaster home. Upon completion of his studies at New Bedford High School, Chandler spent
325-625: A debate between some research funders (including the federal government), which argued that research they funded should be presented freely to the public, and some publishers (including the ACS), which argued that the costs of peer-review and publishing justified their subscription prices. In 2006, Congress debated legislation that would have instructed the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to require all investigators it funded to submit copies of final, peer-reviewed journal articles to PubMed Central ,
390-590: A free-access digital repository it operates, within 12 months of publication. At the time the American Association of Publishers (of which ACS is a member) hired a public relations firm to counter the open access movement . In spite of publishers' opposition, the PubMed Central legislation was passed in December 2007 and became effective in 2008. As the open access issue has continued to evolve, so too has
455-609: A group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the 100th anniversary of Priestley's discovery of oxygen . Although there was an American scientific society at that time (the American Association for the Advancement of Science , founded in 1848), the growth of chemistry in the U.S. prompted those assembled to consider founding a new society that would focus more directly on theoretical and applied chemistry. Two years later, on April 6, 1876, during
520-739: A meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York (now New York University ) the American Chemical Society was founded. The society received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877. Charles F. Chandler , a professor of chemistry at Columbia University who was instrumental in organizing the society said that such a body would "prove a powerful and healthy stimulus to original research, ... would awaken and develop much talent now wasting in isolation, ... [bring] members of
585-449: A new constitution aimed at nationalizing the organization in 1890. In 1905, the American Chemical Society moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. ACS was reincorporated under a congressional charter in 1937. It was granted by the U.S. Congress and signed by president Franklin D. Roosevelt . ACS's headquarters moved to its current location in downtown Washington in 1941. ACS first established technical divisions in 1908 to foster
650-504: A restriction on the number of records that can be exported. None of the competing products, such as Web of Science (owned by Clarivate ), Scopus (owned by Elsevier ) and The Lens (owned by Cambia ) has similar restrictions. The ACS has been involved in numerous lawsuits regarding access to its databases, trademark rights, and copyrighted material. In many of these cases, the ACS lost or ended up with an unenforceable judgement. These include: Dialog v. American Chemical Society ,
715-438: A suit claiming antitrust violations in access to ACS databases, settled out of court in 1993; American Chemical Society v. Google , a suit claiming trademark violation, settled out of court in 2006; American Chemical Society v. Leadscope , a suit alleging stolen trade secrets, concluded in 2012 with ACS losing its trade secrets claim and Leadscope losing its counterclaim of defamation; against ResearchGate , where
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#1732851149308780-684: A year in private study, learning Latin and Greek and conducting chemical experiments in a laboratory he set up in his father's attic to prepare himself for more advanced chemical study. He then left his home in New Bedford and enrolled in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University . While at Harvard he studied Industrial Chemistry, but he was encouraged to continue his studies in Industrial Chemistry and Geology in Germany, which
845-489: Is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has more than 155,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering , and related fields. It is one of the world's largest scientific societies by membership. The ACS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and holds
910-740: Is among the most distinguished awards in the chemical sciences, behind the Wolf Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Consequently, it is commonly awarded to scientists who are advanced in their fields, as it is intended to commemorate lifetime achievement. When the ACS started presenting the Priestley Medal in 1923, they intended to award it every three years. This continued until 1944, when it became an annual award. American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society ( ACS )
975-561: Is an open access chemical database developed by the NIH's National Center for Biotechnology Information . The ACS raised concerns that the publicly supported PubChem database would duplicate and unfairly compete with their existing fee-based Chemical Abstracts Service and argued that the database should only present data created by the Molecular Libraries Screening Center initiative of the NIH. The ACS lobbied members of
1040-452: Is the largest division of the Society. It marked its 100th anniversary in 2008. The first Chair of the Division was Edward Curtis Franklin . The Organic Division played a part in establishing Organic Syntheses , Inc. and Organic Reactions , Inc. and it maintains close ties to both organizations. The Division's best known activities include organizing symposia (talks and poster sessions) at
1105-596: The United States Congress to rein in PubChem and hired outside lobbying firms to try to persuade congressional members, the NIH, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) against establishing a publicly funded database. The ACS was unsuccessful, and as of 2012 PubChem is the world's largest free chemical database. The ACS is also the only provider of a major scientific publication database ( SciFinder ) that imposes
1170-495: The chemical sciences , co-owned, and collaboratively managed by the American Chemical Society (ACS), German Chemical Society (GDCh) , Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) , the chemistry community, other societies, funders, and non-profits; open for submissions and available for all readers at ChemRxiv. In debates about free access to scientific information, the ACS has been described as "in an interesting dilemma, with some of its representatives pushing for open access and others hating
1235-485: The phase rule . The Georgia Local Section of ACS has awarded the Herty Medal since 1933 recognizing outstanding chemists who have significantly contributed to their chosen fields. All chemists in academic, government, or industrial laboratories who have been residing in the southeastern United States for at least 10 years are eligible. The New York Section of ACS also gives Leadership Awards. The Leadership Awards are
1300-432: The $ 25 yearly dues. Any university may start its own ACS Student Chapter and receive benefits of undergraduate participation in regional conferences and discounts on ACS publications. The American Chemical Society administers 64 national awards, medals and prizes based on scientific contributions at various career levels that promote achievement across the chemical sciences. The ACS national awards program began in 1922 with
1365-424: The ACS launched a series of 9 open access journals under the name ACS Au (chemical symbol for gold) which include ACS Bio & Med Chem Au , ACS Engineering Au , ACS Environmental Au , ACS Materials Au , ACS Measurement Science Au , ACS Nanoscience Au , ACS Organic & Inorganic Au , ACS Physical Chem Au and ACS Polymers Au . In 2005, the ACS was criticized for opposing the creation of PubChem , which
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#17328511493081430-592: The ACS's position. In response to a 2013 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy directive that instructed federal agencies to provide greater access to federally funded research, the ACS joined other scholarly publishers in establishing the Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States (Chorus) to allow free access to published articles. The ACS has also introduced several open access publishing options for its journals, including providing authors
1495-462: The American Chemical Society and its president from 1881 to 1889. Though he stepped down as the dean of the School of Mines in 1897, he continued to teach chemistry at Columbia University until 1910, and proved to be an extremely popular and engaging instructor. One of his former pupils provided the testimony that "He was the most popular professor at Columbia for the forty-seven years he was active. This
1560-497: The American Chemical Society in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. International Chemical Sciences Chapters allow ACS members outside of the U.S. to organize locally for professional and scientific exchange. There are currently 24 International Chemical Sciences Chapters. ACS states that it offers teacher training to support the professional development of science teachers so they can better present chemistry in
1625-403: The American Chemical Society. They elect their own officers and select representatives to the national ACS organization. Local sections also provide professional development opportunities for members, organize community outreach events, offer awards, and conduct other business. The Rhode Island Section was the first local section of ACS, organized in 1891. There are currently 186 local sections of
1690-629: The E. Ann Nalley Regional Award for Volunteer Service to the American Chemical Society, Regional Awards for Excellence in High School Teaching, and the Stanley C. Israel Regional Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences. ACS Publications is the publishing division of the ACS. It is a nonprofit academic publisher of scientific journals covering various fields of chemistry and related sciences. As of 2021, ACS Publications published
1755-646: The Presidency of the Metropolitan Board of Health, a position he held until 1883. His work with the New York City Municipal Board of Health led to a number of important sanitary reforms in the city. When he began his services on the Board of Health in 1866, 53 out of every 100 deaths in the city were children under the age of 5. He implemented major reforms to improve infant nutrition, including stopping
1820-724: The United States and outside the United States as well. These student chapters mainly focus on volunteering opportunities, career development, and the discussion of student and faculty research. The organization also publishes textbooks, administers several national chemistry awards, provides grants for scientific research, and supports various educational and outreach activities. The ACS has been criticized for predatory pricing of its products ( SciFinder , journals and other publications), for opposing open access publishing, as well as for initiating numerous copyright enforcement litigations despite its non-profit status and its chartered commitment to dissemination of chemical information. In 1874,
1885-400: The accomplishments of modern industrial and analytic chemistry. While Chandler was a very popular instructor, he was not always so popular among his colleagues. He spent much of his time acting as an expert witness in various legal cases and patent disputes, and performed independent consulting work for companies such as Standard Oil . Many of Chandler's colleagues had concerns that Chandler
1950-571: The acquisition of the Universal Oil Products laboratory by a consortium of oil companies in 1931. The companies established a trust fund, The Petroleum Research Fund, in 1944 to prevent antitrust litigation tied to their UOP assets. The ACS was named the beneficiary of the trust. The first grants from the PRF were awarded in 1954. In 2000, the trust was transferred to the ACS. The ACS established The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund and
2015-420: The association into closer union, and ensure a better appreciation of our science and its students on the part of the general public." Although Chandler was a likely choice to become the society's first president because of his role in organizing the society, New York University chemistry professor John William Draper was elected as the first president of the society because of his national reputation. Draper
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2080-679: The biannual ACS National Meetings, for the purpose of recognizing promising Assistant Professors, talented young researchers, outstanding technical contributions from junior-level chemists, in the field of organic chemistry . The symposia also honor national award winners, including the Arthur C. Cope Award , Cope Scholar Award, James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic Methods. The Division helps to organize symposia at
2145-600: The campaigns have been celebrated with a yearly theme, such as "Chemistry Colors Our World" (2015) and "Energy: Now and Forever!" (2013). The Green Chemistry Institute (GCI) supports the "implementation of green chemistry and engineering throughout the global chemistry enterprise." The GCI organizes an annual conference, the Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference, provides research grants, administers awards, and provides information and support for green chemistry practices to educators, researchers, and industry. The GCI
2210-511: The chemical assistant at Professor Charles Joy's laboratory at Union College in Schenectady, New York , and shortly thereafter began to lecture on Mineralogy and Geology at the college as well as manage the laboratory. He became an associate professor at the College in 1857 at the age of 21. Shortly after, he and his younger brother William became members of The Kappa Alpha Society , of which Joy
2275-411: The city, and pushing a "Tenement House Act" through legislature. This is all in addition to the more mundane tasks of testing household goods such as cosmetics, patent medicine, and wallpaper for toxic and potentially harmful additives. The Board of Health, under his leadership is credited with preventing a cholera epidemic in 1883. He, himself, thought his most important work with the Board of Health
2340-564: The classroom, foster the scientific curiosity of our nation's youth and encourage future generations to pursue scientific careers. As of 2009, Clifford and Kathryn Hach donated $ 33 million to ACS, to continue the work of the Hach Scientific Foundation in supporting high school chemistry teaching. The Society sponsors the United States National Chemistry Olympiad (USNCO), a contest used to select
2405-473: The establishment of the Priestley Medal , the highest award offered by the ACS, which is given for distinguished services to chemistry. The 2019 recipient of the Priestley Medal is K. Barry Sharpless . Additional awards are offered by divisions, local sections and other bodies of ACS. The William H. Nichols Medal Award was the first ACS award to honor outstanding researchers in the field of chemistry. It
2470-498: The exam. The ACS also approves certified undergraduate programs in chemistry. A student who completes the required laboratory and course work—sometimes in excess of what a particular college may require for its Bachelor's degree —is considered by the Society to be well trained for professional work. The ACS coordinates two annual public awareness campaigns, National Chemistry Week and Chemists Celebrate Earth Week, as part of its educational outreach. Since 1978 and 2003 respectively,
2535-560: The exchange of information among scientists who work in particular fields of chemistry or professional interests. Divisional activities include organizing technical sessions at ACS meetings, publishing books and resources, administering awards and lectureships, and conducting other events. The original five divisions were 1) organic chemistry, 2) industrial chemists and chemical engineers, 3) agricultural and food chemistry, 4) fertilizer chemistry, and 5) physical and inorganic chemistry. As of 2016, there are 32 technical divisions of ACS. This
2600-422: The following peer-reviewed journals: In addition to academic journals, ACS Publications also publishes Chemical & Engineering News , a weekly trade magazine covering news in the chemical profession, inChemistry , a magazine for undergraduate students, and ChemMatters , a magazine for high school students and teachers. ACS also created ChemRxiv , which is an open access preprint repository for
2665-496: The four-member team that represents the United States at the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO). The ACS Division of Chemical Education provides standardized tests for various subfields of chemistry. The two most commonly used tests are the undergraduate-level tests for general and organic chemistry. Each of these tests consists of 70 multiple-choice questions, and gives students 110 minutes to complete
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2730-459: The hand and led them through a course of Chemistry, Ethics, and Humor so cleverly combined that it has made men of them. " Though Chandler is perhaps most associated with the School of Mines, he also, starting in 1867, began lecturing in Chemistry for the New York College of Pharmacy. He acted as president of this school until 1897 when it formalized its relationship to Columbia University and
2795-594: The highest honors given by the Chemical Marketing and Economic Group of ACS NY since December 6, 2012. They are presented to leaders of industry, investments, and other sectors, for their contributions to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) initiatives. Honorees include Andrew N. Liveris (Dow Chemical), P. Roy Vagelos (Regeneron, Merck), Thomas M. Connelly (DuPont) and Juan Pablo del Valle (Mexichem). The ACS also administers regional awards presented annually at regional meetings. This includes
2860-644: The international meeting called Pacifichem and it organizes the biennial National Organic Chemistry Symposium (NOS) which highlights recent advances in organic chemistry and hosts the Roger Adams Award address. The Division also organizes corporate sponsorships to provide fellowships for PhD students and undergraduates. It also organizes the Graduate Research Symposium and manages award and travel grant programs for undergraduates. Local sections were authorized in 1890 and are autonomous units of
2925-647: The journal until it was discontinued in 1877. He received a number of honorary degrees (such as an MD from University of New York and LL.D. from Union College ), the Gold Medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences, and the prestigious Perkin Medal from the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. After he retired from Columbia University, the alumni of that University set up an endowment for
2990-409: The opportunity to move to New York, and begin his long relationship with Columbia University. The School of Mines, later to develop into the School of Engineering and Applied Science, consisted at this time of one room in the basement of a Madison Avenue academic building. Within the first year of the School's existence, Chandler took on the position of Dean, and under his leadership in that first year
3055-471: The option to pay an upfront fee to enable free online access to their articles. In 2015, the ACS launched the first fully open access journal in the society's history, ACS Central Science . The ACS states that the journal offers the same peer-review standards as its subscription journals, but without publishing charges to either authors or readers. A second open access title, ACS Omega , an interdisciplinary mega journal , launched in 2016. In December 2020,
3120-512: The prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions. The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide. The ACS has student chapters in virtually every major university in
3185-697: The previous trust was dissolved. The PRF trust was valued at $ 144.7 million in December 2014. The ACS International Activities is the birthplace of the ACS International Center, an online resource for scientists and engineers looking to study abroad or explore an international career or internship. The site houses information on hundreds of scholarships and grants related to all levels of experience to promote scientific mobility of researchers and practitioners in STEM fields. The Society grants membership to undergraduates as student members provided they can pay
3250-410: The sale of watered-down milk, and instituted a corps of traveling physicians to tend to the residents of tenements. By the time he left the board, the child mortality rate had fallen to 46 out of every 100 deaths, an estimated saving of 8000 lives and 5000 children per annum. He was a strong advocate for tenement reform, designing tenement houses that were cleaner and brighter than those most prevalent in
3315-413: The school moved to a larger four floor building and doubled the number of students enrolled in its program of study. Chandler was to remain dean of the School of Mines for the next 33 years, through its move to its new home on Columbia's Morningside Campus and into Havemeyer Hall , the state-of-the-art Chemistry building that he helped to design and raise funds. During the period he was the organizer of
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#17328511493083380-449: The very thought." The ACS has generally opposed legislation that would mandate free access to scientific journal articles and chemical information. However it has recently launched new open access journals and provided authors with open access publishing options. Nevertheless, the actual percentage of open-access publications in ACS journals is the lowest among the 8 major scientific journal publishers (see figure below): The mid-2000s saw
3445-447: Was a photochemist and pioneering photographer who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840. Chandler would later serve as president in 1881 and 1889. In the ACS logo, originally designed in the early 20th century by Tiffany's Jewelers and used since 1909, a stylized symbol of a kaliapparat is used. The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research. It
3510-547: Was also a member. He remained at Union College for the next 7 years during which time he ran the chemistry lab and married his first wife, Anna Craig Chandler. His tenure at Union College ended in 1864 when Chandler was asked by his former colleague, Professor Joy, to consider taking on the Chair of Chemistry at the newly formed Columbia College School of Mines that Professor Thomas Egleston and General Vinton were attempting to start under Columbia President Barnard . Chandler gladly took
3575-564: Was also an energetic public health advocate and sanitation reformer. His career in public service began in 1866 when the Secretary of the Metropolitan Board of Health asked Chandler to perform some chemical work for the board, ex officio. The Board soon realized the value of having a chemist as part of the organization and later that year Chandler was appointed as chemist to the Board of Health. In 1873 Mayor Havemeyer appointed Chandler to
3640-533: Was at the forefront of scientific education at the time. He enrolled in the University of Göttingen in 1854 to study with Friedrich Wöhler , and after studying under Wöhler and working as an assistant in the lab of Heinrich Rose , the father of analytic chemistry, he earned his PhD from the University of Göttingen in 1856. After completing his degree, Chandler returned to the United States to pursue his own scientific career. Upon his return, in 1857, Chandler became
3705-469: Was due to his ability to place himself on a level and equality with his hearers, or indeed anyone he met... He was a child among children, a man of science among scientific men, but more particularly, he was a real man among his fellow men." This sentiment is echoed in the Columbia College Jester piece that commemorates him upon his retirement, "Year after year he has taken the entering classes by
3770-621: Was established in 1903 by the ACS New York Section and is named for William H. Nichols , an American chemist and businessman and one of the original founders of ACS. Of the over 100 Nichols Medalists, 16 have subsequently been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The Willard Gibbs Award , granted by the ACS Chicago Section, was established in 1910 in honor of Josiah Willard Gibbs , the Yale University professor who formulated
3835-745: Was founded in 1997 as an independent non-profit organization, by chemists Joe Breen and Dennis Hjeresen in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency . In 2001, the GCI became a part of the American Chemical Society. [1] The Petroleum Research Fund (PRF) is an endowment fund administered by the ACS that supports advanced education and fundamental research in the petroleum and fossil fuel fields at non-profit institutions. Several categories of grants are offered for various career levels and institutions. The fund awarded more than $ 25 million in grants in 2007. The PRF traces its origins to
3900-455: Was his work in reducing fatal kerosene related accidents through informing the public about the dangers of kerosene with naphtha and gasoline added (making combustible vapors). All in all, Chandler's leadership of the Board of Health marks an important chapter in the history of sanitation in New York, and his improvements were achieved against political corruption and business interests. Chandler
3965-542: Was incorporated as a University Faculty in 1897. He also lectured in Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1872 where he taught chemistry and medical jurisprudence and called for a more rigorous scientific training for medical professionals. In addition to his instructional and administrative duties, Chandler also started a Chemical Museum, later named the Chandler Chemical Museum in his honor, to highlight
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#17328511493084030-857: Was more focused on his profitable, outside consulting work than he was on his academic and administrative duties. Though he was not entirely without controversy, Chandler remained an integral part chemical education at Columbia University until 1911 when he finally, after 46 years of service at Columbia and 54 years of college teaching, retired from teaching. Upon retirement he and his second wife Augusta Berard Chandler continued to reside in New York City, but spent more and more time at their summer home in Westhampton and at her family's home in New Hartford, Connecticut , where Chandler died in 1925. While chemical instruction made up much of Charles Chandler's career, he
4095-524: Was the first journal published by ACS and is still the society's flagship peer-reviewed publication. In 1907, Chemical Abstracts was established as a separate journal (it previously appeared within JACS), which later became the Chemical Abstracts Service , a division of ACS that provides chemical information to researchers and others worldwide. Chemical & Engineering News is a weekly trade magazine that has been published by ACS since 1923. The society adopted
4160-627: Was the president of both the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in New York, and in 1899 became the first American president of the parent association, the Society of Chemical Industry in London. In 1870 he and his brother William Henry Chandler , a chemistry professor at Lehigh University , started the journal The American Chemist , the first chemical journal in America. They both edited
4225-428: Was very active in professional and social organizations, belonging to several Chemical Clubs and Organizations. While some of his clubs were purely or primarily social, other such as The Chemists' Club, which Chandler founded, were intended to build professional connections among scientists in New York. He also founded the American Chemical Society , and served twice as its president, first in 1881 and again in 1889. He
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