Misplaced Pages

#246753

73-623: The list given by the scholastics and generally adopted by modern logicians is based on development of the original fourfold classification given by Aristotle ( Topics , a iv. 101 b 17-25): definition ( horos ), genus ( genos ), property ( idion ), and accident ( sumbebekos ). The scholastic classification, obtained from Boethius 's Latin version of Porphyry 's Isagoge , modified Aristotle's by substituting species ( eidos ) and difference ( diaphora ) for definition. Both classifications are of universals , concepts or general terms , proper names of course being excluded. There is, however,

146-471: A devil's advocate and to try arguing against yourself as practice. Mnemonic A mnemonic device ( / n ɪ ˈ m ɒ n ɪ k / nih- MON -ik ) or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory , often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember. It makes use of elaborative encoding , retrieval cues and imagery as specific tools to encode information in

219-482: A breeze make a sane Japanese chilly in the USA." (les) Netherlands (Pays-Bas), Canada, Brazil (Brésil), Mexico (Mexique), Senegal, Japan (Japon), Chile (Chili), & (les) USA (États-Unis d'Amérique). Mnemonics can be used in aiding patients with memory deficits that could be caused by head injuries , strokes , epilepsy , multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions. In a study conducted by Doornhein and De Haan,

292-475: A derivative statement. It is not necessary in any sense when the opponent has made statements that are unrelated to the thesis, and you should concede the point if it's true because it makes no difference to the thesis anyway. Recognizing if an accident belongs to a subject is also important. If the accident increases along with an increase in the subject, then the accident belongs to the subject. For example, if more pleasure means more good, then pleasure belongs to

365-413: A genus. Aristotle points out a number of errors that arguers make about genus relating genus to species. Some of these topics are as follows, phrased as questions: There are also considerations to make about genus relating to states and deprivations. Then there are considerations to make about genus relating to differentia. Importantly, you can distinguish genus from differentia by looking to see that

438-466: A language the learner knows already, also called "cognates" which are very common in Romance languages and other Germanic languages . A useful such technique is to find linkwords , words that have the same pronunciation in a known language as the target word, and associate them visually or auditorially with the target word. For example, in trying to assist the learner to remember ohel ( אוהל ‎),

511-420: A list is to create an easily remembered acronym . Another is to create a memorable phrase with words which share the same first letter(s) (i.e.: the same initialism ) as the list members. Mnemonic techniques can be applied to most memorization of novel materials. Some common examples for first-letter mnemonics: Mnemonic phrases or poems can be used to encode numeric sequences by various methods, one common one

584-402: A little bit of both, which is even more confusing? Is the definition of the contrary unclear? Is a single definition used to define more than one sense of an ambiguous term? If it applies to all of them, it is not true of any of them. Then, he points out a topic for superfluous definitions. Does the definition still make clear the essence of the term and what makes it particular, after you remove

657-523: A lovely house , I'd like to buy it ." The linguist Michel Thomas taught students to remember that estar is the Spanish word for to be by using the phrase "to be a star". Another Spanish example is by using the mnemonic " Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons" to teach irregular command verbs in the you ( tú ) form. Spanish verb forms and tenses are regularly seen as the hardest part of learning

730-459: A mnemonic training study, a research team followed-up 112 community-dwelling older adults, 60 years of age and over. Delayed recall of a word list was assessed prior to, and immediately following mnemonic training, and at the 5-year follow-up. Overall, there was no significant difference between word recall prior to training and that exhibited at follow-up. However, pre-training performance gains scores in performance immediately post-training and use of

803-424: A portion of it? If so, the definition is superfluous, you can cut out that part. For example, if man is defined as "rational animal", then adding "capable of receiving knowledge" will not add anything essential or distinguishing. There are also topics about the differentia of a definition. There are a number of topics for complex definitions, definitions that pertain to more than one element. Some topics are about

SECTION 10

#1732851299247

876-617: A propositional form, (i.e. an express major or minor proposition), from which the complete syllogism may be constructed. Often, such construction is left as a task to the speaker; Aristotle gives only the general strategy for argument, leaving the construction of propositions to the creativity of the answerer. Book I is introductory, laying down a number of preliminary principles upon which dialectical argumentation proceeds. Aristotle first lists out five types of endoxa which one can beginning reasoning from: Aristotle then defines three types of reasoning in an argument: Aristotle proceeds to note

949-523: A radical difference between the two systems. The standpoint of the Aristotelian classification is the predication of one universal concerning another. The Porphyrian, by introducing species, deals with the predication of universals concerning individuals (for species is necessarily predicated of the individual), and thus created difficulties from which the Aristotelian is free (see below). The Aristotelian treatment considered: This classification, though it

1022-670: A system of mnemonics in which (as in Wennsshein) the numerical figures are represented by letters chosen due to some similarity to the figure or an accidental connection with it. This alphabet was supplemented by a complicated system of localities and signs. Feinaigle, who apparently did not publish any written documentation of this method, travelled to England in 1811. The following year one of his pupils published The New Art of Memory (1812), giving Feinaigle's system. In addition, it contains valuable historical material about previous systems. Other mnemonists later published simplified forms, as

1095-464: A way that allows for efficient storage and retrieval. It aids original information in becoming associated with something more accessible or meaningful—which in turn provides better retention of the information. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often used for lists and in auditory form such as short poems , acronyms , initialisms or memorable phrases. They can also be used for other types of information and in visual or kinesthetic forms. Their use

1168-509: Is a Finnish mnemonic regarding electricity : the first and last three letters can be arranged into the equations P = U × I {\displaystyle P=U\times I} and U = R × I {\displaystyle U=R\times I} . (The letter M is ignored, which can be explained with another, politically incorrect mnemonic.) Mnemonics may be helpful in learning foreign languages, for example by transposing difficult foreign words with words in

1241-456: Is also related to the ancient mnemonic technique method of loci , by which things to be remembered are recollected by mentally connecting them with successive real or imagined places. Though the Topics , as a whole, does not deal directly with syllogism , clearly Aristotle contemplates the use of topics as places from which dialectical arguments (i.e. arguments using endoxa) may be derived. This

1314-580: Is an analysis of how to find the different senses of a term. Book II is devoted to topics relating to arguments where an " accident " (i.e. non-essential attribute, or an incidental attribute) is predicated of a subject. There are important considerations when dealing with these arguments. Is something called accidental when it should be ascribed differently? Examine cases where a predicate has been asserted or denied universally to belong to something. Define terms, even accidental terms. Define what you think should be called by what most people call them. The reason

1387-481: Is based on the observation that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous and otherwise "relatable" information rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information. Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguished between two types of memory: the "natural" memory and the "artificial" memory. The former is inborn and is the one that everyone uses instinctively. The latter in contrast has to be trained and developed through

1460-435: Is better than Odysseus because Ajax is more like Achilles. Ajax might not resemble Achilles on the relevant points. If man is the most beautiful, and monkeys resemble man more than horses, somebody might say that monkeys are more handsome than horses. But horses can still be more beautiful than monkeys in the relevant ways. Book IV deals with genus — how it is discovered and the sources of argument for and against attribution of

1533-405: Is evidenced by the fact that the introduction to the Topics contains and relies upon his definition of reasoning (syllogismós): a verbal expression ( logos ) in which, certain things having been laid down , other things necessarily follow. Dialectical reasoning is thereafter divided by Aristotle into inductive and deductive parts. The endoxa themselves are sometimes, but not always, set out in

SECTION 20

#1732851299247

1606-551: Is known regarding the practice until the 13th century. Among the voluminous writings of Roger Bacon is a tractate De arte memorativa . Ramon Llull devoted special attention to mnemonics in connection with his ars generalis. The first important modification of the method of the Romans was that invented by the German poet Conrad Celtes , who, in his Epitoma in utramque Ciceronis rhetoricam cum arte memorativa nova (1492), used letters of

1679-399: Is more desirable than what happens incidentally. What is good absolutely is more desirable than what is good in particular. Consequences are another way to judge desirability. When something is of the greater consequence relative to the context, such as age of the speaker, it is more desirable. Similarity to other things that are desirable can help, but not always. You could argue that Ajax

1752-429: Is not "air in motion", but the movement of air. Book V discusses the topic of property—that which is attributable only to a particular subject and is not an essential attribute. Property is subdivided in four ways. In addition to these distinctions, intelligibility of the alleged property is an important topic. A property is rendered correctly when the terms used to state the property are more intelligible than

1825-612: Is not immediately obvious where you are going. There are additional topics for argument construction. You can't show first principles with the propositions shown through them, so first principles are understood through definition. Inferences closer to first principles are harder to argue with because fewer arguments can be used with regard to them. It might seem like this should be easier because fewer arguments are possible, but this also means there are fewer paths to show first principles compared to deeper and derivative ideas. When inferences are drawn from premises more generally rejected than

1898-530: Is of high value in the clearing up of our conceptions of the essential contrasted with the accidental, the relation of the genus, differentia and definition and so forth, is of more significance in connection with abstract sciences, especially mathematics, than for the physical sciences. It is superior on the whole to the Porphyrian scheme, which has grave defects. As has been said, the Porphyrian scheme classifies universals as predicates of individuals and thus involves

1971-401: Is one of considerable difficulty. Some Aristotelian examples may be briefly mentioned. In the true statement “Man is a rational animal,” the predicate is convertible with the subject and states its essence; therefore, “rational animal” is the definition of a man. The statements “Man is an animal” and “Man is rational,” while true, are not convertible; their predicate terms, however, are parts of

2044-454: Is related to Mnemosyne , the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology . Both of these words are derived from μνήμη ( mnēmē ), ' remembrance, memory ' . Mnemonics in antiquity were most often considered in the context of what is today known as the art of memory . The general name of mnemonics , or memoria technica , was the name applied to devices for aiding the memory, to enable

2117-427: Is that sometimes you need the definition a doctor uses, sometimes the definition used by most people. You can also alter terms into more familiar ones so that the thesis becomes easier to attack. Sometimes, opponents should be drawn to make statements that you can easily respond to. This is necessary when the answerer has denied useful statements for you to attack the thesis. It is apparently necessary when someone makes

2190-446: Is to create a new phrase in which the number of letters in each word represents the according digit of pi. For example, the first 15 digits of the mathematical constant pi (3.14159265358979) can be encoded as "Now I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics"; "Now", having 3 letters, represents the first number, 3. Piphilology is the practice dedicated to creating mnemonics for pi. Another

2263-441: Is used for "calculating" the multiples of 9 up to 9 × 10 using one's fingers. Begin by holding out both hands with all fingers stretched out. Now count left to right the number of fingers that indicates the multiple. For example, to figure 9 × 4, count four fingers from the left, ending at your left-hand index finger. Bend this finger down and count the remaining fingers. Fingers to the left of the bent finger represent tens, fingers to

Predicable - Misplaced Pages Continue

2336-540: The Rhetoric thus: "I call the same thing element and topic; for an element or a topic is a heading under which many enthymemes fall." By element, he means a general form under which enthymemes of the same type can be included. Thus, a topic is a general argument source, from which the individual arguments are instances, and is a template from which many individual arguments can be constructed. The word topic derives from ancient Greek tópos (literally "place, location"). It

2409-554: The Hebrew word for tent , the linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes the memorable sentence " Oh hell , there's a raccoon in my tent ". The memorable sentence "There's a fork in Ma's leg " helps the learner remember that the Hebrew word for fork is mazleg ( מזלג ‎). Similarly, to remember the Hebrew word bayit ( בית ‎), meaning house , one can use the sentence "that's

2482-650: The alphabet for associations, rather than places. About the end of the 15th century, Peter of Ravenna (b. 1448) provoked such astonishment in Italy by his mnemonic feats that he was believed by many to be a necromancer . His Phoenix artis memoriae ( Venice , 1491, 4 vols.) went through as many as nine editions, the seventh being published at Cologne in 1608. About the end of the 16th century, Lambert Schenkel ( Gazophylacium , 1610), who taught mnemonics in France , Italy and Germany , similarly surprised people with his memory. He

2555-419: The "most fertile secret" in mnemonics—using consonants for figures, thus expressing numbers by words (vowels being added as required), in order to create associations more readily remembered. The philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz adopted an alphabet very similar to that of Wennsshein for his scheme of a form of writing common to all languages. Wennsshein's method was adopted with slight changes afterward by

2628-417: The aged adults into two groups, aged unimpaired and aged impaired, according to a neuropsychological testing . With the aged groups split, there was an apparent deficit in target recognition in aged impaired adults compared to both young adults and aged unimpaired adults. This further supports the varying effectiveness of mnemonics in different age groups. Moreover, different research was done previously with

2701-413: The apartments of the house until discovering the places where images had been placed by the imagination. In accordance with this system, if it were desired to fix a historic date in memory, it was localised in an imaginary town divided into a certain number of districts, each with ten houses, each house with ten rooms, and each room with a hundred quadrates or memory-places, partly on the floor, partly on

2774-408: The command is being given to. The phrase, when pronounced with a Spanish accent, is used to remember "Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé", all of the irregular Spanish command verbs in the you ( tú ) form. This mnemonic helps students attempting to memorize different verb tenses. Another technique is for learners of gendered languages to associate their mental images of words with a colour that matches

2847-437: The conclusion, they should not be granted. Taking longer through many steps is faulty reasoning, because it conceals the grounds that the argument depends. Aristotle makes clear that there are different rules for arguing for training or examination, compared to competition. Learners should state what they think, a questioning competitor should produce an effect on the other person, an answering competitor avoids being affected by

2920-406: The definition and hence are the genus and differentia of man. On the other hand, the statement “Man is capable of learning grammar” is true and convertible; but “capable of learning grammar” does not state the essence of man and is, therefore, a property of man. The true statement “Man is featherless” offers an example of an accident. Its predicate is not convertible with its subject, nor is it part of

2993-456: The definition; accordingly, it expresses only an accidental characteristic of man. Topics (Aristotle) The Topics ( Ancient Greek : Τοπικά ; Latin : Topica ) is the name given to one of Aristotle 's six works on logic collectively known as the Organon . In Andronicus of Rhodes ' arrangement it is the fifth of these six works. The treatise presents the art of dialectic -

Predicable - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-415: The difficulties which gave rise to the controversy between realism and nominalism . How are we to distinguish species from the genus? Napoleon was a Frenchman, a man, an animal. In the second place, how do we distinguish property and accident? Many so-called accidents are predicable necessarily of any particular persons. This difficulty gave rise to the distinction of separable and inseparable accidents, which

3139-416: The four walls, partly on the ceiling. Therefore, if it were desired to fix in the memory the date of the invention of printing (1436), an imaginary book, or some other symbol of printing, would be placed in the thirty-sixth quadrate or memory-place of the fourth room of the first house of the historic district of the town. Except that the rules of mnemonics are referred to by Martianus Capella , nothing further

3212-600: The gender in the target language. An example here is to remember the Spanish word for "foot", pie , [pee-eh] with the image of a foot stepping on a pie, which then spills blue filling (blue representing the male gender of the noun in this example). For French verbs which use être as an auxiliary verb for compound tenses: DR and MRS VANDERTRAMPP: descendre, rester, monter, revenir, sortir, venir, arriver, naître, devenir, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, aller, mourir, partir, passer. Masculine countries in French (le): "Neither can

3285-401: The genus has a wider denotation, that the essence is stated for the genus, and that the differentia signifies a quality. Lastly, there is a topic about affectation. That which is affected should not be in a genus of what affects or the other way around. Air is affected by wind (it is made to move a certain way) but that doesn't mean that wind is a type of air, or that air is a type of wind. Wind

3358-416: The good. If a thing doesn't possess an attribute, and the addition of something else makes it possess that attribute, then the added thing possesses the attribute and imparts it on the new thing. If a dish isn't spicy, then it becomes spicy after adding pepper, then pepper possesses spicy. Book III concerns topics that can be discussed with respect to better or worse. Desirability and the good are treated as

3431-435: The invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon commonly held opinions or endoxa ( ἔνδοξα in Greek ). Topoi ( τόποι ) are "places" from which such arguments can be discovered or invented. In his treatise Topics , Aristotle does not explicitly define topic, though it is "at least primarily a strategy for argument not infrequently justified or explained by a principle". He characterises it in

3504-462: The language. With a high number of verb tenses, and many verb forms that are not found in English, Spanish verbs can be hard to remember and then conjugate. The use of mnemonics has been proven to help students better learn foreign languages, and this holds true for Spanish verbs. A particularly hard verb tense to remember is command verbs. Command verbs in Spanish are conjugated differently depending on who

3577-459: The latter part, which is so contrived as to give the answer. Thus, in history, the Deluge happened in the year before Christ two thousand three hundred forty-eight; this is signified by the word Del- etok , Del standing for Deluge and etok for 2348. Wennsshein's method is comparable to a Hebrew system by which letters also stand for numerals, and therefore words for dates. To assist in retaining

3650-455: The learning and practice of a variety of mnemonic techniques. Mnemonic systems are techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help use information already stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task. Mnemonic is derived from the Ancient Greek word μνημονικός ( mnēmonikos ) which means ' of memory ' or ' relating to memory ' . It

3723-440: The majority of subsequent "original" systems. It was modified and supplemented by Richard Grey (1694–1771), a priest who published a Memoria technica in 1730. The principal part of Grey's method is briefly this: To remember anything in history , chronology , geography , etc., a word is formed, the beginning whereof, being the first syllable or syllables of the thing sought, does, by frequent repetition, of course draw after it

SECTION 50

#1732851299247

3796-552: The memory. The Romans valued such helps in order to support facility in public speaking. The Greek and the Roman system of mnemonics was founded on the use of mental places and signs or pictures, known as "topical" mnemonics. The most usual method was to choose a large house, of which the apartments, walls, windows, statues, furniture, etc., were each associated with certain names, phrases, events or ideas, by means of symbolic pictures. To recall these, an individual had only to search over

3869-482: The mind to reproduce a relatively unfamiliar idea, and especially a series of dissociated ideas, by connecting it, or them, in some artificial whole, the parts of which are mutually suggestive. Mnemonic devices were much cultivated by Greek sophists and philosophers and are frequently referred to by Plato and Aristotle . Philosopher Charmadas was famous for his outstanding memory and for his ability to memorize whole books and then recite them. In later times,

3942-482: The mnemonic predicted performance at follow-up. Individuals who self-reported using the mnemonic exhibited the highest performance overall, with scores significantly higher than at pre-training. The findings suggest that mnemonic training has long-term benefits for some older adults, particularly those who continue to employ the mnemonic. This contrasts with a study from surveys of medical students that approximately only 20% frequently used mnemonic acronyms. In humans,

4015-468: The mnemonical words in the memory, they were formed into memorial lines. Such strange words in difficult hexameter scansion, are by no means easy to memorise. The vowel or consonant , which Grey connected with a particular figure, was chosen arbitrarily. A later modification was made in 1806 Gregor von Feinaigle , a German monk from Salem near Constance . While living and working in Paris , he expounded

4088-506: The more complicated mnemonics were generally abandoned. Methods founded chiefly on the so-called laws of association (cf. Mental association ) were taught with some success in Germany. A wide range of mnemonics are used for several purposes. The most commonly used mnemonics are those for lists, numerical sequences, foreign-language acquisition, and medical treatment for patients with memory deficits. A common mnemonic technique for remembering

4161-426: The numerous means that may be used to attack and defend a definition. There are five parts to discussing definitions, phrased in terms of looking to defeat one's opponents. There are two types of incorrect definitions: obscure (lack of clarity), and superfluous (longer than necessary). First, Aristotle mentions some topics about obscure definitions. Is the definition ambiguous? Is the definition metaphorical? Is it

4234-541: The other person. There are four ways to prevent someone from reaching a conclusion. An argument is fallacious in four senses. Aristotle ends with suggestions that you can use for yourself to practice and hone your skill. He mentions the importance of memory, and that you should have easily accessible ideas such as definitions, primary ideas, and familiar ideas. It is generally better to commit to memory premises that have general application, rather than specific pre-constructed arguments. Additionally, Aristotle advocates being

4307-598: The patients were treated with six different memory strategies including the mnemonics technique. The results concluded that there were significant improvements on the immediate and delayed subtest of the RBMT, delayed recall on the Appointments test, and relatives rating on the MAC from the patients that received mnemonics treatment. However, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance. Academic study of

4380-420: The poet Simonides was credited for development of these techniques, perhaps for no reason other than that the power of his memory was famous. Cicero , who attaches considerable importance to the art, but more to the principle of order as the best help to memory, speaks of Carneades (perhaps Charmades) of Athens and Metrodorus of Scepsis as distinguished examples of people who used well-ordered images to aid

4453-496: The principles of topical or local mnemonics. Giordano Bruno included a memoria technica in his treatise De umbris idearum, as part of his study of the ars generalis of Llull . Other writers of this period are the Florentine Publicius (1482); Johannes Romberch (1533); Hieronimo Morafiot , Ars memoriae (1602);and B. Porta, Ars reminiscendi (1602). In 1648 Stanislaus Mink von Wennsshein revealed what he called

SECTION 60

#1732851299247

4526-406: The process of aging particularly affects the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus , in which the episodic memory is synthesized. The episodic memory stores information about items, objects, or features with spatiotemporal contexts. Since mnemonics aid better in remembering spatial or physical information rather than more abstract forms, its effect may vary according to a subject's age and how well

4599-407: The products of two things. But Aristotle also recognizes that neither follows. Like with drugs, two different drugs can be good, but when combined they are bad. Aristotle provides one more topic about definition. If the thing defined possesses contraries equally likely to occur, the definition should not be through one of them. If the soul is equally capable of knowledge as it is of ignorance, then

4672-469: The property, or if the subject is more intelligible. Intelligible here is something more immediately understood. The following questions can help identify intelligibility. Some topics are quite unique. There are also some topics more particular to relational properties. Lastly, Aristotle notes that superlatives cannot be properties, because as soon as the thing perishes, the superlative could apply to something totally new. Book VI describes definition and

4745-422: The right are ones. There are three fingers to the left and six to the right, which indicates 9 × 4 = 36. This works for 9 × 1 up through 9 × 10. For remembering the rules in adding and multiplying two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) made the letter strategies LAUS (like signs, add; unlike signs, subtract) and LPUN (like signs, positive; unlike signs, negative), respectively. PUIMURI (' thresher ')

4818-477: The same notion, which presented with similar results to that of Reagh et al. in a verbal mnemonics discrimination task. Studies (notably " The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two ") have suggested that the short-term memory of adult humans can hold only a limited number of items; grouping items into larger chunks such as in a mnemonic might be part of what permits the retention of a larger total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turn can aid in

4891-411: The soul should not be defined in terms of either. After all, this would mean that two definitions would apply to the object, even though the objective is a single unique definition. Book VII restates the proper method of definition, discusses the topic of sameness again, and compares the various difficulties involved in forming arguments. The final book contains suggestions, hints, and some tricks about

4964-402: The subject of "better". Remember that these statements are in relation to arguments about what most people accept is the case, as in all of Topics. What is lasting is more desirable than what is less lasting. What an expert would choose, or what in general most people would choose, is more desirable. What is desired for itself is more desirable than what is desirable incidentally. The cause of good

5037-430: The subject's medial temporal lobe and hippocampus function. This could be further explained by one recent study which indicates a general deficit in the memory for spatial locations in aged adults (mean age 69.7 with standard deviation of 7.4 years) compared to young adults (mean age 21.7 with standard deviation of 4.2 years). At first, the difference in target recognition was not significant. The researchers then divided

5110-440: The techniques of organizing and delivering one or the other side of verbal argument. Aristotle provides tips for constructing an argument. 2 and 3 are unique for dialecticians. The arrangement should involve inductively securing premises, lending weight to argument, concealing conclusions, and making argument clear. Concealment is basically for making the conclusion not so obvious, which can make somebody more receptive because it

5183-400: The use of mnemonics has shown their effectiveness. In one such experiment, subjects of different ages who applied mnemonic techniques to learn novel vocabulary outperformed control groups that applied contextual learning and free-learning styles. Mnemonics were seen to be more effective for groups of people who struggled with or had weak long-term memory , like the elderly. Five years after

5256-467: The utility of the art of dialectic, then presents four materials used in dialectical argument: accident (or incidental), property, genus , and definition . He also explains the various senses of sameness, that bear directly upon the character of arguments, as follows. Then, the means ( organa ) by which arguments may be obtained are described: Methods and rationale for attaining each of these ends are briefly illustrated and explained. In particular, there

5329-561: Was denounced as a sorcerer by the University of Louvain , but in 1593 he published his tractate De memoria at Douai with the sanction of that celebrated theological faculty. The most complete account of his system is given in two works by his pupil Martin Sommer, published in Venice in 1619. In 1618 John Willis (d. 1628?) published Mnemonica; sive ars reminiscendi , containing a clear statement of

#246753