The Ahom language or Tai-Ahom language ( Ahom :ππͺπ¨ ππ© πππͺπ¨ or ππ¨ππ« ππ© πππͺπ¨; khwΓ‘m tΓ‘i ahΓΌm ) is a dormant , Southwestern Tai language formerly spoken by the Ahom people . It's currently undergoing a revival and mainly used in religious and educational purposes. Ahom language was the state language of Ahom kingdom . It was relatively free of both Mon-Khmer and Indo-Aryan influences and has a written tradition dating back to the 13th century.
64-452: Prabhakar is an Indian given name and surname. Prabhakars are Indian Brahmins mostly limited to North Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. They belong to sage Vatsa. People with the name include: It may also refer to: Indian name Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions , which vary from region to region. In Indian culture, names hold profound significance and play
128-401: A crucial role in an individual's life. The importance of names is deeply rooted in the country's diverse and ancient cultural heritage. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics . In Hindu culture, names are often chosen based on astrological and numerological principles. It is believed that a person's name can influence their destiny, and selecting the right name
192-717: A meeting of Ahom people at Patsaku, Sibsagar District, the Tai Historical and Cultural Society of Assam was founded. Since the late 1960s, Ahom culture and traditions have witnessed a revival. In 1981 the Eastern Tai Literary Organization has been founded in Dhemaji, which produced language text books and publications in the Ahom script. Schools in Dibrugarh and Sibsagar districts started offering Tai language classes, teaching
256-432: A mix of Tai Ahom, Phakey, Khamti and Central Thai. The scholar Terwiel notes that the view of the Ahom language being a dead language is hotly contested by Ahom priests and spokesmen of the revival movement. According to them, the language did not die out because Ahom priests still use the language for religious purposes. Some even claim that the priestly class speaks Ahom as their mother tongue. Upon further investigation, it
320-843: A passport), the initial is expanded as last name. For example, a name like "R. Kumaresh" will be written in full as "or "Kumaresh Ramaiah", and refers to "Kumaresh son of Ramaiah". If Kumaresh then has a son named Vijay, then his name would be "K. Vijay" or "Vijay Kumaresh" as it would be in the West. There is also a general custom for Tamil women, after marriage to adopt their husband's first name as their new initial or new last name instead of their father's. A woman named K. Anitha / Anitha Kumaresh (Anitha daughter of Kumaresh) might change her name after marriage to S. Anitha / Anitha Saravanan (Anitha wife of Saravanan). However, these customs vary from family to family and are normally never carried on over successive generations. Tamil Nadu, boasting numerous temples and
384-472: A robust religious legacy, serves as a wellspring of inspiration for many Tamil names. These names often draw from the rich tapestry of Hindu deities, scriptures, and sacred texts. A prime example of this influence can be observed in names like "Arjun" and "Karthik," which resonate with the narratives and virtuous attributes associated with these divine beings. Due to the influence of the Dravidian movement , from
448-608: A small group of traditional priests of the Ahom religion , and it was being used only for ceremonial or ritualistic purposes. There has been efforts to revive the language in recent times. A reconstructed version is taught in various educational institutions in Assam by AHSEC and Dibrugarh University . Tai-Ahom is classified in a Northwestern subgrouping of Southwestern Tai owing to close affinities with Shan , Khamti and, more distantly, Thai . The immediate parent language from which Ahom
512-544: A small minority in their own kingdom, of which they kept control. During the 17th century, the Assamese language entered the Ahom court and co-existed with the Tai-Ahom for some time before finally replacing it. Eventually the Ahom peasants too adopted the Assamese language over the Ahom language for secular purposes, while Ahom was restricted to religious use by Ahom priests. The everyday usage of Ahom language ceased completely by
576-406: A source for names to the detriment of tadbhava and deshya names, especially amongst tribal groups. In modern times, there has also been the creating of pleasant sounding but meaningless names, as well as the borrowing of foreign names among English educated metropolitans due to India's history with Britain . Mistry states these processes in name changes are due to social factors where members of
640-411: A standard pattern of First name β Middle name β Surname . Many times the middle name will be appended onto the first name, or not exist at all. Sometimes middle name would even be father's first name. The surname is most commonly a caste-related name however, there are some caste-neutral surnames like Kumar . For example: Bhajan Lal Sharma (Bhajan is his first name, Lal is a middle name, and Sharma
704-659: A tone system, but because the Ahom script did not spell out any tones, the tones are now unknown. The Ahom language has the following pronouns: Ahom uses the proximal demonstrative nai meaning 'this' and the distal demonstrative nan meaning 'that'. Tai-Ahom mainly used an SVO word order, but an SOV word order has also been attested. Classifiers are used when forming plurals, counting entities and when specifically referring to one single entity. Some classifiers are: 'kun' (used for persons), 'tu' (used for animals) and 'an' (general). For example 'khai song tu' means two buffalo, where 'khai' means buffalo, 'song' means two and 'tu'
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#1732858260275768-629: A variety of sources. They could be characters from Hindu mythological epics such as the Ramayana or Mahabharat , names of holy rivers such as Yamuna and Godavari , Hindu historical characters from Maratha or Indian history such as Shivaji and Ashoka , Marathi varkari saints such as Tukaram , Dnyaneshwar , Janabai , popular characters from modern Marathi literature, names of fragrant flowers for girls (e.g. Bakul , Kamal/Kamla for lotus ), senses such as Madhura for sweetness, precious metals such female name Suwarna for gold, heavenly bodies such as
832-465: Is Husband's name β First name or the opposite (ex. Sumalatha Ambareesh , where Ambareesh is her husband's name). In South Karnataka, caste names are not common except among the higher castes. Kannada Brahmins have surnames like Rao , Murthy , Poojari , and Bhat . The title Gowda was a title given to any village headman, irrespective of caste, and was written as an appendage to the person's name. For example Siddaramaiah 's father belonged to
896-516: Is a caste surname). Many women, especially in rural areas, take on the surname Devi (meaning Goddess) or Kumari (princess) when they are married (ex. Phoolan Devi , known as Phoolan Mallah before marriage). Muslims in North India use Islamic naming conventions . Kannada names vary by region as follows. North Karnataka follows the First name β Father's first name β Surname order. This system
960-449: Is a family name, derived from place-names, trades or occupations, religious or caste names, or nicknames. Given names and their suffixes differ based on sex and religion. In many Gujarati households, a paternal aunt has the honour of naming her brother's child. Traditionally names were often borrowed from religion, but in modern times names are borrowed from literature, film, and politicians. Sanskrit tatsama names are also increasing as
1024-648: Is also found in other parts of Karnataka. Surnames are drawn from the names of places, food items, dresses, temples, type of people, platforms, cities, professions, and so on. Surnames are drawn from many other sources. Katti as a suffix is used for soldiers while Karadis is related to local folk art. Surnames according to trade or what they traditionally farm include Vastrad (piece of cloth), Kubasad (blouse), Menasinkai (chili), Ullagaddi (onion), Limbekai , Ballolli (garlic), Tenginkai (coconut), Byali (pulse), and Akki (rice). Surnames based on house include Doddamani (big house), Hadimani (house next to
1088-476: Is always Singh for males and Kaur for females. Upon marriage, a Sikh woman will take the family name of the husband. The family name is sometimes used, but sometimes not. For instance Ranjit Singh , where Ranjit was his first name and Singh his last name, was from the Sandhawalia Jat clan, but did not use it as a surname. However many do use caste/clan names, such as Bhagwant Singh Mann , where Bhagwant
1152-502: Is dependent upon context and the audience interpretation. Multiple parts of the sentence can be left out; verb and adjectives will remain, but other parts of speech, especially pronouns, can be dropped. Verbs do not have tenses, and nouns do not have plurals. Time periods can be identified by adverbs, strings of verbs, or auxiliaries placed before the verb. Ahom, like other Tai languages, uses classifiers to identify categories, and repetitions of words to express idiomatic expressions. However,
1216-641: Is descended has been reconstructed as Proto-Tai , a language from 2000 years ago, in the KraβDai family (unrelated to Chinese, but possibly related to the Austronesian languages ), within the (proposed but debated) subgroup of KamβTai , although some say that Tai languages are a discrete family, and are not part of KraβDai. Ahom is distinct from but closely related to Aiton , which is still spoken in Assam to this day. Ahom has characteristics typical of Tai languages, such as: When speaking and writing Ahom, much
1280-504: Is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth). Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching. Research suggests that many Indians have officially adopted caste-neutral last names to mitigate historical inequalities. Some of Indiaβs most famous celebrities have changed their names. For example, Amitabh Bachchan
1344-601: Is essential for a prosperous and harmonious life. Astrologers may be consulted to ensure a name aligns with the individual's birth chart. India 's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences , several names across South and Southeast Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words. In some cases, an Indian birth name
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#17328582602751408-714: Is grandfather's name, and Kujnpilla is surname/caste title. It might also be written as Shreelakshmi Dhanapalan S K. Earlier times (until the 20th century) Malayali Christians (Nasranis) were bound by only Christian names and usually used the Family/house name β Father's name β Baptismal name naming convention. Nowadays, however, Christians have various naming conventions such as Name β Surname β Father's Name or Name β Father's name or Name β Surname or Name β Father's Name β Grandfather's Name . It can be concluded that Syrian Christian names are Patryonmic . E.g.: Arackaparambil Kurien Antony , better known as A. K. Antony, here
1472-478: Is his given name and Kannoth is his mother's house name. P. K. Vasudevan Nair , Vasudevan is his given name and Nair is his caste surname. Most of the Malayalis write name as Given name β Father's name β Father's father's name/house name/village name β Surname/caste title . For instance, Shreelakshmi Dhanapalan Sadhu Kunjpilla; where Shreelakshmi is first name, Dhanapalan is middle name/father's name, Sadhu
1536-459: Is often the name of the clan or gotra, but can be an honorific, such as Chakraborty or Bhattacharya . Common Baidya surnames are Sengupta , Dasgupta , Duttagupta, Gupta , Das-Sharma, and Sen-Sharma. Bengali Kayastha surnames include Basu, Bose , Dutta , Ghosh , Choudhury , Roy Chowdhury, Ray, Guha , Mitra , Singh / Sinha , Pal , De/Dey/Deb/Dev , Palit, Chanda/Chandra, Das , Dam, Kar, Nandi, Nag, Som, etc. Odia names follow
1600-764: Is the first name, Chandra the middle name and Barua the last name, indicating his ancestors were high in the Paik system. There are some community-specific surnames such as Gogoi ( Ahom ) and Sarma ( Brahmin ) (ex: Himanta Biswa Sarma ). Tribal communities such as Boro , Dimasa and Karbi follow a similar naming scheme, although their surnames are generally clan names. Bengali names follow First name β Middle name β Surname pattern, as seen with Subhas Chandra Bose . Bengali Brahmin surnames include Acharya , Banerjee , Bagchi , Bhaduri , Bhattacharjee , Chakraborty , Chatterjee , Ganguly , Goswami , Ghoshal , Lahiri , Maitra , Mukherjee , Sanyal , etc. A Brahmin name
1664-565: Is the first name, Singh the religious name and Mann the Jat clan to which he belongs. Many Sikhs append the name of their sub-caste (known as a got in Punjabi and gotra in Hindi) as their surname. A got is an exogamous grouping within a particular caste (known as a zat in Punjabi and jati in Hindi). A zat is an endogamous caste grouping, which contains gots under it. Some Sikhs are against
1728-462: Is therefore done in the fashion: Sunitha Ram Kumar Iyer. And hence they are known to only use initials besides their name except for when caste names are given more preference by certain families rather than the family name itself. Ahom language The Ahom people established the Ahom kingdom and ruled parts of the Brahmaputra river valley in the present day Indian state of Assam between
1792-404: Is therefore usually regarded as a dead language. It retains cultural significance and is used for religious chants and to read literature. This is complicated however by the fact that the phonology with its tone system has been completely lost, because the Ahom script does not mark tone and under-specifies vowel contrasts, which obscures the meaning of words as tones are important to distinguish
1856-867: The First name β Middle name β Surname or First name β Surname pattern. Odia surnames come from caste based on human occupation. For example, the common surnames Kar, Mohapatra , and Dash (as opposed to Das) are Brahmin surnames. Similarly, Mishra , Nanda, Rath, Satpathy, Panda, Panigrahi, and Tripathy are all Brahmin surnames. Mohanty , Das , Choudhury , Ray , Kanungo, Mangaraj, Bohidar, Bakshi , Patnaik , Samantaray , Routray , Mahasenapati, Srikarana, Chhotray and Das Mohapatra are Karan surnames. Others are Samant, Singhar, Sundaraya, Jagdev, Baliarsingh, Harichandan, Mardraj, Srichandan, Pratihari, Paikray, Patasani, Parida, Samal, Sahu, Nayak, and Muduli. Konkani people inhabiting Goa, and also Konkan regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra, use First name β Middle name β Village name/Surname pattern. Generally,
1920-568: The Kuruba community but was called Siddarame Gowda. Nowadays it is mostly used as a Vokkaliga surname. Most people in South Karnataka, regardless of caste, do not use caste surnames. Kashmiri names often follow the naming convention First name β Middle name (optional) β Family name . (For example: Jawahar Lal Nehru ) Nicknames often replace family names. Hence, some family names like Razdan and Nehru may very well be derived originally from
1984-540: The 'Tai Ahom Yuva Chatra Sanmilan, Assam' (TAYCSA), demanded that the Tai-Ahom language be included in the school curriculum of the state of Assam. They also demanded the creation of a two-year diploma course in Mahdavdeva University. An online dictionary containing nearly 5,000 entries (see External links) has been created by analyzing old manuscripts, especially the Bar Amra. A descriptive grammar of Ahom, based on
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2048-400: The 13th and the 18th centuries. The language was the court language of the kingdom, until it began to be replaced by the Assamese language in the 17th century. Since the early 18th century, there have been no native speakers of the language, though extensive manuscripts in the language still exist today. The tonal system of the language is entirely lost. The language was only partially known by
2112-851: The 1930s, most Tamils abandoned their surnames, both in India and nations like Singapore, due to the arising consciousness that these surnames were synonymous with their caste identity, leading to social stigma. More common among women, making the patronym or husband name the last name is a custom adopted by people migrating to the West, who want to be called by their first names without having to explain Indian naming conventions. However, women frequently adopt their father's or husband's name, and take it for successive generations. The various Tamil caste names include Paraiyar , Vishwakarma , Aachari , Konar , Idaiyar , Reddiar , Udayar , Yadhavar , Iyengar , Iyer , Pillai , Mudaliar , Thevar , Nadar , Chettiar , Gounder , Naicker , Vanniyar etc. The naming
2176-462: The Ahom still reside today. Tai-Ahom was the exclusive court language of the Ahom kingdom , where it was used to write state-histories or ' Buranjis '. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the small Ahom community expanded their rule dramatically toward the west and they successfully saw off challenges from the Mughal Empire and other invaders. The rapid expansion resulted in the Ahom people becoming
2240-669: The Kaul family tree. Malayali surname includes Nair, Menon, Pillai, Nambootri, Panikkar, and Kurup. Some Malayalis follow similar naming customs to Tamils and people in South Karnataka, using Village name β Father's name β Personal name . Some Muslim Malayalis also follow this system, though their first names follow the Islamic system. Members of the Menon, Nair, and related communities often use their mother's house name or directly add their caste name. For example, Kannoth Karunakaran , Karunakaran
2304-589: The Konkani Catholics have Portuguese surnames like Rodrigues, Fernandes, Pereira and D'Souza. Catholic families belonging to the Roman Catholic Brahmin (Bamonn) caste use lusophonised versions of Hindu surnames like Prabhu, Bhat, etc. Gujarati names follow a pattern of Given name , Father's given name , and Surname ; for example, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . After marriage, a woman takes her husband's patronymic as her new middle name. The surname
2368-439: The M stands for Marudhur , and G stands for Gopalan, the father's name. Another example is R. Karthik, where R stands for Ravichandran, the father's name). There is a widespread usage of a patronym (use of the father's given name as the last name). This means that the first name of one generation becomes the last name of the next. In many cases, the father's given name appears as an initial and when written in full (for example, on
2432-514: The Sun and the Moon, Vasant and Sharad for spring and autumn respectively, names of film stars (e.g. Amit after Amitabh Bachchan ) or sportsmen, and after virtues (e.g., Vinay for modesty). Nicknames such as Dada, Bandu, Balu, Sonya and Pillu for males and Chhabu and Bebi for girls have been popular too. A large number of Maharashtrian surnames are derived by adding the suffix kar to the village from which
2496-399: The creation of the first adequate modern dictionary by Nomal Chandra Gogoi in 1987, titled The Assamese-English-Tai Dictionary . This dictionary allowed a reader to find the translation of 9,000 Assamese words into English and Tai. This dictionary filled in missing gaps of the Ahom vocabulary with Aiton and Khamti words and if those were not available, Lanna and Thai words were used. The result
2560-527: The early 19th century. Although the language is no longer spoken, the exhaustive 1795 Ahom-Assamese lexicon known as the Bar Amra preserves the lexical forms of the language towards the end of the Ahom Kingdom . The language today is used chiefly for liturgical purposes, and is no longer used in daily life. While the written language (and ritualistic chants) survive in a vast number of written manuscripts, Ahom
2624-623: The expressions, classifiers, pronouns, and other sentence particles vary between the Tai languages descended from Proto-Tai, making Tai languages mutually unintelligible. It has its own script, the Ahom script . The Ahom people and their language originated in Yunnan in south-west China . They migrated from the border between northern Vietnam and the Guangxi province of China, to the Hukawng Valley , along
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2688-489: The family originally hailed. For example, Junnarkar came from town of Junnar , Waghulkar comes from the town of Waghul. Names like Kumbhar , Sutar , Kulkarni , Deshpande , Deshmukh , Patil , Pawar , Desai , and Joshi denote the family's ancestral trade or professions. Families of the historical Maratha chiefs use their clan name as their surname. Some of these are Jadhav , Bhosale , Chavan , Shinde , Shirke, More , Nimbalkar, Pawar , and Ghatge. Members of
2752-479: The first name is followed by the father's name, though this is now mostly observed by Hindus, who are traditionally patriarchal. Village names were used only after the arrival of the Portuguese, when the people migrated from their ancestral villages. A suffix kar or hailing from was attached to the village name. Many of the originally Hindu residents were converted to Catholicism by the Portuguese. Almost all of
2816-573: The grammar found in old manuscripts, is being worked on. A sketch has been released, titled βA Sketch of Tai Ahomβ by Stephen Morey. The Tai Ahom consonants have been reconstructed as the following, by analyzing old texts: The semi-vowel /w/ is missing from the system, however it is an allophone of /b/ that occurs only in the word final position. Consonants found in the word final position are: /p, t, k, m, n, Ε, j, b [w]/. Vowels can occur in syllable medial and final positions only. The following vowel inventory has been reconstructed: The language had
2880-556: The language by following the phonology of existing sister languages, especially Tai-Aiton and Tai-Phake . The Institute of Tai Studies and Research (ITSAR), is a Tai-Ahom language teaching institute in Moran , Sivasagar , Assam , India, established in 2001 and affiliated to Dibrugarh University . It offers a one-year Tai-Ahom language diploma course and a three-month certificate course in spoken Tai-Ahom. Other initiatives have been taken, such as workshops and language classes. In 2019,
2944-548: The lower strata of Gujarati society adopt Sanskrit names in mimicry of higher strata, who must then create new names from native or foreign sources to maintain status. Another factor he states is the declining religiosity of modern generations. This naming custom is prevalent throughout the Hindi Belt , and is also followed also by groups in this region who may not speak a Hindi-related language variety as their first language such as Gonds or Santals . Northern naming customs follow
3008-404: The meaning of words in tonal languages. Fabricated samples of the Ahom script delayed translation of legitimate Ahom texts. Several publications were created based on the fabricated samples, leading to incorrect grammatical analysis and dictionary resources that acted as a barrier to future researchers. A later translation of Ahom Buranji , a major Ahom script was provided by Golap Chandra Barua,
3072-535: The number of paiks they could command, and these titles are often still used as surnames today. Titles such as Bora (20), Saika (100), Hazarika (1000) imply that their ancestors commanded 20, 100 or 1000 men. The topmost ranks were granted titles such as Phukan , Barua and Rajkhowa. Some titles, such as Phukan, derive from Tai Ahom rather than Assamese. These surnames can be held by people from any community. For instance, in Binanda Chandra Barua , Binanda
3136-521: The numerically largest Maratha - Kunbi cultivator class among Marathi people have also adopted some of the Maratha clan names, whether to indicate allegiance to the Maratha chief they served, or as an attempt at upward mobility. Punjabi Hindus generally follow North Indian naming conventions and Muslims generally follow Islamic naming conventions. Sikh names often have the following format: First name β Religious name β Family name . The religious name
3200-463: The onset of a word. As an example, the Indian name 'Dev' would not have its first consonant pronounced as in the American name 'Dave'. Similarly the name 'Tarun' would not have its first consonant sounded as in 'Tom'. The letter 'h' is used to represent aspirated consonants. So, in the names 'Khare', 'Ghanshyam', 'Kaccha', 'Jhumki', 'Vitthal', 'Ranchodh', 'Siddharth', 'Phaneesh', and 'Bhanu,' the 'h' means
3264-537: The policitcan's name is Antony while his father's name is Kurien, while his family name is Arackaparambil. During the 20th century some names were created by joining two or more syllables. For example, Abey (AB), Aji (AG), Bibi (BB), Biji (BG), Siby (CB) and so on. Today, several Syrian Christians name their children with popular Indian names like Deepak , Rahul, Neethu, Asha etc. But by the 21st century more biblical names began to reappear. Thus names like, Isaac , Joshua , David , Saul , Ezekiel , Timothy , appeared on
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#17328582602753328-589: The road), Kattimani (house with a platform in its front), Bevinmarad (person having a big neem tree near his house), and Hunasimarad (person having a big tamarind tree near his house). A carpenter will have Badigar as a surname, while Mirjankar , Belagavi , Hublikar , and Jamkhandi are surnames drawn from places. Angadi (shop), Amavasya (new moon day), Kage (crow), Bandi (bullock cart), Kuri (sheep), Kudari (horse), Toppige (cap), Beegadkai (key), Pyati (market), Hanagi (comb), and Rotti (bread) are some other surnames. In coastal Karnataka,
3392-417: The rules of Tai grammar. It has also changed greatly regarding semantics, literally translating Assamese into Tai words, which leads to sentences which do not make sense to any Tai speaker. Terwiel therefore calls this revived language 'pseudo-Ahom'. Nevertheless, this revived language has been used passionately by revitalists and many neologisms have been created. The demand for translation into Tai-Ahom led to
3456-424: The same man responsible for fabricating samples of translated Ahom script. It was discovered years later, by Professor Prasert na Nagara , that the translation was unreliable. Despite these difficulties, along with the lack of native speakers and specific text, studies in Ahom have prevailed, and certain available scripts have been translated and transliterated, using known words, characters and context. In 1954, at
3520-446: The scene. Marathi people of Hindu religion follow a partially patronymic naming system. For example, it is customary to associate the father's name with the given name. In the case of married women, the husband's name is associated with the given name. Therefore, the constituents of a Marathi name as given name/first name, father/husband name, family name/surname. For example: Marathi Hindus choose given names for their children from
3584-559: The scholar Morey reported that Ahom priests have resorted to compounding words to differentiate between words that are homophones in the revived language, since Ahom lost its tone system. For example in old Ahom, the word su for tiger and su for shirt would have sounded differently by pronouncing them with a different tone. In revived Ahom, they are now differentiated by compounding them with another word: tu for animal and pha for cloth respectively. Subsequently, tu su and pha su can be differentiated. An effort has been made to revive
3648-442: The sound before it should be pronounced with a strong outward breath (see Aspirated consonant for more on this). These names are more likely to be found in places that speak an Indo-Aryan language like Bhojpuri or Gujarati. Assamese names follow the First name β Middle name β Surname or First name β Surname pattern. The Paik system used by various Assamese kingdoms, most notably the Ahom , granted men titles depending on
3712-610: The surnames are different in different regions. Surnames like Hegde and Hebbar belong to the Brahmin community, while other titles like Ballal , Shetty , and Rai are mostly used by the landed Bunt community. Names in coastal Karnataka have both systems Village name β Father's name β Personal name β Surname and Personal name β Father's name β Surname . Names in South Karnataka follow Village name β Father's name β Personal name β Surname . Examples: For married women, it
3776-693: The upper reaches of the Chindwin river , northern Burma . In the 13th century, they crossed the Patkai Range . and settled in the Brahmaputra River valley, in Northeast India. After increasing their power in Upper Assam, the Ahom people extended their power to the south of the river Brahmaputra and east of the river Dikho, which corresponds to the modern day districts of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar, Assam, where
3840-833: The usage of got names as surnames because they think it promotes the caste system and the discrimination that comes from it, which is against Sikh doctrines. Sikhs tend to marry someone belonging to a different got as themself whilst belonging to the same zat . Since the second-half of the 20th century, some Sikhs from socially and economically-disadvantaged castes have adopted the gotra names of privileged castes as their surnames in an attempt to hide their original caste-background and seek upward social mobility. Sardar for males and Sardarni for females are sometimes prefixed as titles. A lot of Sikh first names can be used by both sexes. Tamil names usually follow this pattern: Initial (Village name) β Initial (Father's name) β First name β Surname (Example: M.G. Ramachandran , where
3904-622: The vowel characters to denote sounds different from conventional American or British English. Although some languages, like Kannada or Tamil, may have different vowel sounds, the ones used in most major Indian languages are represented in this table along with typical English transcriptions. Furthermore, the letters used in English /t/ and /d/ that are used to represent the retroflex stops /Κ/ and /Ι/, are also used to represent dental stops /tΜͺ/ and /dΜͺ/ (as in Tenginkai or Rohit), especially when they occur in
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#17328582602753968-524: Was originally named Inquilab Srivastava, Akshay Kumar was named Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia, and Dilip Kumar was originally named Muhammad Yusuf Khan. In many parts of India, the practice of name βdoublingβ is now wide-spread, i.e. a citizen adopts a βcaste-neutralβ last name for school, work and official settings, but retains a traditional name for personal interaction or to access certain state schemes. When written in Latin script, Indian names may use
4032-521: Was a hodgepodge of multiple Tai languages, that was only linked to the Ahom language by the Ahom script in which the dictionary entries were written. The scholar Terwiel recommended in 1992 to base neo-Ahom on the grammar and tones of the very closely related Aiton language, which is still spoken in Assam. Summarizing, the revivalists use a language consisting of a mixture of Tai words from multiple Tai languages, overlaid on an Assamese grammatical base. In 1999,
4096-436: Was determined that the priests could decipher the Ahom script and read the words aloud. However, because they did not know any tones, they did not have any idea of the meaning of the words except for the simplest expressions. According to Terwiel, there are great differences between the old Ahom language of the manuscripts, which is easily recognizable as a Tai language, and what the revivalists call Ahom, which does not follow
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