Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deleterious mental conditions . These include various matters related to mood, behaviour, cognition , perceptions , and emotions.
142-434: Powick Hospital , which opened in 1847 was a psychiatric facility located on 552 acres (223 ha) outside the village of Powick , near Malvern, Worcestershire . At its peak, the hospital housed around 1,000 patients in buildings designed for 400. During the 1950s the hospital gained an internationally acclaimed reputation for its use of the drug LSD in psychotherapy pioneered and conducted by Ronald A. Sandison . In 1968
284-620: A World in Action journalist, was threatened with prison in Ireland for refusing to reveal her sources. She had investigated scandals within the Irish meat industry in two films in 1991, setting in motion a three-year Tribunal of Inquiry in Dublin, which found that much of her criticism of the industry was substantiated. The tribunal, though, demanded that she name her informants, and when she refused to do so, she
426-402: A psychiatric assessment for their mental and physical condition. This usually involves interviewing the person and often obtaining information from other sources such as other health and social care professionals, relatives, associates, law enforcement personnel, emergency medical personnel, and psychiatric rating scales . A mental status examination is carried out, and a physical examination
568-522: A brain scan might be used to rule out other medical illnesses, but at this time relying on brain scans alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental illness or tell the risk of getting a mental illness in the future. Some clinicians are beginning to utilize genetics and automated speech assessment during the diagnostic process but on the whole these remain research topics. In 2018, the American Psychological Association commissioned
710-658: A career as a broadcaster and writer. The same year, World in Action revealed the tricks behind political oratory by coaching a complete beginner, Ann Brennan, to deliver a speech, which won a standing ovation at the annual conference of the Social Democratic Party , using techniques developed by Professor Max Atkinson . Eminent political commentator Sir Robin Day , covering the conference for BBC television, described Mrs Brennan's performance as "[t]he most refreshing speech we've heard so far." World in Action helped to pioneer
852-501: A controversial edition of the leading British investigative television programme World in Action , showing elderly patients in Ward F13 being left soaking in their own urine. The programme also featured other notorious examples of how the institution 'cared' for its patients in overcrowded conditions without dignity or privacy. This footage was subsequently re-used in a current affairs strand in 1993 - 1994. The footage of Ward F13's patients
994-567: A former WIA producer, was appointed editor of Tonight in October 2006. Brian Winston , Pro-Vice Chancellor (External Relations) at the University of Lincoln , who has also held leading posts at the Universities of Westminster , Cardiff , Pennsylvania State and New York , was a researcher and producer in the early series of World in Action . Ray Fitzwalter, WIA's longest-serving editor and
1136-463: A founder of the drama-documentary movement, worked on World in Action for many years as a producer-director and executive. Long-time World in Action alumni who went on to direct and produce Granada's international award-winning Disappearing World films include Brian Moser, its instigator and original producer, and Charlie Nairn. Among the more recent generation of filmmakers to emerge from World in Action were Alex Holmes , who became editor of
1278-538: A heart attack a month after the show was broadcast. World in Action tackled the British intelligence services , as well as the Royal Navy, over their recruitment practices; senior navy personnel famously door-stepped the director of World in Action' s film in question. The programme broadcast revelations by whistleblowers from both GCHQ , the government's electronic eavesdropping and surveillance headquarters, and from
1420-512: A hospital or clinic to receive psychiatric care. Some are admitted involuntarily, perhaps committed to a secure hospital, or in some jurisdictions to a facility within the prison system. In many countries including the United States and Canada, the criteria for involuntary admission vary with local jurisdiction. They may be as broad as having a mental health condition, or as narrow as being an immediate danger to themselves or others. Bed availability
1562-676: A leading investigative reporter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ; Tony Watson, editor of the Yorkshire Post for 13 years and editor-in-chief of the Press Association from December 2006; and Andrew Jennings , author of Lords of the Rings and The Dirty Game , who has campaigned vigorously for more than a decade against corruption in international sport. Two former World in Action journalists uncovered one of
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#17328550314801704-491: A lot of Trots . Panorama , however, are bastards." Its removal after 35 years was seen by some as part of a general dumbing down of British television and of ITV in particular. One commercial TV regulatory official privately characterised the Tonight programme, which replaced it, as merely "fluffy". Others saw World in Action's eventual disappearance as the inevitable consequence of rising commercial pressures. Announcing
1846-477: A major impact on events of the day. Its production teams often took audacious risks, and the programme gained a solid reputation for its often-unorthodox approach. The series was sold around the world and won numerous awards. In its heyday, World in Action drew audiences of up to 23 million in Britain alone, equivalent to almost half the population. Cabinet ministers fell to its probings. Numerous innocent victims of
1988-406: A massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care. Italy has been a pioneer in psychiatric reform, particularly through the no-restraint initiative that began nearly fifty years ago. The Italian movement, heavily influenced by Franco Basaglia, emphasizes ethical treatment and the elimination of physical restraints in psychiatric care. A study examining
2130-428: A more critical World in Action episode, which questioned the effectiveness of his Rainforest Foundation . In August 1980, the series devoted an edition to the story behind chart rigging – an ongoing practice where record companies were bribing the British chart compilers to put certain artists' singles higher in the charts than they actually were. Singles mentioned on the programme included several UK number-one hits of
2272-418: A narrative which tries to incorporate symptoms into a meaningful life history and to frame them as responses to external conditions. Both approaches are important in the field of psychiatry but have not sufficiently reconciled to settle controversy over either the selection of a psychiatric paradigm or the specification of psychopathology . The notion of a " biopsychosocial model " is often used to underline
2414-427: A natural dualist (i.e., non-spiritual) revision of the biopsychosocial view, reflecting the efforts of Australian psychiatrist Niall McLaren to bring the discipline into scientific maturity in accordance with the paradigmatic standards of philosopher Thomas Kuhn . Once a medical professional diagnoses a patient there are numerous ways that they could choose to treat the patient. Often psychiatrists will develop
2556-478: A number of commentaries on early editions of the programme. Other major contributors included David Plowright , Chris Kelly , Jim Pope , Philip Tibenham, and Andrew Brittain. Among the guest narrators who contributed occasional commentaries were popular actors Robert Lindsay and Jean Boht . The series was known for its gritty visual style, almost always shot on location, and a number of its producer-directors went on to work on major film projects. Those working on
2698-479: A part, but most of the consultation sessions consisted of "talk therapy". This shift began in the early 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s and 2000s. A major reason for this change was the advent of managed care insurance plans, which began to limit reimbursement for psychotherapy sessions provided by psychiatrists. The underlying assumption was that psychopharmacology was at least as effective as psychotherapy, and it could be delivered more efficiently because less time
2840-472: A person begins with creating a case history and conducting a mental status examination . Physical examinations, psychological tests , and laboratory tests may be conducted. On occasion, neuroimaging or other neurophysiological studies are performed. Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), edited by
2982-417: A phrase that would come to haunt him, Aitken promised to wield "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play ... to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism." Aitken was subsequently sentenced to 18 months in prison for perjuring himself in the resulting libel case. World in Action followed the collapse of Aitken's libel case with a special edition whose title reflected
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#17328550314803124-436: A planned coup against the then-Labour government of Harold Wilson . Wright appeared to have been in charge of the technical side of things. "The Wilson plot", as it became known, was corroborated to varying degrees both before and after the film's transmission in various other books by journalists and in volumes of memoirs by others involved in the conspiracy. Wright's book was the most explosive of them all. Wright, embittered by
3266-415: A priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide, although some scholars consider it to be a neo-colonial, culturally insensitive project. Liaison psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that specializes in the interface between other medical specialties and psychiatry. Military psychiatry covers special aspects of psychiatry and mental disorders within
3408-576: A protest, Granada broadcast a blank screen – which, bizarrely, recorded the third-highest TV audience of that week. After a public furor, which saw newspapers from the Sunday Times to the Socialist Worker unite in condemnation of "censorship", the IBA held a second vote, having by then seen the film. By a single vote, the ban was lifted and the programme, by then retitled The Rise and Fall of John Poulson ,
3550-560: A psychiatrist for consultation in his or her office, or at a community-based outpatient clinic. During initial appointments, a psychiatrist generally conducts a psychiatric assessment or evaluation of the patient. Follow-up appointments then focus on making medication adjustments, reviewing potential medication interactions, considering the impact of other medical disorders on the patient's mental and emotional functioning, and counseling patients regarding changes they might make to facilitate healing and remission of symptoms. The frequency with which
3692-493: A psychiatrist sees people in treatment varies widely, from once a week to twice a year, depending on the type, severity and stability of each person's condition, and depending on what the clinician and patient decide would be best. Increasingly, psychiatrists are limiting their practices to psychopharmacology (prescribing medications), as opposed to previous practice in which a psychiatrist would provide traditional 50-minute psychotherapy sessions, of which psychopharmacology would be
3834-562: A psychiatry residency. There are several reasons for this surge, including the intriguing nature of the field, growing interest in genetic biomarkers involved in psychiatric diagnoses, and newer pharmaceuticals on the drug market to treat psychiatric illnesses. The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional training and certification by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). Such subspecialties include: Additional psychiatry subspecialties, for which
3976-519: A researcher and executive producer of WIA , was the founding editor of Granada TV's hugely successful This Morning with Richard and Judy and went on to head daytime and factual programmes at ITV. Dorothy Byrne, a former WIA producer, went on to become head of news and current affairs at Channel 4. Julian Bellamy, who worked as a young researcher on one of WIA's last big foreign investigations – about arms deals between Britain and Indonesia – later headed Channel 4's entertainment channel E4 and
4118-483: A researcher, as did Margaret Beckett , who served as Tony Blair 's last Foreign Secretary . Chris Mullin , Labour MP for Sunderland South from 1987 to 2010, played a major role in the programme's campaign on behalf of the Birmingham Six. Gus Macdonald, now Baron Macdonald of Tradeston, and from 1998 to 2003 a government minister, was formerly an executive on the programme. John Birt (by then ennobled as Baron Birt),
4260-556: A review to reach a consensus on whether modern clinical MRI / fMRI will be able to be used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. The criteria presented by the APA stated that the biomarkers used in diagnosis should: The review concluded that although neuroimaging diagnosis may technically be feasible, very large studies are needed to evaluate specific biomarkers which were not available. Three main diagnostic manuals used to classify mental health conditions are in use today. The ICD-11
4402-403: A significant shortage of psychiatrists in the United States and elsewhere. Strategies to address this shortfall have included the use of short 'taster' placements early in the medical school curriculum and attempts to extend psychiatry services further using telemedicine technologies and other methods. Recently, however, there has been an increase in the number of medical students entering into
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4544-574: A single board, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, one of the member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties. Unlike other physicians and neurologists, psychiatrists specialize in the doctor–patient relationship and are trained to varying extents in the use of psychotherapy and other therapeutic communication techniques. Psychiatrists also differ from psychologists in that they are physicians and have post-graduate training called residency (usually four to five years) in psychiatry;
4686-493: A still-unresolved pension dispute, fled to Australia, where the book was written and finally published – to the fury of Margaret Thatcher – with the assistance of the original programme's chief researcher, Paul Greengrass . Publication in Britain was initially banned outright by the government of Margaret Thatcher. The series was rarely away from the courts and the threat of legal action. The Scientologists tried – and failed – to stop World in Action' s broadcasts about them through
4828-588: A suitable device, the internet or the necessary digital skills . Factors such as poverty that are associated with lack of internet access are also associated with greater risk of mental health problems, making digital exclusion an important problem of telemental health services. The earliest known texts on mental disorders are from ancient India and include the Ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita . The first hospitals for curing mental illness were established in India during
4970-413: A thread running through my career it's World in Action – the phrase as well as the programme." Although its rivals produced many memorable programmes, World in Action ;s "slamming into the subject of each edition without wordy prefaces from a reassuring host-figure" consistently gained a reputation for the kind of original journalism and filmmaking that made headlines and won major awards. In its time,
5112-720: A time when its competitors preferred a more highbrow approach. One of the earliest editions reported on overspending at the Ministry of Defence in the style of a contemporary gameshow, Beat the Clock . The programme was so controversial, it was banned from being shown on ITV by the then-regulatory body, the Independent Television Authority; instead, 10 minutes of it were shown on the BBC as an act of journalistic solidarity. The gameshow device re-emerged in 1989, when an academic study of
5254-438: A treatment strategy that incorporates different facets of different approaches into one. Drug prescriptions are very commonly written to be regimented to patients along with any therapy they receive. There are three major pillars of psychotherapy that treatment strategies are most regularly drawn from. Humanistic psychology attempts to put the "whole" of the patient in perspective; it also focuses on self exploration. Behaviorism
5396-559: A whole new genre of programming, around the world, based around hidden-camera footage of dodgy tradesmen. World in Action also gave rise to a number of other spin-off series, most famously the Seven Up! documentaries that have followed the lives of a group of British people who turned seven years old in 1963. The most recent, 63 UP , was shown in 2019. Michael Apted directed most episodes; parallel series have also started in South Africa,
5538-569: A wide variety of settings and are performed by many different health professionals . Therefore, the diagnostic procedure may vary greatly based upon these factors. Typically, though, a psychiatric diagnosis utilizes a differential diagnosis procedure where a mental status examination and physical examination is conducted, with pathological , psychopathological or psychosocial histories obtained, and sometimes neuroimages or other neurophysiological measurements are taken, or personality tests or cognitive tests administered. In some cases,
5680-531: A £250,000 fund for an investigative journalism training scheme, Channel Four said in November 2011 that a decline in the pool of investigative journalism had occurred since "the demise of training grounds such as World in Action ". World in Action was the pre-eminent current-affairs programme produced by Britain's ITV Network in its first 50 years. Along with This Week , Weekend World , TV Eye , First Tuesday , The Big Story , and The Cook Report – and
5822-428: Is a branch of telemedicine . Telepsychiatry can be effective in treating people with mental health conditions. In the short-term it can be as acceptable and effective as face-to-face care. Research also suggests comparable therapeutic factors, such as changes in problematic thinking or behaviour. It can improve access to mental health services for some but might also represent a barrier for those lacking access to
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5964-881: Is a therapeutic school of thought that elects to focus solely on real and observable events, rather than mining the unconscious or subconscious . Psychoanalysis , on the other hand, concentrates its dealings on early childhood, irrational drives, the unconscious, and conflict between conscious and unconscious streams. All physicians can diagnose mental disorders and prescribe treatments utilizing principles of psychiatry. Psychiatrists are trained physicians who specialize in psychiatry and are certified to treat mental illness . They may treat outpatients, inpatients, or both; they may practice as solo practitioners or as members of groups; they may be self-employed, be members of partnerships, or be employees of governmental, academic, nonprofit, or for-profit entities; employees of hospitals; they may treat military personnel as civilians or as members of
6106-627: Is also used worldwide. The Chinese Society of Psychiatry has also produced a diagnostic manual, the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders . The stated intention of diagnostic manuals is typically to develop replicable and clinically useful categories and criteria, to facilitate consensus and agreed upon standards, whilst being atheoretical as regards etiology. However, the categories are nevertheless based on particular psychiatric theories and data; they are broad and often specified by numerous possible combinations of symptoms, and many of
6248-467: Is often the real determinant of admission decisions to hard pressed public facilities. People may be admitted voluntarily if the treating doctor considers that safety is not compromised by this less restrictive option. For many years, controversy has surrounded the use of involuntary treatment and use of the term "lack of insight" in describing patients. Internationally, mental health laws vary significantly but in many cases, involuntary psychiatric treatment
6390-503: Is permitted when there is deemed to be a significant risk to the patient or others due to the patient's illness. Involuntary treatment refers to treatment that occurs based on a treating physician's recommendations, without requiring consent from the patient. Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. Some wards are mixed-sex whilst same-sex wards are increasingly favored to protect women inpatients. Once in
6532-619: Is produced and published by the World Health Organization , includes a section on psychiatric conditions, and is used worldwide. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , produced and published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), is primarily focused on mental health conditions and is the main classification tool in the United States . It is currently in its fifth revised edition and
6674-476: Is required for the appointment. Because of this shift in practice patterns, psychiatrists often refer patients whom they think would benefit from psychotherapy to other mental health professionals, e.g., clinical social workers and psychologists. Telepsychiatry or telemental health refers to the use of telecommunications technology (mostly videoconferencing and phone calls) to deliver psychiatric care remotely for people with mental health conditions . It
6816-581: Is run by Steve Morrison, a former WIA producer. Although in its early days, World in Action was reputed never to employ anyone who was on first-name terms with any politician, a number of subsequent British parliamentarians have World in Action on their curricula vitae . The most recent is the Conservative MP Adam Holloway , elected to the House of Commons in 2005. Former British cabinet minister Jack Straw worked on World in Action as
6958-475: Is sometimes administered for serious conditions, such as those unresponsive to medication. The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since
7100-433: Is the clinical application of psychiatry in emergency settings. Forensic psychiatry utilizes medical science generally, and psychiatric knowledge and assessment methods in particular, to help answer legal questions. Geriatric psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in the elderly . Global mental health is an area of study, research and practice that places
7242-626: Is usually performed to establish or exclude other illnesses that may be contributing to the alleged psychiatric problems. A physical examination may also serve to identify any signs of self-harm ; this examination is often performed by someone other than the psychiatrist, especially if blood tests and medical imaging are performed. Like most medications, psychiatric medications can cause adverse effects in patients, and some require ongoing therapeutic drug monitoring , for instance full blood counts , serum drug levels, renal function, liver function or thyroid function. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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#17328550314807384-492: The BBC2 documentary strand Modern Times and went on to write and direct the BAFTA -winning dramatised documentary series Dunkirk for the BBC and House of Saddam for the BBC and HBO ; and Katy Jones, a former WIA producer who became a key collaborator with the screenwriter Jimmy McGovern as a producer on the drama-documentaries Hillsborough (1996) and Sunday (2002). WIA
7526-478: The Christy's Minstrels ditties of the day. The last set of dances he composed in 1884. By the 1950s it had around 1,000 patients and major research and experimentation in the treatment of chronic depression and schizophrenia was being carried out. In 1952 during a trip to Switzerland and visiting Sandoz , the consultant psychiatrist at Powick, Ronald Sandison , came in contact with Albert Hofmann , who had discovered
7668-628: The Guardian ; Alasdair Palmer of the Sunday Telegraph ; John Ware, BBC Panorama' s leading investigative reporter; Tony Wilson , whose second career as a music impresario was immortalised in the feature film 24 Hour Party People ; Michael Gillard, creator of the Slicker business pages in the satirical magazine Private Eye ; Donal MacIntyre ; the writer Mark Hollingsworth; Quentin McDermott, since 1999
7810-613: The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), the official regulator during most of the series's run, which had the power to intervene before broadcast. Sir Denis Forman , one of Granada's founders, wrote that " trench warfare " existed between the programme and the industry regulator, the Independent Television Authority , in the years between 1966 and 1969 as World in Action sought to establish its journalistic freedoms. The most celebrated dispute
7952-538: The Joint Intelligence Committee . Its most audacious investigation of the intelligence community was, perhaps, an extended edition in July 1984 titled "The Spy Who Never Was", the confessions of a former MI5 officer, Peter Wright . Spycatcher , Wright's subsequent account of the period when his colleagues and he had, as he put it, "bugged and burgled our way across London", revealed what had in effect been
8094-596: The Middle Ages , Psychiatric hospitals and lunatic asylums were built and expanded throughout Europe . Specialist hospitals such as Bethlem Royal Hospital in London were built in medieval Europe from the 13th century to treat mental disorders, but were used only as custodial institutions and did not provide any type of treatment. It is the oldest extant psychiatric hospital in the world. An ancient text known as The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine identifies
8236-708: The Poulson affair, corruption in the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad , the exposure of the shadowy and violent far-right group Combat 18 , investigations into L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology , and most notably, a long campaign that resulted in the release from prison of the Birmingham Six , six Irishmen falsely accused of planting Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs in Birmingham pubs. World in Action's appetite for controversy created tension with
8378-840: The World Health Organization (WHO), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The fifth edition of the DSM ( DSM-5 ), published in May 2013, reorganized the categories of disorders and added newer information and insights consistent with current research. Treatment may include psychotropics (psychiatric medicines), interventional approaches and psychotherapy , and also other modalities such as assertive community treatment , community reinforcement , substance-abuse treatment , and supported employment . Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on
8520-414: The death penalty , ethnic or cultural discrimination, euthanasia , genetics, the human dignity of incapacitated patients, media relations, organ transplantation, patient assessment, research ethics, sex selection, torture , and up-to-date knowledge. In establishing such ethical codes, the profession has responded to a number of controversies about the practice of psychiatry, for example, surrounding
8662-521: The heart , was the "organ of thought". He tracked the ascending sensory nerves from the body to the brain, theorizing that mental activity originated in the CNS and that the cause of mental illness resided within the brain. He applied this understanding to classify mental diseases and treatments. Religious leaders often turned to versions of exorcism to treat mental disorders often utilizing methods that many consider to be cruel or barbaric methods. Trepanning
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#17328550314808804-423: The 'medical treatment of the soul ' ( ψυχή psych- 'soul' from Ancient Greek psykhē 'soul'; -iatry 'medical treatment' from Gk. ιατρικός iātrikos 'medical' from ιάσθαι iāsthai 'to heal'). A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry is a psychiatrist (for a historical overview, see: Timeline of psychiatry ). "Psychiatry, more than any other branch of medicine, forces its practitioners to wrestle with
8946-606: The 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization . Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients . If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. However, in Japan psychiatric hospitals continue to keep patients for long periods, sometimes even keeping them in physical restraints , strapped to their beds for periods of weeks or months. Psychiatric inpatients are people admitted to
9088-608: The 3rd century BCE. Greek philosophers, including Thales , Plato , and Aristotle (especially in his De Anima treatise), also addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, the Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes. In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place. In 4th to 5th century B.C. Greece, Hippocrates wrote that he visited Democritus and found him in his garden cutting open animals. Democritus explained that he
9230-560: The 9th century. As chief physician of a hospital in Baghdad, he was also the director of one of the first bimaristans in the world. The first bimaristan was founded in Baghdad in the 9th century, and several others of increasing complexity were created throughout the Arab world in the following centuries. Some of the bimaristans contained wards dedicated to the care of mentally ill patients. During
9372-464: The ABPN does not provide formal certification, include: Addiction psychiatry focuses on evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance-related disorders, and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. Biological psychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorders in terms of the biological function of
9514-558: The British criminal justice system, including the Birmingham Six , were released from jail. Honouring the programme in its 50th anniversary awards the Political Studies Association said, " World in Action thrived on unveiling corruption and highlighting underhand dealings. World in Action came to be seen as hard-hitting investigative journalism at its best." A melodramatic post-trial encounter in 1967 between Mick Jagger and senior British establishment figures, in which
9656-438: The DSM represents an unscientific system that enshrines the opinions of a few powerful psychiatrists. There are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories; the reliance on superficial symptoms ; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from ' normality '; possible cultural bias; medicalization of human distress and financial conflicts of interest , including with
9798-612: The Granada team to film the Rolling Stones at the band's free 1969 concert in Hyde Park, London . The resulting film, The Stones in the Park , was one of the iconic concert films of the 1960s. John Birt moved on to edit World in Action , and eventually became the director-general of the BBC. The rise of Thatcherism and the misery of mass unemployment had WIA examining the phenomenon through
9940-689: The ITV companies broadcast a proportion of their programmes as public-service TV . Out of this was born the network's reputation for serious current affairs, eagerly grabbed by programme makers under Granada's founder, Lord Sidney Bernstein . Some of the most prominent figures in 20th-century British broadcasting helped to create World in Action , in particular, Tim Hewat , "the maverick genius of Granada's current affairs in its formative years", and David Plowright , but also Jeremy Isaacs , Michael Parkinson , John Birt, and Gus Macdonald and its most long-serving executive producer, Ray Fitzwalter. The series developed
10082-512: The MP's claim to wield the "sword of truth". It was called The Dagger of Deceit . Although the series's lasting reputation is for its investigative work, it also led the way in introducing other techniques to mainstream TV. In 1971, years before the rise of "reality" programmes on TV schedules, World in Action challenged the Staffordshire village of Longnor to quit smoking, a forerunner of many of
10224-514: The US, and Russia. More recent current-affairs series on other channels, such as the MacIntyre series on BBC and Five , and Channel 4 's Dispatches , commissioned by Dorothy Byrne, a former World in Action producer, may be seen as having inherited certain aspects of World in Action' s hard-hitting journalistic style. One of the programme's hallmarks was its willingness to embrace popular culture, at
10366-572: The application of these principles in Italy found that 14 general hospital psychiatric units reported zero restraint incidents in 2022. Standards of inpatient care remain a challenge in some public and private facilities, due to levels of funding, and facilities in developing countries are typically grossly inadequate for the same reason. Even in developed countries, programs in public hospitals vary widely. Some may offer structured activities and therapies offered from many perspectives while others may only have
10508-591: The asylum was originally erected for the accommodation of 200 inmates but was later extended and by 1858 had 365 patients. The doctors at the Asylum in the 1870s showed a remarkably enlightened attitude when they instituted a series of orchestral concerts there, as well as the Friday night dances for the inmates. Elgar , as a young violinist in the district played in the concerts from 1877, and in January 1879 succeeded Fred S. May in
10650-516: The biggest broadcasting scandals of the 1990s. Laurie Flynn, a central figure in the British Steel papers case, and Michael Sean Gillard revealed that large parts of a 1996 Carlton Television documentary, The Connection , about drug trafficking from Colombia , had been fabricated. Flynn and Gillard's exposé in the Guardian in May 1998 led to an inquiry and a record £2 million fine for Carlton from
10792-460: The brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on yin–yang balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), Liu Zhi (1660–1730), and Wang Qingren (1768–1831). Wang Qingren emphasized
10934-480: The camera crew from sailing back into the UK at Felixstowe, just a few miles away, forcing them to sail to Holland and then fly back to the UK. The long-running intermittent Seven Up! series of TV films, which in due course spanned decades, was first broadcast from 1964 as part of World in Action . By its intimate technique of filming the everyday lives of children and interviewing them, a different picture of life in Britain
11076-730: The care of a hospital, people are assessed , monitored, and often given medication and care from a multidisciplinary team, which may include physicians, pharmacists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, psychiatric nurses , clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatric social workers, occupational therapists and social workers. If a person receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital is assessed as at particular risk of harming themselves or others, they may be put on constant or intermittent one-to-one supervision and may be put in physical restraints or medicated. People on inpatient wards may be allowed leave for periods of time, either accompanied or on their own. In many developed countries there has been
11218-438: The care of a psychiatric physician or other psychiatric practitioners by various paths, the two most common being self- referral or referral by a primary care physician . Alternatively, a person may be referred by hospital medical staff, by court order , involuntary commitment , or, in countries such as the UK and Australia, by sectioning under a mental health law . A psychiatrist or medical provider evaluates people through
11360-437: The categories overlap in symptomology or typically occur together. While originally intended only as a guide for experienced clinicians trained in its use, the nomenclature is now widely used by clinicians, administrators and insurance companies in many countries. The DSM has attracted praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria. It has also attracted controversy and criticism. Some critics argue that
11502-482: The commercial pressures on the network grew with the arrival of multichannel TV in the UK. Eventually, World In Action , too, was removed from the schedules by its own creator, Granada TV. On 7 December 1998, World in Action ceased operations for good after 35 years on air. It was replaced in the schedules by Tonight . From the beginning, and especially from the late 1960s, World in Action broke new ground in investigative techniques. Landmark investigations included
11644-504: The conduct of psychiatrists (like other purveyors of professional ethics ). The psychiatric code of ethics, first set forth through the Declaration of Hawaii in 1977 has been expanded through a 1983 Vienna update and in the broader Madrid Declaration in 1996. The code was further revised during the organization's general assemblies in 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2011. The World Psychiatric Association code covers such matters as confidentiality ,
11786-469: The courts, and in 1980, members of the programme's staff and senior executives at Granada TV announced that they would be prepared to go to prison rather than submit to a House of Lords ruling that the programme reveal the identity of an informant who had supplied WIA with 250 pages of secret documents from the then-state-owned British Steel Corporation which was at the time locked in an industrial dispute with its workforce. In 1995, Susan O'Keeffe ,
11928-667: The efficient and effective delivery of mental health services for the organization's constituents. For example, the Chief of Mental Health Services at most VA medical centers is usually a psychiatrist, although psychologists occasionally are selected for the position as well. In the United States, psychiatry is one of the few specialties which qualify for further education and board-certification in pain medicine , palliative medicine , and sleep medicine . Psychiatric research is, by its very nature, interdisciplinary; combining social, biological and psychological perspectives in attempt to understand
12070-443: The eyes of another emerging band, UB40 , in A Statistic, A Reminder (1981), a line taken from one of the band's songs. Six years later, a special edition of the programme was devoted to the Irish rock band U2 and their charismatic front man Bono . Like the Rolling Stones before them, U2 allowed World in Action to film one of their classic concerts in 1987 in Ireland. This footage, shot by future Hollywood director Paul Greengrass,
12212-449: The feature films Touching the Void and Deep Water and many factual TV programmes including Black Box and The Falling Man , worked together on WIA . Claudia Milne founded twentytwenty TV, which made a successful current-affairs strand for ITV, The Big Story , as well as popular factual series such as Bad Boys' Army' on ITV and That'll Teach 'Em on Channel 4. Brian Lapping set up
12354-433: The first of its kind in the world, was established at the hospital in 1958 in which Dr. Sandison administered his therapy until he left the institution in 1964. Medical Superintendent Dr. Arthur Spencer continued the programme until Sandoz abruptly withdrew supplies of the drug in 1965, due to the problems of illicit recreational use. Records indicate that 683 patients had been treated with LSD in 13,785 separate sessions before
12496-480: The former Conservative cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken , and lost the second, against the high street chain Marks & Spencer . On 10 April 1995, Aitken, himself a former journalist for Yorkshire Television , called a televised press conference three hours before the transmission of a World in Action film, Jonathan of Arabia , demanding that allegations about his dealings with leading Saudis be withdrawn. In
12638-530: The funding for medicating and monitoring patients. This may be problematic in that the maximum amount of therapeutic work might not actually take place in the hospital setting. This is why hospitals are increasingly used in limited situations and moments of crisis where patients are a direct threat to themselves or others. Alternatives to psychiatric hospitals that may actively offer more therapeutic approaches include rehabilitation centers or "rehab" as popularly termed. Outpatient treatment involves periodic visits to
12780-586: The hallucinogenic drug LSD by accident. He returned to the UK with 100 vials of LSD, called ' Delysid ' at that time by Sandoz . Sandison started by using LSD on his patients in Powick whose psychoanalysis was not advancing their therapy and he recorded significant success even in the most severe cases. He developed a programme he called " Psycholytic Therapy " (literally "mind loosening therapy") for treatment of illnesses such as severe depression and schizophrenia . A government funded purpose-built LSD treatment unit,
12922-425: The importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams, insomnia , psychosis , depression and epilepsy . The beginning of psychiatry as a medical specialty is dated to the middle of the nineteenth century, although its germination can be traced to the late eighteenth century. In the late 17th century, privately run asylums for
13064-699: The insane began to proliferate and expand in size. In 1713, the Bethel Hospital Norwich was opened, the first purpose-built asylum in England. In 1656, Louis XIV of France created a public system of hospitals for those with mental disorders, but as in England, no real treatment was applied. World in Action World in Action was a British investigative current affairs programme made by Granada Television for ITV from 7 January 1963 until 7 December 1998. Its campaigning journalism frequently had
13206-723: The institution was surrounded by controversy concerning serious neglect of patients. In 1989 it was closed down leaving Barnsley Hall Hospital in Bromsgrove as the remaining psychiatric hospital in the county. Most of the complex has been demolished to make way for a housing estate . Founded in 1847 as the Worcester County Pauper and Lunatic Asylum, it was designed by architects J. R. Hamilton and J. M. Medland of Gloucester and opened in August 1852. Situated between Worcester and Malvern on former farmland known as White Chimneys,
13348-501: The limited funds available on acute rather than chronic care. The shocking revelations of the Ward F13 programme contributed to Powick being amongst the first wave of mental hospitals selected for closure in favour of community care developments. Acute admissions ceased in 1978 and the last patients were discharged in 1989. The hospital closed in 1989 and was subsequently demolished, with the site being redeveloped for housing and offices. Psychiatry Initial psychiatric assessment of
13490-400: The medical specialty of psychiatry uses research in the field of neuroscience , psychology , medicine , biology , biochemistry , and pharmacology , it has generally been considered a middle ground between neurology and psychology. Because psychiatry and neurology are deeply intertwined medical specialties, all certification for both specialties and for their subspecialties is offered by
13632-407: The military context. Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. Social psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the interpersonal and cultural context of mental disorder and mental well-being. In larger healthcare organizations, psychiatrists often serve in senior management roles, where they are responsible for
13774-524: The military; and in any of these settings they may function as clinicians, researchers, teachers, or some combination of these. Although psychiatrists may also go through significant training to conduct psychotherapy , psychoanalysis or cognitive behavioral therapy , it is their training as physicians that differentiates them from other mental health professionals . Psychiatry was not a popular career choice among medical students, even though medical school placements are rated favorably. This has resulted in
13916-412: The much-garlanded Brook Lapping company, which made The Death of Yugoslavia and many other landmark contemporary history programmes. Stuart Prebble, a former editor of World in Action , runs Liberty Bell, best known for the popular Grumpy Old Men series on the BBC. Another former editor, Steve Boulton, started an eponymous company, which made Young, Nazi & Proud , a Bafta -winning profile of
14058-401: The multifactorial nature of clinical impairment. In this notion the word model is not used in a strictly scientific way though. Alternatively, a Niall McLaren acknowledges the physiological basis for the mind's existence but identifies cognition as an irreducible and independent realm in which disorder may occur. The biocognitive approach includes a mentalist etiology and provides
14200-520: The nature and treatment of mental disorders. Clinical and research psychiatrists study basic and clinical psychiatric topics at research institutions and publish articles in journals. Under the supervision of institutional review boards , psychiatric clinical researchers look at topics such as neuroimaging, genetics, and psychopharmacology in order to enhance diagnostic validity and reliability, to discover new treatment methods, and to classify new mental disorders. Psychiatric diagnoses take place in
14342-408: The nature of evidence, the validity of introspection, problems in communication, and other long-standing philosophical issues" ( Guze, 1992, p.4 ). Psychiatry refers to a field of medicine focused specifically on the mind , aiming to study , prevent , and treat mental disorders in humans . It has been described as an intermediary between the world from a social context and the world from
14484-470: The nervous system. Child and adolescent psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that specializes in work with children, teenagers, and their families. Community psychiatry is an approach that reflects an inclusive public health perspective and is practiced in community mental health services . Cross-cultural psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry concerned with the cultural and ethnic context of mental disorder and psychiatric services. Emergency psychiatry
14626-447: The news-gathering of ITN – World in Action gave ITV a reputation for quality broadcast journalism to rival the BBC 's output. For the first 35 years of its existence, ITV had a near-monopoly of television advertising revenue. Roy Thomson , who ran Scottish Television , famously described ITV as a "licence to print money". In return for this income, the broadcasting regulator insisted that
14768-416: The only consultants, and two assistant doctors completed the staff. There were nearly 1,000 patients, 400 of whom were living in the four large wards of the 'annexe' built in the 1890s. I discovered that the heating system was defunct, many of the internal telephones did not work, and the hospital was deeply impoverished in every department. This state of affairs had been allowed to develop by
14910-506: The patient. Psychiatry treats mental disorders, which are conventionally divided into three general categories: mental illnesses , severe learning disabilities, and personality disorders . Although the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. Since the late 20th century, the field of psychiatry has continued to become more biological and less conceptually isolated from other medical fields. Though
15052-403: The perspective of those who are mentally ill. People who specialize in psychiatry often differ from most other mental health professionals and physicians in that they must be familiar with both the social and biological sciences . The discipline studies the operations of different organs and body systems as classified by the patient's subjective experiences and the objective physiology of
15194-404: The popular-challenge documentaries that enjoyed success in the 21st-century reality-television boom. In 1984, World in Action caused a sensation by challenging a rising young Conservative Member of Parliament, Matthew Parris , to live for a week on a £26 unemployment benefit payment to test the reality of his own critical views on unemployed people – Parris subsequently abandoned Parliament for
15336-629: The post of Band Instructor. In 1879, at the age of 22, Elgar composed a number of works, the Powick Asylum Music , for the attendants' band. His job consisted of conducting the Asylum Band, made up of the staff of the Asylum, and composing music for the Friday dances. The authorities paid him £4 per annum less than his predecessor, no doubt because of his inexperience, but he received about £30 per year, plus 5 shillings for every polka and quadrille and one shilling and sixpence for accompaniments to
15478-524: The practice of psychiatrists and with the pharmaceutical industry ; political controversies about the inclusion or exclusion of diagnoses from the manual, in general or in regard to specific issues; and the experience of those who are most directly affected by the manual by being diagnosed, including the consumer/survivor movement . Individuals receiving psychiatric treatment are commonly referred to as patients but may also be called clients , consumers , or service recipients . They may come under
15620-628: The previous 12 months. Perhaps the most bruising encounter between WIA and popular entertainment was the 1995 film Black and Blue , which featured a covert recording of a performance by comedian Bernard Manning as the star of a charity function organised by the Manchester branch of the Police Federation , which represents rank-and-file officers. Manning's racist and homophobic performance, loudly applauded by those present, caused outrage when WIA broadcast excerpts, sparking an intense debate about
15762-462: The previous medical superintendent, Dr Fenton... who had spent 43 years at Powick. He practised the utmost economy and Powick became the cheapest hospital in the country... After discussion and consultation with my colleagues at Powick, and with the professor of Psychiatry in Birmingham, I undertook the clinical use of LSD at Powick Hospital towards the end of 1952. In 1968 Powick Hospital featured in
15904-444: The programme was discontinued. In 2002 the NHS agreed to pay £195,000, in an out of court settlement, to 43 former psychiatric patients who were treated with LSD between 1950 and 1970. Sandison writes about his early years at Powick: ...the amenities were bleak in the extreme compared with Warlingham . The hospital had been built in 1852 for 200 patients... Arthur (Spencer) and I were
16046-402: The programme's editor), Mike Walsh, David Taylor, Donal MacIntyre , and Granada Reports journalist and Factory Records supremo Tony Wilson , who became the show's first in-vision anchor in the early 1980s. Guest presenters were used on rare occasions, among them Jonathan Dimbleby , Sandy Gall , Martyn Gregory, Sue Lawley , and Lynn Faulds Wood . Perhaps its most celebrated guest presenter
16188-535: The programme, said it had been "born brash". Steve Boulton, one of its last editors, wrote in The Independent that the programme's ethos was to "comfort the afflicted – and afflict the comfortable." Paul Greengrass told The Guardian in June 2008 that the chairman of Granada TV once told him: "Don't forget, your job's to make trouble." The series outlasted all of its contemporaries in ITV current affairs, killed off as
16330-567: The quality and thoroughness of their graduate medical training is identical to that of all other physicians. Psychiatrists can therefore counsel patients, prescribe medication, order laboratory tests , order neuroimaging , and conduct physical examinations . As well, some psychiatrists are trained in interventional psychiatry and can deliver interventional treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy , transcranial magnetic stimulation , vagus nerve stimulation and ketamine . The World Psychiatric Association issues an ethical code to govern
16472-420: The reality of life among the homeless in 1991. In 1998, World in Action took advantage of the new technology to equip an entire house with secret cameras hidden in places from coke tins to fish tanks to catch out shoddy builders. The success of the two-part series called House of Horrors , produced by Kate Middleton, led not only to the ITV series House of Horrors and to the BBC's Rogue Traders , but also to
16614-588: The rock star and his retinue were flown by helicopter onto the lawn of a stately home , was engineered by then World in Action researcher and future BBC Director-General John Birt . Decades later, Birt himself described it as "one of the iconic moments of the Sixties." Soon after she became Conservative Party leader, Margaret Thatcher was said to have told the BBC Director-General, Sir Ian Trethowan , that she considered World in Action to consist of "just
16756-461: The same role at another ITV franchise, Scottish Television . Stuart Prebble, a former editor, became chief executive of ITV, and Steve Anderson became head of news and current affairs for that channel. Both have since moved on to the independent production industry. Ian McBride, who led the team that made the Birmingham Six programmes, became managing editor of Granada TV, and was director of compliance for ITV until 2008. Dianne Nelmes, who worked as
16898-600: The series in its early years included Michael Apted , later to direct Coal Miner's Daughter , Gorillas in the Mist , and the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough , as well as the Up Series documentaries (the earliest programmes were part of the WIA series), and Mike Hodges , who went on to direct Get Carter and Flash Gordon . Director John Goldschmidt made several films for
17040-455: The series in the early 1970s. Later, Paul Greengrass , director of the feature films United 93 , The Bourne Supremacy , and The Bourne Ultimatum and of the drama-documentaries Bloody Sunday and The Murder of Stephen Lawrence , cut his directing teeth on World in Action . Leslie Woodhead , director of The Stones in the Park , the award-winning A Cry From The Grave , many Disappearing World films and also regarded by many as
17182-534: The series was honoured by all of the major broadcasting awards, including many BAFTA , the Royal Television Society , and Emmy awards. World in Action's style was the opposite to its urbane BBC rivals, especially to the London BBC. By repute, especially in its early days, World in Action would never employ anybody who was on first-name terms with any politician. Gus Macdonald, an executive producer of
17324-453: The severity of functional impairment or risk to the individual or community. Research within psychiatry is conducted on an interdisciplinary basis with other professionals, such as epidemiologists , nurses , social workers , occupational therapists , and clinical psychologists . The term psychiatry was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808 and literally means
17466-505: The skills of generations of journalists, and in particular, filmmakers. Michael Apted worked on the original Seven Up! . Paul Greengrass , who spent 10 years on World in Action , told the BBC: "My first dream was to work on World In Action , to be honest. It was that wonderful eclectic mixture of filmmaking and reportage. That was my training ground. It showed me the world and made me see many things." He later told The Guardian : "If there's
17608-461: The technique of using covert cameras , not just in investigative work, but also in social documentary, including, from the earliest days, the treatment of gypsies, the old in care ("Ward F13"), and poverty in England. The arrival of high-quality miniature cameras allowed ambitious projects such as Donal MacIntyre 's award-winning programmes in October 1996 on the illegal drug trade , and the future Conservative MP Adam Holloway 's disturbing reports on
17750-558: The then-regulator, the Independent Television Commission, as well as provoking a passionate debate about truthfulness in broadcast journalism. Unusually for a current-affairs programme, WIA's standard format was as a voice-over documentary without a regular reporter, although a handful of WIA journalists did appear in front of camera, including Chris Kelly , Gordon Burns , John Pilger, Gus Macdonald, Nick Davies, Adam Holloway , Stuart Prebble (who later became
17892-417: The uptake of tax-funded benefits by the middle class was transformed into a mock quiz show named Spongers , fronted by a well-known star of game formats, Nicholas Parsons . Popular music played a significant role in WIA's history. An early edition, in 1966, carried a fly-on-the-wall account of daily life aboard one of the then- pirate radio ships, Radio Caroline , at a time when the British government
18034-475: The use of lobotomy and electroconvulsive therapy . Discredited psychiatrists who operated outside the norms of medical ethics include Harry Bailey , Donald Ewen Cameron , Samuel A. Cartwright , Henry Cotton , and Andrei Snezhnevsky . Psychiatric illnesses can be conceptualised in a number of different ways. The biomedical approach examines signs and symptoms and compares them with diagnostic criteria. Mental illness can be assessed, conversely, through
18176-668: The willingness of British police officers to embrace a diverse culture. Former WIA editor Steve Boulton revealed during a 2013 ITV documentary about World in Action that the covert recording had been made by a fellow speaker at the function, former Liverpool Militant politician Derek Hatton , himself a previous target of a World in Action investigation. Hatton used a miniature cassette recorder concealed in Boulton's own Filofax . World in Action employed many leading journalists, among them John Pilger ; Michael Parkinson ; Gordon Burns ; Nick Davies , Ed Vulliamy and David Leigh of
18318-457: The young British National Party activist Mark Collett . Simon Albury went on to lead the Campaign for Quality Television and was a founder director of the ITV company Meridian Broadcasting . One of the biggest British independent production companies is All 3 Media, which controls several other leading companies, including Lime Pictures , formerly Mersey Television , makers of Hollyoaks . It
18460-626: Was a starting point for several key programme-makers who went on to major roles in British broadcasting. John Birt became director-general of the BBC, having been programme controller of the ITV station London Weekend Television , where he created the current-affairs flagship, Weekend World . Several WIA staffers were promoted to significant roles in Granada Television, among them David Plowright , who became its chairman and later went on to become deputy chairman of Channel 4 . Steve Morrison became chief executive at Granada. Gus Macdonald held
18602-414: Was attempting to discover the cause of madness and melancholy. Hippocrates praised his work. Democritus had with him a book on madness and melancholy. During the 5th century BCE, mental disorders, especially those with psychotic traits, were considered supernatural in origin, a view which existed throughout ancient Greece and Rome , as well as Egyptian regions. Alcmaeon , believed the brain , not
18744-545: Was charged by the Irish Director of Public Prosecutions . The case became a cause célèbre in the Republic of Ireland , and in January 1995 she faced trial for contempt of court but was cleared of the charge. O'Keeffe was honoured in the 1994 Freedom of Information Awards for her stand. In its last few years, the programme was involved in two high-profile libel cases. It won the first (along with The Guardian ) against
18886-498: Was determined to preserve the radio monopoly of the BBC by driving the "pirates" off the air. In 1964, the show covered the launch of the second pirate radio ship, Radio Atlanta, by putting a film crew on board the radio ship as she sailed into position. After the offshore radio ships were outlawed, only Radio Caroline's two ships continued, so WIA visited one of the ships in September 1967. The British government were furious and banned
19028-399: Was distinguished American anchorman Walter Cronkite , who came out of retirement to cover the 1983 UK general election for the series. A small group of narrators delivered the vast majority of WIA's voice-overs. The two original narrators were Derek Cooper , later to become well known as a broadcaster and writer about food, and Wilfrid Thomas. The science presenter. James Burke , did
19170-400: Was formed. In 1967, a young researcher named John Birt established his early reputation by persuading the rock star Mick Jagger to appear on World in Action to debate youth culture and his recent drug conviction, with establishment figures, including William Rees-Mogg of The Times , who had written a famous editorial defending the singer. Jagger so enjoyed the experience that he invited
19312-537: Was in 1973, over the banning of The Friends and Influence of John L Poulson , the definitive film about the Poulson affair, itself one of the defining scandals of British political life in the 1960s. Poulson was an architect, who was jailed a year later for corrupting politicians and civil servants to advance his construction business. The regulator, which was then the IBA, banned the film without seeing it and without giving official reasons other than "broadcasting policy". As
19454-725: Was one of these methods used throughout history. In the 6th century AD, Lin Xie carried out an early psychological experiment , in which he asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other (ostensibly to test people's vulnerability to distraction). It has been cited that this was an early psychiatric experiment. The Islamic Golden Age fostered early studies in Islamic psychology and psychiatry, with many scholars writing about mental disorders. The Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi , also known as "Rhazes", wrote texts about psychiatric conditions in
19596-625: Was personal adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair between 2001 and 2005. Editors of the programme (sometimes with the title of executive producer) were, successively, Tim Hewat , Derek Granger , Alex Valentine, David Plowright, Jeremy Wallington, Leslie Woodhead , John Birt, Gus Macdonald, David Boulton, Brian Lapping , Ray Fitzwalter, Allan Segal , David Cresswell, Stuart Prebble , Nick Hayes, Dianne Nelmes, Charles Tremayne , Steve Boulton, and Jeff Anderson. Anderson also became editor of World in Action's replacement, Tonight , before becoming head of current affairs at ITV in 2006. Mike Lewis,
19738-427: Was programme controller of the BBC digital channel BBC Three before rejoining Channel 4 as its head of programming from 2007 to 2011. In 2012, Bellamy was appointed creative director of Discovery International. A number of WIA veterans went on to set up and run their own independent television production companies. John Smithson and David Darlow , who set up the production company Darlow Smithson, responsible for
19880-457: Was shown only once on ITV because of copyright restrictions, although it has circulated among fans as a bootleg . In 1983, Stevie Wonder , at the height of his popularity, gave the programme a musical exclusive when he agreed to let a World in Action crew record him performing an unreleased song, written to help Democratic politician Jesse Jackson 's electioneering, for The Race Against Reagan . Another popular singer, Sting , appeared in
20022-474: Was superimposed on a picture of an asylum wall while a reporter disguised as a homeless schizophrenic looks back at how psychiatric patients were treated. The asylum wall at Powick itself was knocked down in the 1950s as part of Dr. Arthur Spencer's initiatives in updating and modernising the hospital. In the World in Action programme, Dr Spencer speaks of having to take the decision, as Medical Superintendent, to spend
20164-594: Was transmitted on 30 April 1973, three months after it was first scheduled. In January 1980, the programme examined the business practices of the then chairman of Manchester United football club , Louis Edwards . Edwards ran a wholesale butchery business that supplied schools in Manchester ; WIA exposed practices of bribery of council officials and the supply of meat that was unfit for human consumption to such institutions; Edwards' businesses were subsequently prosecuted and lost their contracts. Louis Edwards himself died of
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