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120-620: The 17-acre (69,000 m) Philip Johnson -designed complex includes three 24-story buildings, 1 Post Oak Central (2000 Post Oak Boulevard), 2 Post Oak Central (1980 Post Oak Boulevard), and 3 Post Oak Central (1990 Post Oak Boulevard), and a parking garage. The complex includes 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m) of Class A office space and retail. The complex includes a 90,000-square-foot (8,400 m) retail center and parking for 4,200 cars. 1 Post Oak Central opened in 1975. 2 Post Oak Central opened in 1979. 3 Post Oak Central opened in 1982. In 2011 Crescent announced that it plans to build, on

240-506: A "management strategy guide", sometimes "with comparison to Spencer Johnson 's Who Moved My Cheese ". In fact, due to demand from the Indian business students (which for them, was "inspiring"), there was a surge in its sales. J. Kuruvachira, Professor of Philosophy of Salesian College of Higher Education in Dimapur , Nagaland ; who in his words, had said, "It is a source of inspiration to

360-577: A Half Years [of Struggle] Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice ). Max Amann , head of the Franz Eher Verlag and Hitler's publisher, is said to have suggested the much shorter "Mein Kampf" ( "My Struggle" ). The arrangement of chapters is as follows: In Mein Kampf , Hitler used the main thesis of "the Jewish peril", which posits a Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership . The narrative describes

480-595: A bestseller in Germany following Hitler's rise to power in 1933. After Hitler's death , copyright of Mein Kampf passed to the state government of Bavaria , which refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. In 2016, following the expiry of the copyright held by the Bavarian state government, Mein Kampf was republished in Germany for the first time since 1945, which prompted public debate and divided reactions from Jewish groups. A team of scholars from

600-476: A correspondent for Social Justice , he witnessed Hitler's invasion of Poland , which he later described as "a stirring spectacle". In 1941, after the U.S. entered the war, Johnson abruptly renounced his earlier views, quit journalism, organizing anti-Fascist league at Harvard Design School . He was investigated by the FBI , and was eventually cleared for military service. He evaded indictment and jail by cooperating with

720-456: A good time,' Hitler has said to them, 'I offer you struggle, danger, and death,' and as a result a whole nation flings itself at his feet." Orwell's review was written in the aftermath of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , when Hitler made peace with the USSR after more than a decade of vitriolic rhetoric and threats between the two nations; with the pact in place, Orwell believed, England was now facing

840-512: A grove of oak trees. The third fountain is the Active Pool, which challenges fit visitors to walk down 38 feet (12 meters) to the pool at the bottom, with water cascading all around them. In 1977, Johnson completed a much quieter garden in Dallas, Thanks-Giving Square . It features a non-denominational chapel in a spiral form, a meditation garden and cascading fountains, tucked between buildings in

960-577: A half acres. The centerpiece is the 40-story tower, One PPG Place, which has a crown of spires at the corners which suggest the neogothic tower of the Houses of Parliament in London. During the 1980s, Johnson and Burgee completed a series of other notable postmodern landmarks. The TC Energy Center (formerly Republic Bank Center, later, Bank of America Center), in Houston (1983), was the first postmodern skyscraper in

1080-454: A historical point of view and to put it in context." The annotated edition of Mein Kampf was published in Germany in January 2016 and sold out within hours on Amazon's German site. The two-volume edition included about 3,500 notes and was almost 2,000 pages long. Usually, according to Gerhard Weinberg , the information in the annotated edition that accompanies a chapter is mostly about when

1200-414: A leveling process which necessitates in turn a total control over the child and the adolescent. Every personal attitude will be branded — after communist pattern — as " bourgeois ", and this in spite of the fact that the bourgeois is the representative of the most herdist class in the world, and that National Socialism is a basically bourgeois movement. In Mein Kampf , Hitler repeatedly speaks of

1320-441: A pond. The building's sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel; the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground but sits 10 inches above. The interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling. The New York Times described it in 2005 as "one of the 20th century's greatest residential structures. "Like all of Johnson's early work, it

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1440-637: A raid. In a court ruling against the publisher's operator, the distribution of the unabridged, uncommented version of Mein Kampf was classified as Incitement of masses in accordance with Section 130 of the German Criminal Code. As a result of the ruling, Mein Kampf was added to the List of Media Harmful to Young People by the Federal Agency for Child and Youth Protection in the Media . In Egypt ,

1560-465: A republication was necessary to get an authoritative annotated edition by the time the copyright ran out, which might open the way for neo-Nazi groups to publish their own versions. The Bavarian Finance Ministry opposed the plan, citing respect for victims of the Holocaust . It stated that permits for reprints would not be issued, at home or abroad. This would also apply to a new annotated edition. There

1680-563: A risk of Nazi attack and the UK must not underestimate the appeal of Hitler's ideas. In his 1943 book The Menace of the Herd , Austrian scholar Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn described Hitler's ideas in Mein Kampf and elsewhere as "a veritable reductio ad absurdum of ' progressive ' thought" and betraying "a curious lack of original thought" that shows Hitler offered no innovative or original ideas but

1800-694: A seminal role in introducing modern architecture to the American public. When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe to leave Germany, Johnson helped arrange for them to come to work in the United States. He created a small organization called the Gray Shirts, styled after the Nazi Brownshirts. The amount of power he yearned for was inversely proportional to

1920-527: A simple interior and a ceiling of curving plaster panels. In 1957, Johnson designed the Soreq Nuclear Research Center in Israel at the invitation of Shimon Peres . Johnson joined Mies van der Rohe as the architect of record (Mies did not have NY license) for the 39-story Seagram Building (1956). Johnson was pivotal in steering the commission towards Mies by working with Phyllis Lambert ,

2040-460: A slipcase with the seal of the province embossed in gold onto a parchment-like cover was given free to marrying couples. In 1940, the Tornister-Ausgabe , or Knapsack Edition, was released. This edition was a compact, but unabridged, version in a red cover and was released by the post office, available to be sent to loved ones fighting at the front. These three editions combined both volumes into

2160-625: A small pavilion with columns by the lake in 1963, an art gallery set into a hillside in 1965, a postmodern sculpture gallery with a glass roof in 1970; a castle-like library with a rounded tower in 1980; and a concrete block tower dedicated to his friend Lincoln Kirstein , the founder of the New York City Ballet ; a chain-link "ghost house" dedicated to Frank Gehry . After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in

2280-524: A solo practitioner, Johnson invited Alan Ritchie to join him as a partner. Ritchie had been a partner for many years in the Johnson-Burgee office and was the partner-in-charge of the AT&;T building and the 190 South LaSalle office building, a skyscraper designed as an homage to the demolished Masonic Temple of Chicago. In 1994, they formed the new practice of Philip Johnson-Alan Ritchie Architects. During

2400-744: A style similar to the Glass House; the Hodgson House (1951) and the Wiley House (1953). In New York City, He designed two major modernist additions to the Museum of Modern Art; a new annex, and, to complement it, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden (1953) In 1954–56, he made the pro bono design for Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel , a synagogue for a conservative Jewish congregation in Port Chester, New York . It had

2520-544: A survey of Nazi membership too late; and that all of his own work on Hitler goes unmentioned in the bibliography. Ever since the early 1930s, the history of Mein Kampf in English has been complicated and an occasion for controversy. No fewer than four full translations were completed before 1945, as well as a number of extracts in newspapers, pamphlets, government documents and unpublished typescripts. Not all of these had official approval from his publishers, Eher Verlag . Since

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2640-403: A two-volume set during Hitler's rule and was available in soft cover and hardcover. The soft cover edition contained the original cover (as pictured at the top of this article). The hardcover edition had a leather spine with cloth-covered boards. The cover and spine contained an image of three brown oak leaves. Along with the rest of his wealth and property , Hitler left the rights to the book to

2760-551: A work on political theory . For example, Hitler announces his hatred of what he believed to be the world's two evils: communism and Judaism . In the book, Hitler blamed Germany's chief woes on the parliament of the Weimar Republic , the Jews, and Social Democrats , as well as Marxists , though he believed that Marxists, Social Democrats, and the parliament were all working for Jewish interests. He announced that he wanted to destroy

2880-619: Is a crime." Mannoni's comments are similar to those made by Ralph Manheim, who did the first English-language translation in 1943. Manheim wrote in the foreword to the edition "Where Hitler's formulations challenge the reader's credulity I have quoted the German original in the notes." This evaluation of the poor quality of Hitler's prose and his inability to express his opinions coherently was shared by William S. Schlamm, who reviewed Manheim's translation in The New York Times , writing that "there

3000-558: Is a good example of his work in the period; it is supported by eight external ferro-concrete piers, or two on each side. The exterior structural members are clad in bronze and "black" Canadian granite . The windowless cube is set above the office areas, which recessed in a dry moat, giving a "floating" effect. A model of the building was exhibited in the United States Pavilion at the Brussels' World's Fair of 1958 ,as an example of

3120-532: Is a skyscraper with an eight-story high arched entry and a split pediment at the top which resembles an enormous piece of 18th-century Chippendale furniture . It was not the first work of postmodern architecture , as Robert Venturi and Frank Gehry had already built smaller scale postmodern buildings, and Michael Graves had completed the Portland Building (1980–82) in Portland, Oregon , two years earlier. But

3240-436: Is an urban landscape where visitors experience water in distinct ways. The gardens cover 4.3-acres (1.7 hectare), and comprise three very different kinds of water features; One offers a quiet meditation pool, surrounded with cypress trees and high walls, with a thin sheet of water cascading downward to the pool, making the sound of a rain shower. The second pool is an aerating pool with multiple illuminated spray fountains, beneath

3360-416: Is covered with more than 10,000 rectangular pieces of glass. The Glass panels are not bolted, but glued to the structure, with a silicon based glue, to give it greater ability to resist Southern California earthquakes. Johnson and Burgee designed it to withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. The tower was added in 1990. The cathedral quickly became a Southern California landmark, but its costs helped drive

3480-613: Is lawful as well, unless it is done in such a fashion as to "promote hatred or war." In particular, the unmodified edition is not covered by §86 StGB that forbids dissemination of means of propaganda of unconstitutional organizations, since it is a "pre-constitutional work" and as such cannot be opposed to the free and democratic basic order, according to a 1979 decision of the Federal Court of Justice of Germany . Most German libraries carry heavily commented and excerpted versions of Mein Kampf . In 2008, Stephan Kramer, secretary-general of

3600-646: Is now at 5718 Westheimer Road , out of the complex. The Consulate of India was previously in Suite 600. It had been located in the 11,353-square-foot (1,054.7 m) space since the consulate opened in October 1995. On August 30, 2011, the consulate moved into a new standalone facility at 4300 Scotland. The consulates are in 3 Post Oak Central. 29°44′46″N 95°27′43″W  /  29.746°N 95.462°W  / 29.746; -95.462 Philip Johnson Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005)

3720-430: Is the danger of charlatans and neo-Nazis appropriating this infamous book for themselves." On 12 December 2013, the Bavarian government cancelled its financial support for an annotated edition. IfZ, which was preparing the translation, announced that it intended to proceed with publication after the copyright expired. The IfZ scheduled an edition of Mein Kampf for release in 2016. Richard Verber, vice-president of

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3840-503: Is what I believe in." Even Lal Krishna Advani , in his confinement during the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi , mentioned Mein Kampf in his prison diary. Also, in India, over the time with slow emergence of Adolf Hitler as a "role model" for aspiring business leaders and B-schools , it is considered as a "self-improvement book", "management guru ", "business strategy role model" and

3960-501: The Board of Deputies of British Jews , stated in 2015 that the board trusted the academic and educational value of republishing. "We would, of course, be very wary of any attempt to glorify Hitler or to belittle the Holocaust in any way," Verber declared to The Observer . "But this is not that. I do understand how some Jewish groups could be upset and nervous, but it seems it is being done from

4080-462: The Central Council of Jews in Germany , not only recommended lifting the ban, but volunteered the help of his organization in editing and annotating the text, saying that it is time for the book to be made available to all online. After the copyright expired, Mein Kampf was reprinted and sold on a large scale by a right-wing extremist publisher. Several thousand copies were confiscated during

4200-473: The Commercial Court of France. Hitler's lawsuit succeeded in having all copies seized, the print broken up, and having an injunction against booksellers offering any copies. However, a large quantity of books had already been shipped and stayed available undercover by Sorlot. In 1938, Hitler licensed for France an authorized edition by Fayard , translated by François Dauture and Georges Blond , lacking

4320-530: The Harvard Graduate School of Design , where he studied with Marcel Breuer and Walter Gropius , who had recently fled from Nazi Germany. In 1941, Johnson designed and built his first building, a house at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure. It was used by Johnson to host social events and

4440-512: The Hindu nationalist BJP ", also said that "the book's popularity was due to political reasons", especially at railway stations and bookstores of New Delhi during the tenure of BJP under Narendra Modi since 2014 . Though, a few cite " pure iconophilia " prevalent in India as the reason for popularity of the book. An extract of Mein Kampf in Hebrew was first published in 1992 by Akadamon in

4560-532: The Institute of Contemporary History in Munich published a German language two-volume almost 2,000-page edition annotated with about 3,500 notes. This was followed in 2021 by a 1,000-page French edition based on the German annotated version, with about twice as much commentary as text. Hitler originally wanted to call his forthcoming book Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit ( Four and

4680-594: The Museum of Modern Art in New York, and in 1932 he was named its curator. As curator he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, and negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe. In 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr. , he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art. The show and their simultaneously published book International Style: Modern Architecture Since 1922 , published in 1932, played

4800-436: The parliamentary system completely, believing it to be corrupt in principle, as those who reach power are inherent opportunists . While historians dispute the exact date Hitler decided to exterminate the Jewish people , few place the decision before the mid-1930s. First published in 1925, Mein Kampf shows Hitler's personal grievances and his ambitions for creating a New Order . Hitler also wrote that The Protocols of

4920-820: The public domain in France. A new edition was published in 2017 by Fayard, now part of the Groupe Hachette , with a critical introduction, just as the edition published in 2018 in Germany by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte , the Institute of Contemporary History based in Munich . In 2021, a 1,000-page critical edition, based on the German edition of 2016, was published in France. Titled Historiciser le mal: Une édition critique de Mein Kampf ('Historicizing Evil: A Critical Edition of Mein Kampf'), with almost twice as much commentary as text, it

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5040-621: The "masses" and the "herd" referring to the people. The German people should probably, in his view, remain a mass of identical "individuals" in an enormous sand heap or ant heap, identical even to the color of their shirts, the garment nearest to the body. In his The Second World War , published in several volumes in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Winston Churchill wrote that he felt that after Hitler's ascension to power, no other book than Mein Kampf deserved more intensive scrutiny. The critic George Steiner suggested that Mein Kampf can be seen as one of several books that resulted from

5160-689: The "strong". Hitler described that, when he was in Vienna , it was repugnant for him to see the mixture of races "of Czechs, Poles, Hungarians, Ruthenians , Serbs and Croats, and always that infection which dissolves human society, the Jew, were all here and there and everywhere." He also wrote that he viewed the Japanese victory over the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 as a "blow to Austrian Slavism ". In

5280-558: The 1980s were clad in granite and marble and usually had some feature borrowed from historic architecture. In New York he designed the Museum of Television and Radio (now the Paley Center for Media) (1991). In 1982, working in collaboration with John Burgee, he finished one of his most famous buildings, 550 Madison Avenue , (first known as AT&T Building, then the Sony building before taking its present name). Built between 1978 and 1982, it

5400-711: The 2-acre (0.81 ha) park property, buildings for retail operations. The former headquarters of APA Corporation was at 1 Post Oak Central, Suite 100. 2 Post Oak Central has the headquarters of the Stewart Title Guaranty Company . In addition the headquarters of the Uptown Management District are in Suite 1580. 3 Post Oak Central has the headquarters of GDF Suez Energy Resources NA. In addition it contains three consulates, those of Qatar (Suite 810), South Korea (Suite 1250), and Turkey (Suite 1300). The Houston Korean Education Center, belonging to

5520-463: The East, foreshadowing Generalplan Ost : And so we National Socialists consciously draw a line beneath the foreign policy tendency of our pre- War period. We take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east. At long last we break off the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-War period and shift to

5640-543: The Elders of Zion , a fabricated text that purported to expose a Jewish plot to control the world, was an authentic document. This later became a part of the Nazi propaganda effort to justify persecution and annihilation of the Jews. The historian Ian Kershaw observed that several passages in Mein Kampf are undeniably of a genocidal nature. Hitler wrote "the nationalization of our masses will succeed only when, aside from all

5760-465: The German government, he traveled on a press tour which covered the invasion of Poland in 1939. Schulze dismissed these early political activities as inconsequential, concluding they merited "little more substantial attention than they have gained" and his politics "were driven as much by an unconquerable esthetic impulse as by fascist philosophy or playboy adventurism". In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in

5880-472: The German language would turn them into Germans; he believed that would have caused a "foreign race" by its own "inferiority" to damage the "dignity" and "nobility" of the German nation. Although Hitler originally wrote Mein Kampf mostly for the followers of National Socialism, interest in the work grew after his rise to power. (Two other books written by party members, Gottfried Feder 's Breaking The Interest Slavery and Alfred Rosenberg 's The Myth of

6000-491: The German state. As Hitler's official place of residence was in Munich , the copyright passed to the government of Bavaria, which refused to allow it to be republished. The copyright ran out on 31 December 2015. On 3 February 2010, the Institute of Contemporary History (IfZ) in Munich announced plans to republish an annotated version of the text, for educational purposes in schools and universities, in 2015. The book had last been published in Germany in 1945. The IfZ argued that

6120-464: The Houston skyline. Fifty-six stories high, it has two setbacks creating what appear to be three different buildings, one against the other. The three triangular gables were inspired by Flemish Renaissance architecture. The interior and exterior are covered with rough-textured red granite, which also covers the surrounding sidewalks. The new building for the Hines College of Architecture (1985) of

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6240-478: The Johnson building, adjoins the original Boston library built in the 19th century by the celebrated firm of McKim, Mead & White . Johnson harmonised his building with the original landmark by using similar proportions and the same pink Milford granite. In the late 1970s, Johnson combined architecture and landscape architecture to create two imaginative civic gardens. The Fort Worth Water Gardens opened in 1974,

6360-531: The Museum of Modern Art and began pursuing a career in journalism and politics. He first became a supporter of Huey Long , the populist governor of Louisiana. He tried and failed to recruit Long to join the National Party, which he founded. Johnson unsuccessfully ran for representative of New London in the Ohio state legislature. After Long was assassinated in 1935, Johnson became a correspondent for Social Justice ,

6480-459: The Museum of Modern Art as a curator and writer. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice. He built a small house, influenced by the work of Mies, in Sagaponack, Long Island. In 1947, he published the first monograph in English on the architecture of Mies. In 1947, he curated the first exhibition of modern architecture of the Museum of Modern Art including a model of

6600-475: The Museum of Modern Art, which gave name to the subsequent movement known as International Style . In 1934, Johnson resigned his position at the museum. During the 1930s, Johnson became an ardent admirer of Adolf Hitler , openly praised the Nazi Party , and espoused antisemitic views. He wrote for Social Justice and Examiner , where he published an admiring review of Hitler's Mein Kampf . In 1939, as

6720-507: The Twentieth Century , have since lapsed into comparative literary obscurity.) Hitler had made about 1.2 million  ℛ︁ℳ︁ from the income of the book by 1933 (equivalent to €5,562,590 in 2021), when the average annual income of a teacher was about 4,800 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €22,250 in 2021). He accumulated a tax debt of 405,500  ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €1,879,692 in 2021) from

6840-616: The University of Houston paid homage to forms drawn from earlier periods of architectural history, using modern materials, construction methods, and scale. The facade of the Hines building resembles, on a larger scale, the neoclassic facades of the French architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux . 400 West Market (1993) in Louisville, Kentucky, is a 35-story office tower built of reinforced concrete rather than

6960-611: The amount he actually attained. In politics, he proved to be a trifler, the dilettante he earlier feared himself to be, a model of futility who sought to find a messiah or to pursue messianic ends but whose most lasting following turned out to be the agents of the FBI—who themselves finally grew bored with him. In short, he was never much of a political threat to anyone, still less an effective doer of either political good or political evil. Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work (1994), p.144 In December 1934, Johnson abruptly left

7080-450: The architectural masterpieces of the 20th century". In 1930, Johnson became the first director of the architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for visits by Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier and negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe , after he fled Nazi Germany . In 1932, he organized with Henry-Russell Hitchcock the first exhibition dedicated to modern architecture at

7200-450: The book was first translated into Arabic in 1937. It had a new translation in 1963 which was reprinted in 1995. The book was also displayed for sale in Cairo 's state-run book fairs in 2007, 2021, and 2023. The Nazi group Finnish People's Organisation had circulated an unofficial translation since at least 1934. One of Finland's largest publishing companies, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö ,

7320-454: The book, were "little more than commonplace clichés". The American literary theorist and philosopher Kenneth Burke wrote a 1939 rhetorical analysis of the work, The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle" , which revealed an underlying message of aggressive intent. The American journalist John Gunther said in 1940 that compared to autobiographies such as Leon Trotsky 's My Life or Henry Adams 's The Education of Henry Adams , Mein Kampf

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7440-411: The book. As he continued, he realized that it would have to be a two-volume work, with the first volume scheduled for release in early 1925. The governor of Landsberg noted at the time that "he [Hitler] hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred at the time of his trial." After slow initial sales, the book became

7560-436: The book. Dussmann, a Berlin bookstore, stated that one copy was available on the shelves in the history section, but that it would not be advertised, and more copies would be available only on order. By January 2017, the German annotated edition had sold over 85,000 copies. Gerhard Weinberg wrote a generally positive review of the annotated edition, praising the choice to include not only editors' comments but also changes of

7680-401: The book." Nevertheless, Mein Kampf was a bestseller in Germany during the 1930s. During Hitler's years in power, the book was in high demand in libraries and often reviewed and quoted in other publications. It was given free to every newlywed couple and every soldier fighting at the front. By 1939, it had sold 5.2 million copies in eleven languages. Mein Kampf , in essence, lays out

7800-608: The building's Manhattan location, size, and originality made it the most famous and recognizable example of postmodern architecture . It was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2018. Between 1979 and 1984, Johnson and Burgee built PPG Place , the postmodern headquarters of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company . It is a complex of six buildings within three city blocks, covering five and

7920-675: The building. In 1989, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Seagram's exterior, lobby, and The Four Seasons Restaurant as official city landmarks. In 2006, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Throughout the 1960s, Johnson continued to create in the vocabulary of the modernist style, designing geometrical theatres, a monastery, art galleries and gardens. The Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute (1960)

8040-413: The center of the city. In 1980, Johnson and Burgee completed a cathedral in a dramatic new style: the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, is a soaring glass megachurch originally built for the Reverend Robert H. Schuller . The interior can seat 2,248 persons. It takes the form of a four-pointed star, with free-standing balconies in three points and the chancel in the fourth. The cathedral

8160-516: The chapter "Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy", Hitler argued that the Germans needed Lebensraum in the East, a "historic destiny" that would properly nurture the German people. Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacy of the German element in an inferior race." In Mein Kampf , Hitler openly described his proposed future German expansion in

8280-475: The chapter was written, though "in some cases" there is commentary on the nature and argument of the chapter. The book's publication led to public debate in Germany, and divided reactions from Jewish groups, with some supporting, and others opposing, the decision to publish. German officials had previously said they would limit public access to the text amid fears that its republication could stir neo-Nazi sentiment. Some bookstores stated that they would not stock

8400-550: The church and opens the chapel to light. During daytime the interior is lit entirely with natural light. In 1995, Johnson added a postmodern element to his own residence, the Glass House . This was a new entry pavilion in a sculptural form, which he called the "Monsta", or "Monster". Other late works include the Cathedral of Hope in Dallas , the Habitable Sculpture (a 26-story apartment tower in lower Manhattan), The Children's Museum in Guadalajara, Mexico, and The Chrysler Center . The Urban Glass House in lower Manhattan

8520-420: The church into debt. When the church declared bankruptcy in 2012, it was purchased by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange and became the Roman Catholic cathedral for Orange County. Working with John Burgee, Johnson did not confine himself to a single style and was comfortable mixing elements of modernism and postmodernism. For the Cleveland Play House , he built a Romanesque brick structure. His skyscrapers in

8640-530: The consulate, is in Suite 750. The Cox Radio Houston cluster of KKBQ , KGLK , and KHPT , occupy Suite 2300. Gymboree Play & Music has a classroom location in Suite C. From its founding on May 25, 1982 to April 1988, the Consulate-General of Indonesia in Houston was located in Post Oak Central. The Consulate-General of Egypt in Houston was located in Suite 2180. As of 2008 the consulate

8760-687: The crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in World War I , comparable in this respect to the philosopher Ernst Bloch 's The Spirit of Utopia (1918), the historian Oswald Spengler 's The Decline of the West (1918), the theologian Franz Rosenzweig 's The Star of Redemption (1921), the theologian Karl Barth 's The Epistle to the Romans (1922), and the philosopher Martin Heidegger 's Being and Time (1927). A number of translators have commented on

8880-580: The daughter of the CEO of Seagram . The commission resulted in the iconic bronze-and-glass tower on Park Avenue. The building was designed by Mies, and the interiors of the Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants (later redesigned), as well as office furniture were designed by Johnson. In December 1955, the city of New York denied an architect's permit to Mies. He moved back to Chicago and put Johnson fully in charge of construction. Mies returned in late 1956 and finished

9000-430: The federal government of Germany, refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. It also opposed copying and printing in other countries, but with less success. Under German copyright law , the entire text entered the public domain on 1 January 2016, upon the expiration of the calendar year 70 years after the author's death. Owning and buying the book in Germany is not an offence. Trading in old copies

9120-474: The feud between Burgee and Johnson continued to grow. In 1988, the firm's name was changed to John Burgee Architects with Johnson as the "design consultant". In 1991, Johnson responded by establishing his own firm. The feud ended badly for Burgee; he was saddled with all of the firm's debts, while Johnson no longer had any responsibility. Burgee was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy and to retire, while Johnson continued to get commissions. After four years as

9240-450: The first time. Years later he would describe the event to his biographer, Franz Schulze: "You simply could not fail to be caught up in the excitement of it, by the marching songs, by the crescendo and climax of the whole thing, as Hitler came on at last to harangue the crowd". He told of being thrilled at the sight of "all those blond boys in black leather" marching past the Führer. Sponsored by

9360-427: The force of Hitler's personality shone through the often "clumsy" writing, capturing the magnetic allure of Hitler for many Germans. In essence, Orwell notes, Hitler offers only visions of endless struggle and conflict in the creation of "a horrible brainless empire" that "stretch[es] to Afghanistan or thereabouts". He wrote, "Whereas Socialism, and even capitalism in a more grudging way, have said to people 'I offer you

9480-459: The glass Farnsworth House of Mies. In 1949, he began building a new residence, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, that was completed in 1949. It was clearly influenced by Farnsworth House of Mies, an influence which Johnson never denied, but looked quite different. The Glass House is a 56-foot by 32-foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnson's estate overlooking

9600-441: The growing of Holocaust denial works, placed the Mein Kampf under judicial watch and in 1978, LICRA entered a complaint in the courts against the publisher for inciting antisemitism . Sorlot received a "substantial fine" but the court also granted him the right to continue publishing the work, provided certain warnings and qualifiers accompany the text. On 1 January 2016, 70 years after Hitler's death, Mein Kampf entered

9720-403: The historical effect of Nazism upon Europe during World War II and the Holocaust, it is considered a highly controversial book. Criticism has not come solely from opponents of Nazism. Italian fascist dictator and Nazi ally Benito Mussolini was also critical of the book, saying that it was "a boring tome that I have never been able to read" and remarking that Hitler's beliefs, as expressed in

9840-522: The ideological program Hitler established for the Holocaust , by identifying the Jews and "Bolsheviks" as racially and ideologically inferior and threatening, and "Aryans" and National Socialists as racially superior and politically progressive. Hitler's revolutionary goals included expulsion of the Jews from Greater Germany and the unification of German peoples into one Greater Germany. Hitler desired to restore German lands to their greatest historical extent, real or imagined. Due to its racist content and

9960-453: The neo-Nazi group Nordic Resistance Movement has published new editions of the 1941 translations of Mein Kampf , and it has been sold in department stores in Finland. In 1934, the French government unofficially sponsored the publication of an unauthorized translation. It was meant as a warning and included a critical introduction by Marshal Lyautey ("Every Frenchman must read this book"). It

10080-729: The new trends in American architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. Another major project of the period was the Atrium of the David H. Koch Theater (formerly the New York State Theatre, the home of the New York City Ballet , at Lincoln Center in New York. In 1967, Johnson entered a new phase of his career, founding a partnership with architect John Burgee . He began to design office building complexes for large corporations. The most prominent of these

10200-474: The newspaper of the radical-populist and anti-Semitic Father Charles Coughlin . Johnson traveled to Germany and Poland as a correspondent, where he wrote admiringly about the Nazis. In Social Justice , Johnson expressed, as The New York Times later reported, "more than passing admiration for Hitler". In the summer of 1932 Johnson attended one of the Nuremberg Rallies in Germany and saw Hitler for

10320-640: The next 10 years, they worked closely together and explored new directions in architecture, designing buildings as sculptural objects. The Gate of Europe in Madrid (1989-1996) was originally a collaboration with Burgee and one of his rare works in Europe. It features two office buildings leaning toward each other, the first example of this style, which spread to America. The towers are 26 stories each, and both lean by 15 degrees from vertical. 191 Peachtree Tower in Atlanta

10440-457: The original text. He said that notes such as those of chapters eight and nine "will be extremely helpful" about the situation in the time of Hitler's entry into politics and lauded the notes to chapter 11 ("People and Race") as "extensive and very helpful" as well. On the negative side, Weinberg observed that the editors make a false correction at one point; that they miss an informative book on German atrocities during World War I ; that they include

10560-467: The poor quality of Hitler's use of language in writing Mein Kampf . Olivier Mannoni, who translated the 2021 French critical edition, said about the original German text that it was "An incoherent soup, one could become half-mad translating it," and said that previous translations had corrected the language, giving the false impression that Hitler was a "cultured man" with "coherent and grammatically correct reasoning". He added "To me, making this text elegant

10680-408: The positive struggle for the soul of our people, their international poisoners are exterminated", and he suggested that, "If at the beginning of the war and during the war twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the nation had been subjected to poison gas, such as had to be endured in the field by hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers of all classes and professions, then

10800-562: The process by which he became increasingly antisemitic and militaristic , especially during his years in Vienna. He speaks of not having met a Jew until he arrived in Vienna, and that at first his attitude was liberal and tolerant. When he first encountered the antisemitic press, he says, he dismissed it as unworthy of serious consideration. Later he accepted the same antisemitic views, which became crucial to his program of national reconstruction of Germany. Mein Kampf has also been studied as

10920-538: The prosecution, though, according to some critics, it may have been because of his social connections, but no evidence of this was ever produced. Years later he would refer to these activities as "the stupidest thing I ever did   [which] I never can atone for". In 1978, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal . In 1979, he was the first recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize . Today his skyscrapers are prominent features in

11040-429: The sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain." The racial laws to which Hitler referred resonate directly with his ideas in Mein Kampf . In the first edition, Hitler stated that the destruction of the weak and sick is far more humane than their protection. Apart from this allusion to humane treatment, Hitler saw a purpose in destroying "the weak" in order to provide the proper space and purity for

11160-525: The sale of about 240,000 copies before he became chancellor in 1933 (at which time his debt was waived). Hitler began to distance himself from the book after becoming chancellor of Germany in 1933. He dismissed it as "fantasies behind bars" that were little more than a series of articles for the Völkischer Beobachter , and later told Hans Frank that "If I had had any idea in 1924 that I would have become Reich chancellor, I never would have written

11280-481: The same book. A special edition was published in 1939 in honour of Hitler's 50th birthday. This edition was known as the Jubiläumsausgabe , or Anniversary Issue. It came in both dark blue and bright red boards with a gold sword on the cover. This work contained both volumes one and two. It was considered a deluxe version, relative to the smaller and more common Volksausgabe . The book could also be purchased as

11400-470: The skylines of New York, Houston, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Madrid, and other cities. Johnson was born in Cleveland , Ohio, on July 8, 1906, the son of a lawyer, Homer Hosea Johnson (1862–1960), and the former Louisa Osborn Pope (1869–1957), a niece of Alfred Atmore Pope and a first cousin of Theodate Pope Riddle . He had an older sister, Jeannette, and a younger sister, Theodate. He

11520-471: The soil policy of the future. If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states. Hitler wrote that he was against any attempts to Germanise Slavs and criticised the previous attempts at trying to Germanise the Austrian Slavs. He also criticised people in pan-German movements in Germany who thought that forcing ethnic Poles living in Germany to speak

11640-516: The state of Michigan. The Chapel of St. Basil at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas (1992) is a notable late work. The design includes a domed chapel, a campanile, and a meditation garden, a labyrinth. Its structure is a combination of the basic forms: a cube, a sphere, and a plane. The cube contains the worship area, beneath a semi-sphere, which is presented as the symbolic opening to heaven. The vertical rectangular granite plane divides

11760-429: The threatening tone against France of the original. The French edition was 347 pages long, while the original title was 687 pages, and it was titled Ma doctrine ("My doctrine "). After the war, Fernand Sorlot re-edited, re-issued, and continued to sell the work, without permission from the state of Bavaria , to which the author's rights had defaulted. In the 1970s, the rise of the extreme right in France along with

11880-515: The typical steel. It is topped by a concrete cupola, a vestige of the building's original owner and builder, Capital Holding. In 1986, Johnson and Burgee moved their offices into one of their new buildings, the elliptical Lipstick Building at 885 Third Avenue in New York, nicknamed because of its resemblance to the color and shape of a stick of lipstick. A feud was beginning between the two architects, with Burgee demanding greater recognition. As their business flourished and number of clients grew,

12000-401: The war, the 1943 Ralph Manheim translation has been the most commonly published translation, though other versions have continued to circulate. At the time of his suicide, Hitler's official place of residence was in Munich , which led to his entire estate, including all rights to Mein Kampf , changing to the ownership of the state of Bavaria . The government of Bavaria, in agreement with

12120-537: The work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. Upon completing his studies in 1930, he made a series of trips to Europe, particularly Germany, where his family had a summer house. He visited the landmarks of classical and Gothic architecture, and joined Henry-Russell Hitchcock , a prominent architectural historian, who was introducing Americans to the work of Le Corbusier , Walter Gropius , and other modernists. In 1928, he met German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , who

12240-552: The world. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited first by Emil Maurice , then by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess . Hitler began Mein Kampf while imprisoned following his failed coup in Munich in November 1923 and a trial in February 1924 for high treason , in which he received a sentence of five years. Although he received many visitors initially, he soon devoted himself entirely to

12360-483: Was Pennzoil Place (1970–76) in Houston, Texas. The two towers of Pennzoil Place have sloping roofs covering the top seven floors and are trapezoidal in form, planned to create two large triangual areas on the site, which are occupied with glass-covered lobbies designed like greenhouses. This idea was widely copied in skyscrapers in other cities. The new building of the Boston Public Library (1972), known as

12480-493: Was "vapid, vain, rhetorical, diffuse, prolix." However, he added that "it is a powerful and moving book, the product of great passionate feeling". He suggested that the book exhausted curious German readers, but its "ceaseless repetition of the argument, left impregnably in their minds, fecund and germinating". In March 1940, British writer George Orwell reviewed a then-recently published uncensored translation of Mein Kampf for The New English Weekly . Orwell suggested that

12600-405: Was a project begun with Burgee. It is composed of two 50-story towers joined and crowned with two classical pavilions. The Comerica Tower (1991-1993) was also begun with Burgee. Like their earlier Postmodern works, it featured elements borrowed from historical architecture, particularly the triangular gables, borrowed from Renaissance Flemish architecture . It is the second tallest building in

12720-794: Was an American architect who designed modern and postmodern architecture . Among his best-known designs are his modernist Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut ; the postmodern 550 Madison Avenue in New York City , designed for AT&T; 190 South La Salle Street in Chicago ; the Sculpture Garden of New York City's Museum of Modern Art ; and the Pre-Columbian Pavilion at Dumbarton Oaks . His January 2005 obituary in The New York Times described his works as being "widely considered among

12840-566: Was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition . The meeting formed the basis for a lifelong relationship of both collaboration and competition. Johnson had a substantial fortune, largely due to his father's successful investment in Alcoa , the Aluminum Company of America. With this fortune, in 1930 he financed the new architecture department of

12960-603: Was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal . In 1979, he became the first recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize the most prestigious international architectural award. Mein Kampf Final solution Parties Mein Kampf ( German: [maɪn ˈkampf] ; lit.   ' My Struggle ' ) is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler . The book outlines many of Hitler's political beliefs , his political ideology and future plans for Germany and

13080-761: Was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam. His ancestors include the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou , who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant . He grew up in New London, Ohio . He had a stutter and was diagnosed with cyclothymia . He attended the Hackley School in Tarrytown, New York , then studied as an undergraduate at Harvard University where he focused on learning Greek, philology , history and philosophy , particularly

13200-525: Was disagreement about the issue of whether the republished book might be banned as Nazi propaganda. The Bavarian government emphasized that even after expiration of the copyright, "the dissemination of Nazi ideologies will remain prohibited in Germany and is punishable under the penal code". However, the Bavarian Science Minister Wolfgang Heubisch supported a critical edition, stating in 2010: "Once Bavaria's copyright expires, there

13320-808: Was edited by Florent Brayard and Andraes Wirsching, translated by Olivier Mannoni, and published by Fayard. The print run was deliberately kept small at 10,000 available only by special order, with copies set aside for public libraries. Proceeds from the sale of the edition are earmarked for the Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation . Some critics who had objected in advance to the edition's publication had fewer objections upon publication. One historian noted that there were so many annotations that Hitler's text had become "secondary." Since its first publication in India in 1928, Mein Kampf has gone through hundreds of editions and sold over 100,000 copies. Mein Kampf

13440-520: Was eventually submitted as his graduate thesis; he sold the house after the war, and it was purchased by Harvard in 2010 and restored by 2016. In 1942, while still a student of the architecture school, Johnson tried to enlist with Naval Intelligence , and then for a federal job, but was rejected both times. In 1943, after his graduation from Harvard, he was drafted to the Army and was sent to Fort Ritchie, Maryland , to interrogate German prisoners of war . He

13560-575: Was granted publishing rights to Mein Kampf after the Winter War in 1940 and Lauri Hirvensalo was approved as a translator by a German publishing house after WSOY confirmed his "Aryan" ancestry. In 1941–1944, 32,000 copies of the book were sold, a large number in Finland and professor Veikko Antero Koskenniemi wrote a glowing review of the book for Uusi Suomi newspaper. In the 2020s, the Kielletyt Kirjat ('Banned Books') publishing company, linked to

13680-482: Was inspired by Mies, but its pure symmetry, dark colors and closeness to the earth marked it as a personal statement; calm and ordered rather than sleek and brittle." Philip wrote that the burnt wooden homes he had seen in Poland "where nothing was left but the foundations and chimneys of brick," were a further source of inspiration. Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. He added

13800-541: Was investigated by the FBI for his involvement with the German government, Coughlin and Lawrence Dennis , an American fascist economist, and was cleared for continued military service. After the trial of Dennis and his collaborators , Johnson was relieved of his interrogation duties and transferred to Fort Belvoir, Virginia , where he spent the rest of his military service doing routine duties. In 1946, after he completed his schooling and his military service, Johnson returned to

13920-453: Was merely "a virtuoso of commonplaces which he may or may not repeat in the guise of a 'new discovery. ' " Hitler's stated aim, Kuehnelt-Leddihn writes, is to quash individualism in furtherance of political goals: When Hitler and Mussolini attack the "western democracies" they insinuate that their "democracy" is not genuine. National Socialism envisages abolishing the difference in wealth, education, intellect, taste, philosophy, and habits by

14040-466: Was not the faintest similarity to a thought and barely a trace of language." While Hitler was in power (1933–1945), Mein Kampf came to be available in three common editions. The first, the Volksausgabe or People's Edition, featured the original cover on the dust jacket and was navy blue underneath with a gold swastika eagle embossed on the cover. The Hochzeitsausgabe , or Wedding Edition, in

14160-612: Was one of last designs with Alan Ritchie, and was not completed after Johnson's death. It is a condominium building in lower Manhattan whose form was inspired by Johnson's most famous early work, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut. The final building he designed with Richie was the Pennsylvania Academy of Music building in Lancaster, Pennsylvania , which was completed in 2008, three years after his death. In 1978, Johnson

14280-408: Was published by far-right publisher Fernand Sorlot in an agreement with the activists of LICRA who bought 5,000 copies to be offered to "influential people"; however, most of them treated the book as a casual gift and did not read it. The Nazi regime unsuccessfully tried to have it forbidden. Hitler, as the author, and Eher-Verlag , his German publisher, had to sue for copyright infringement in

14400-457: Was translated into various Indian languages such as Hindi , Gujarati , Malayalam , Tamil , Marathi and Bengali . Commenting on it, Balasaheb Thackeray in 1992 (weeks before the Mumbai riots ) and allegedly Veer Savarkar in 1949 (four years after defeat of Nazi Germany during World War II ) said, "If you take Mein Kampf and if you remove the word ' Jew ' and put in the word ' Muslim ', that

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