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66-434: Since 2003 English Heritage has been undertaking a detailed survey of the buildings and the records relating to the machines. The Royal Navy had evolved with Britain's development by the middle of the eighteenth century into what has been described as the greatest industrial power in the western world. The Admiralty and Navy Board began a programme of modernisation of dockyards at Portsmouth and Plymouth such that by

132-411: A number of sites, such as Tintagel Castle . As a charitable trust, English Heritage relies on the income generated from admission fees to its properties, membership fees and trading income from (e.g.) catering, holiday cottages and shops. It also has income from fundraising and grants. To ease the transition, the government has supplied a total of £80 million in yearly subsidies until 2023 to cover

198-489: A performance based project exploring Black prisoners of War at Portchester Castle (with the National Youth Theatre and Warwick University) and 'Our House', exploring LGBTQ+ history at Eltham Palace (with the National Youth Theatre and Metro Charity); 'From Ordinary to Extraordinary', a project supporting national Young Archaeologists' Clubs to creatively explore and share their local history with new audiences (with

264-401: A pump to take water from a well round the dockyard for fire-fighting purposes. This well was some 400 ft (120 m) away and the pumps operated by a horizontal reciprocating wooden spear housed in a tunnel running from the engine house to the top of the well. The Sadler engine was a house-built table engine installed in a single-storey engine house with integral boiler; it replaced one of

330-540: A ship together. The Royal Navy used large numbers of blocks , which were all hand-made by contractors. Their quality was not consistent, the supply problematic and they were expensive. A typical ship of the line needed about 1000 blocks of different sizes, and in the course of the year the Navy required over 100,000. Bentham had devised some machines for making blocks, but did not develop them and details of how they worked are now obscure. In 1802 Marc Isambard Brunel proposed to

396-472: A sump into which all the water from the other facilities could drain. The water was pumped out by a series of horse-operated chain pumps . In 1795, Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham was appointed by the Admiralty, the first (and only) Inspector General of Naval Works with the task of continuing this modernisation, and in particular the introduction of steam power and mechanising the production processes in

462-514: Is "a growing feeling that Cornwall should have its own heritage organisation, taking over from English Heritage." He suggested that English Heritage be replaced "with a Cornish Heritage group, just like they have for instance in Wales and Scotland". The then Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt was called upon to give cash to a new autonomous body in Cornwall by "top slicing" English Heritage's budget. In 2006,

528-715: Is a high priority for both English Heritage and the Ministry of Defence. As of 2006 a project is under way to ensure the building and contents are preserved, if not restored. 50°48′13″N 1°06′33″W  /  50.8035°N 1.1093°W  / 50.8035; -1.1093 English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust ) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts, and country houses. The charity states that it uses these properties to "bring

594-789: Is available at Open Plaques. In 1999 a pressure group, the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament , wrote to English Heritage asking them to remove all signs bearing their name from Cornish sites by July 1999 as they regarded the ancient sites as Cornish heritage, not English. Over a period of eleven months members of the Cornish Stannary removed 18 signs and a letter was sent to English Heritage saying "The signs have been confiscated and held as evidence of English cultural aggression in Cornwall. Such racially motivated signs are deeply offensive and cause distress to many Cornish people". On 18 January 2002, at Truro Crown Court , after

660-438: Is evidence that he had developed a rotary wood-planing machine but details of this are obscure. There is also evidence that the complex housed a pipe boring machine, whereby straight elm trees were bored out for pump dales. These could be up to 40 feet (12 m) long and were fitted through the decks of a vessel to pump seawater to the deck. There was a machine for making treenails—long wooden dowels used for fixing wooden parts of

726-419: Is evidence that the grinding of flats was also done to get near-precision finishes. Each nut was made to fit its matching bolt and were numbered to ensure they were replaced correctly. This was before the days of interchangeability , of course. The materials used were cast and wrought iron, brass and gun metal. The use of metal throughout their construction greatly improved their rigidity and accuracy which became

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792-403: Is inserted into a hole in various strategically located wooden pinrails (lining the inside of the bulwarks , surrounding the base of masts, or free-standing, called fife rails ) up to the base of the handle. A line is then led under and behind the base of the pin then round the top in a Figure-8 pattern till at least four turns are complete. Excess line is coiled and stored neatly by taking

858-470: Is supported by an executive board of eight directors. In 2013/14, prior to becoming a charity, English Heritage employed 2,578 staff. English Heritage has administered the blue plaque scheme in London since 1986. The plaques mark buildings in the capital that were the homes of (or otherwise associated with) people of historical significance. The scheme remains the responsibility of English Heritage following

924-579: The British Government , officially titled the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, that ran the national system of heritage protection and managed a range of historic properties. It was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. In 1999, the organisation merged with the Royal Commission on

990-468: The Crown Estate . In 2013–14 there were 5.73 million visits to staffed sites, with 713,000 free educational visits to sites, collections and tailored learning activities and resources. In February 2024, English Heritage reported that the previous year had seen record numbers of families visiting their sites, with numbers up 50% over the past decade. 2023 also proved to be a record-breaking year for

1056-649: The Dockyard Apprentice Museum at Portsmouth. Several websites claim that the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. also has machines from Portsmouth: this is a myth, according to the Institution. The Block Mills have not been in use for many years, although a lot of the original pulley systems remain in situ, albeit in a poor state of repair. The building is also in a poor state of repair and

1122-529: The Historic Buildings Council for England – and incorporated those functions into the new body. Soon after, the commission was given the operating name of English Heritage by its first chairman, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . A national register of historic parks and gardens , (e.g. Rangers House , Greenwich) was set up in 1984, and a register for historic battlefields (e.g. the Battle of Tewkesbury )

1188-477: The Isle of Man and Heritage New Zealand . In 2014/15 there were 1.34 million members. However, membership does not convey voting rights or influence over the way English Heritage is run. Participation in consultations and web-based surveys by English Heritage is not restricted to its membership. It invites various groups and members of the public to give views on specific issues, most notably in recent years about

1254-663: The Ordnance Survey , the National Library of Aerial Photographs, and two million RAF and Ordnance Survey aerial photographs. Those, together with other nationally important external acquisitions, meant that English Heritage was one of the largest publicly accessible archives in the UK: 2.53 million records are available online, including more than 426,000 images. In 2010–11, it recorded 4.3 million unique online user sessions and over 110,000 people visited NMR exhibitions held around

1320-533: The Secretary of State at the DCMS issued a certificate of exemption from listing for Fortress House , the then English Heritage headquarters. In 2009, it was demolished and the site redeveloped for a commercial office building. In 2010 the organisation sent an email to open access photograph agency fotoLibra , attempting to ban the unauthorised commercial use of photographs of Stonehenge . A subsequent statement of regret

1386-531: The Stonehenge road tunnel project proposals. The organisation welcomes volunteers. Roles range from room stewarding, running education workshops and gardening, to curatorial cleaning and research. In 2014/15 the number of regular volunteers reached 1,872, up from 1,473 in 2013/14. In 2016, to mark the 950th anniversary of the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest of 1066, English Heritage organised

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1452-663: The "Kings Works" after the Norman Conquest , the Office of Works (1378–1832), the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues and Works (1832–1851), and the Ministry of Works (1851–1962). Responsibility subsequently transferred to the Ministry of Public Building and Works (1962–1970), then to the Department of the Environment (1970–1997), and it is now with the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The state's legal responsibility for

1518-501: The 1066 March from Clifford's Tower in York to Battle Abbey in East Sussex. A team of volunteers led by Nigel Amos and composed of Dominic Sewell, Brian Mahoney, Joshua Powell , William Ballance, Lucy Amos, Karlos Moir, Clive Hart and Matthew Clarke, completed the journey over 3 weeks, arriving at Battle Abbey on 14 October 2016. English Heritage is governed by a trustee board who set

1584-474: The Admiralty a system of making blocks using machinery he had patented . Bentham appreciated the superiority of Brunel's system and in August 1802 he was authorised by the Admiralty to proceed. There were three series of block-making machines, each designed to make a range of block sizes. They were laid out to allow a production line, so each stage of the work progressed to the next in a natural flow. The yard between

1650-535: The BBC, The National Archives, Netflix, Warner Brothers and the National Trust. Belaying pin A belaying pin is a solid metal or wooden device used on traditionally rigged sailing vessels to secure lines of running rigging . Largely replaced on most modern vessels by cleats , they are still used, particularly on square rigged ships. A belaying pin is composed of a round handle and cylindrical shaft. The shaft

1716-572: The Council for British Archaeology). Shout Out Loud was awarded the 2019 UK Heritage Award for Best Event, Festival or Exhibition for 'Our House' and shortlisted for the 2022 Museums and Heritage Award for Community Engagement Programme of the Year for the programme as a whole. Young People are able to get involved with the ongoing youth engagement programme via online mass participation projects, creative residency or participation opportunities (often shared on

1782-476: The Council for British Archaeology, National Youth Theatre and Sound Connections. A number of high-profile projects were delivered with these partners including: Reverberate, a project aimed at connecting grassroot youth organisations with their local heritage (with Sound Connections); England's New Lenses, a photography project resulting in new bodies of work connected to English Heritage sites from four emerging photographers (with Photoworks); 'The Ancestors',

1848-529: The Historical Monuments of England and the National Monuments Record , bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England's historic environment. On 1 April 2015, English Heritage was divided into two parts: Historic England , which inherited the statutory and protection functions of the old organisation, and the new English Heritage Trust, a charity that would operate

1914-583: The Navy board) as well as Brunel himself. Due to Bentham's absence in Russia, it was Goodrich who actually brought the block mills into full production. Brunel's payment was based on the saving the Navy made with the new system. These machines were almost entirely hand made, the only machine tools used being lathes to machine circular parts, and drilling machines for boring small holes. At that time there were no milling, planing or shaping machines, and all flat surfaces were made by hand chipping, filing and scraping. There

1980-473: The backlog of maintenance to the sites in English Heritage's care. Previously, when English Heritage was a non-departmental public body and included the functions of planning, listing, awarding grants, heritage research and advice, most of its funding came from government. In 2013–2014, English Heritage had a total income of £186.55 million, of which £99.85 million came from grant-in-aid , with

2046-737: The blockmaking machinery, and ignored the saw-milling side of the mills, and in consequence modern commentators have not discussed this aspect of the Block Mills. The sawmills were important since Brunel was enabled to develop his ideas which he employed later in his private veneer mill at Battersea, and the Royal Navy sawmills at Woolwich Dockyard and Chatham Dockyard , as well as mills he designed for private concerns, such as Borthwick's at Leith in Scotland. The Block Mills have remained in constant Navy occupation ever since and in consequence are not open to

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2112-407: The chain pumps and some wood working machinery. The northern range was directly over the vaults and was to house more woodworking machinery. The buildings were designed by Samuel Bunce , the architect of Bentham's staff. While the vaults were under construction Bentham was ordering woodworking machinery of his own design, mostly up-and-down saws and circular saws. These were fitted-up in both ranges,

2178-662: The country in 2009–10. In 2012, the section responsible for archive collections was renamed the English Heritage Archive. As a result of the National Heritage Act 2002 , English Heritage acquired administrative responsibility for historic wrecks and submerged landscapes within 12 miles (19 km) of the English coast. The administration of the listed building system was transferred from DCMS to English Heritage in 2006. However, actual listing decisions still remained

2244-413: The dedicated Instagram channel @eh_shoutoutloud), via projects as part of a youth group, or by joining one of the ongoing schemes 'Young Associates' (ages 16–25, no application necessary, join at any time) or Young Producers (ages 18–25, applications open once a year). Paid six month placement opportunities are also available once or twice per year. Previous placement holders have gone on to positions with

2310-458: The dockyard. His office employed several specialists as his assistants — mechanists ( engineers ), draughtsmen , architects , chemists , clerks , and others. The Inspector General's office was responsible for the introduction at Portsmouth of a plant for the rolling of copper plates for sheathing ship's hulls and for forging-mills for the production of metal parts used in the construction of vessels. They also introduced similar modernisation at

2376-611: The historic environment goes back to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 . The central government subsequently developed several systems of heritage protection for different types of assets, introducing listing for buildings after the Second World War , and for conservation areas in the 1960s. In 1983, Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine gave national responsibility for

2442-465: The historic environment to a semi‑autonomous agency (or " quango ") to operate under ministerial guidelines and to government policy. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission was formed under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 on 1 April 1984. The 1983 Act also dissolved the bodies that had previously provided independent advice – the Ancient Monuments Board for England and

2508-402: The historic properties, and which took on the English Heritage operating name and logo. The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to help establish it as an independent trust, although the historic properties remain in the ownership of the state. Over the centuries, what is now called "heritage" has been the responsibility of a series of state departments. There was

2574-510: The horse-drives to the chain pumps. This engine was replaced in 1807 in the same house by another, more powerful, table engine made by Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds and, in turn, in 1830 by a Maudslay beam engine. In 1800 a Boulton and Watt beam engine was ordered as back-up and was housed in a three-storey engine house in line with the Sadler engine house. This engine was replaced in 1837 by another engine made by James Watt and Co . Space

2640-551: The latter in the shell and a metal bush , or coak, inserted into the sheave to save wear between it and the pin. Blocks can vary in size and in the number of sheaves. The process of making the shells The process of making the sheaves The process of making the pins The process of making the metal coaks Assembly process These machines utilised several features for the first time which have since become commonplace in machine design. Brunel's patent specification shows wooden framed machines, which, while they show many of

2706-465: The needs of the Navy: 130,000 blocks were produced in 1808. The machines were of 22 types and totalled 45. They were driven by two 30 horsepower (22 kW) steam engines. The machines included circular saws, pin turning machines and morticing machines. With these machines 10 men could produce as many blocks as 110 skilled craftsmen. A pulley-block has four parts: the shell, the sheave, the pin for locating

Portsmouth Block Mills - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-580: The now permanent youth engagement programme continues to put young people's ideas and stories at the heart of English Heritage, engendering feelings of inclusion and relevance via increased representation and creative opportunities for involvement. Shout Out Loud was originally funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund as part of Kick the Dust. Shout Out Loud established a successful consortium of partners between 2018 and 2022 including Photoworks,

2838-418: The other Naval dockyards in conjunction with M I Brunel and Maudslay. By 1797 work had started on building additional dry docks and on deepening the basins, and Bentham realised that the existing drainage system would not cope with the increased demand. He installed a steam engine designed by a member of his staff, James Sadler , in 1798 which, as well as working the chain pumps, drove woodworking machinery and

2904-695: The portfolio of over 880 historical places across the UK amassed by the British Government between the 1880s and the 1970s to form the National Collection of built and archaeological heritage. (The balance is in the care of Historic Scotland and Cadw .) These sites represent a deliberate attempt by the state in the 19th and early 20th century to take the nation's most significant prehistoric sites and medieval sites, which were no longer in active use, into public ownership. This national property collection performs

2970-520: The power to drive them being transmitted from the engines to the north range by underdrives through the upper layer of vaults, and then by vertical shafts to the upper floors of the buildings. The final drives to the machines was by flat belts running on pulleys. This machinery was planned to cut timber for the numerous smaller parts used in shipbuilding, especially joinery, which had previously been cut by hand, such as components for tables and benches, as well as small turned goods like belaying pins . There

3036-509: The precedent set by the transformation of the nationally owned British Waterways into the Canal & River Trust ). The national portfolio of historic properties remain in public ownership, but the new English Heritage will be licensed to manage them. The change occurred on 1 April 2015 with the statutory planning and heritage protection functions remaining an independent, non-departmental public body , rebranded as Historic England . The care of

3102-483: The principles of the machines actually installed bear little resemblance to the final designs. The machines submitted by Brunel to the Admiralty for evaluation are now in the National Maritime Museum. Once the contract with the Admiralty had been placed Bentham engaged Henry Maudslay to make them, and it is clear the final designs had considerable input from Bentham, Maudslay, Simon Goodrich , (mechanician to

3168-585: The properties in the National Collection and the visitor experience attached to them were transferred to the new English Heritage Trust, although the English Heritage name and logo remains. The new trust has a licence to operate the properties until 2025. English Heritage is the guardian of over 400 sites and monuments, the most famous of which include Stonehenge , Osborne , Iron Bridge and Dover Castle . Whilst many have an entry charge, more than 250 properties are free to enter including Maiden Castle, Dorset and St Catherine's Oratory . The sites are part of

3234-499: The prosecution successfully applied for a Public Immunity Certificate to suppress defence evidence (these are normally issued in cases involving national security), three members of the group agreed to return the signs and pay £4,500 in compensation to English Heritage and to be bound over to keep the peace. In return, the prosecution dropped charges of conspiracy to cause criminal damage. In 2011, Conservative MP George Eustice stated that Cornish heritage "is not English" and that there

3300-516: The public are encouraged to join English Heritage as "members". Membership provides benefits such as free admission to its properties and member-only events as well as reduced-cost admission to associated properties. Members also get access for free or reduced cost to properties managed by Cadw in Wales , Historic Scotland , the Office of Public Works in the Republic of Ireland , Manx National Heritage on

3366-596: The public. Recent acquisitions include Harmondsworth Barn in west London, close to Heathrow airport, in late 2011 and Carrawburgh Roman Fort in January 2020. The properties are held by English Heritage under various arrangements. The majority are in the guardianship of the Secretary of State for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport , with the freehold being retained by the owner. The remaining properties are owned either by English Heritage, other government departments or

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3432-419: The public. Manufacture of blocks using these machines naturally declined over the years, production finally stopping in the 1960s, but some of the original machines, part of the transmission drives and the engine-house shells still survive in the buildings. The National Museum of Science and Industry , London, has a selection of machines, donated by the Admiralty between 1933 and 1951, and others are on display in

3498-428: The remaining £86.7 million from earned sources. This included £17.47 million from property admissions, £14.96 million from catering and retail, £22.91 million from membership and £26.39 million from donations and grants. The trust's financial plan saw the annual requirement for subsidy being cut from £15.6 million in 2015/16 to £10.1 million in 2020/21 and zero in 2022/23. Members of

3564-573: The responsibility of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, who was required by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 to approve a list of buildings of special architectural or historic interest. Following the Public Bodies Reform in 2010, English Heritage was confirmed as the government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, and the largest source of non-lottery grant funding for heritage assets. It

3630-711: The same function as pictures in the National Gallery and the archaeological material in the British Museum . Unlike the National Trust , English Heritage holds few furnished properties, although Charles Darwin's home at Down, Kent (where he wrote On the Origin of Species ) and Brodsworth Hall , South Yorkshire are major exceptions to this. New sites are rarely added to the collection as other charities and institutions are now encouraged to care for them and open them to

3696-584: The standard for later machine tool manufacture. These machines and the block mills attracted an enormous amount of interest from the time of their erection, ranging from Admiral Lord Nelson on the morning of the day he embarked from Portsmouth for the Battle of Trafalgar on 1805, to the Princess Victoria at the age of 12, as part of her education. Even during the time of the Napoleonic Wars , until 1815 there

3762-466: The start of the war with Revolutionary France they possessed the most up-to-date fleet facilities in Europe. The dock system at Portsmouth has its origins in the work of Edmund Dummer in the 1690s. He constructed a series of basins and wet and dry docks . Alterations were made to these in the course of the eighteenth century. One of the basins had become redundant by 1770 and it was proposed to use this as

3828-495: The story of England to life for over 10 million people each year". Within its portfolio are Stonehenge , Dover Castle , Tintagel Castle , and the best-preserved parts of Hadrian's Wall . English Heritage also manages the London blue plaque scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings. When originally formed in 1983, English Heritage was the operating name of an executive non-departmental public body of

3894-437: The strategic direction of the organisation and ensure that the organisation delivers its goals and objectives. It is led by the chairman, currently Gerard Lemos. Other trustees are Sarah Staniforth, Vicky Barnsley, Kay Boycott, Liz Bromley, Tony Cates, Tanvi Gokhale, Sir Laurie Magnus , Kunle Olulode, Sue Wilkinson and William Whyte. Operational management is delegated to the chief executive, Nick Merriman. The chief executive

3960-636: The transfer to the voluntary sector in 2015. For a short period from 1998 English Heritage trialled plaques outside the Greater London area. Plaques were erected in Merseyside , Birmingham and elsewhere; but the scheme was discontinued in 2005. Many other plaques have been erected throughout the UK (including London) by town councils, district councils, civic societies, historical societies, fan clubs, companies, and individuals. These are not managed or require approval from English Heritage. An open register

4026-555: The two wood mill buildings was walled-off and roofed to form a new workshop to house the block-making machines. The first set, for medium blocks, was installed in January 1803, the second set for smaller blocks in May 1803, and the third set for large blocks in March 1805. There were numerous changes of layout and some modification of the plant until in September 1807 the plant was felt able to fulfil all

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4092-688: Was a stream of foreign dignitaries and military men wishing to learn. The machines were fully described and illustrated in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia (1811), Rees's Cyclopædia , (1812), the supplement to the 4th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1817) and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana . Later encyclopaedias such as Tomlinson's Encyclopaedia and the Penny Cyclopaedia derived their accounts from these earlier publications. These accounts concentrated almost entirely on

4158-444: Was created in March 1995. 'Registration' is a material consideration in the planning process. In April 1999 English Heritage merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and the National Monuments Record (NMR), bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England's historic environment. By adoption, that included responsibility for the national record of archaeological sites from

4224-518: Was issued, clarifying that "We do not control the copyright of all images of Stonehenge and have never tried to do so." The organisation added that they request that commercial photographers pay fees and abide by certain conditions. Since 2018, English Heritage's highly successful national youth engagement project, Shout Out Loud, has provided a platform for young people to explore heritage sites and collections across England, helping them to uncover untold stories from our past. By amplifying their voices,

4290-425: Was retained on grounds of "performing a technical function which should remain independent from Government". However, the department also suffered from budget cuts during the recession of the 2010s, resulting in a repairs deficit of £100 million. In June 2013 the British Government announced plans to provide an £80 million grant to enable English Heritage to become a self-financing charity (roughly following

4356-461: Was very tight and expansion of manufacturing facilities was not possible, so by 1802 the drainage basin was filled with two tiers of brick vaults—the lower layer to act as the reservoir, the upper layer as storage, and the roof of the latter being level with the surrounding land, so creating more space. This allowed the construction of two parallel ranges of three-storey wood mills, the southern to incorporate both engine houses and their chimney stacks,

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