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46-515: The Portland Observatory is a historic maritime signal tower at 138 Congress Street in the Munjoy Hill section of Portland , Maine . Built in 1807, it is the only known surviving tower of its type in the United States . Using both a telescope and signal flags, two-way communication between ship and shore was possible several hours before an incoming vessel reached the docks. The tower

92-505: A Habilitation , thereby denoting that its holder has the right to independently teach without being supervised by a full professor. In this way, a Privatdozent may for instance hold an appointment as Dozent or Hochschuldozent (on either a temporary or permanent basis as academic employee). In Francophone countries (particularly in France), Maître de conférences (MCF) may refer to docent, equivalent to associate professor in

138-411: A fieldstone base of heavy loose rocks, and stands 222 feet (68 m) above sea level . There is no basement but the rock ballast in the bottom floor and octagonal design have kept the structure steady during storms. The observatory's 'lantern' ( cupola ) included a P & J Dollond Achromatic Refracting Telescope, which could identify ships 30 miles (48 km) to sea. That telescope disappeared from

184-715: A non-profit organization , maintains the building. Guided tours with discussion about the history of the building and the neighborhood are provided by volunteer docents from Memorial Day to Columbus Day for a small fee. On very clear days the view from the cupola's balcony extends from the seaward horizon as far inland as Mount Washington . Shipping In 2015, 108 trillion tonne-kilometers were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by inland waterways and less than 0.25% by air. Land or "ground" shipping can be made by train or by truck (British English: lorry ). Ground transport

230-456: A British readership , a French maître de conférences (MCF), and equal to or above the title of assistant professor . Docent is the highest academic title in several countries, and the qualifying criteria are research output that corresponds to 3–5 doctoral dissertations, supervision of PhD students, and experience in teaching at the undergraduate and graduate level. Docent is also used at some (mainly German) universities generically for

276-401: A capacity for independent research or artistic work demonstrated through publication or some other manner, and good teaching skills. The applicant must have scientific publications at least equivalent to the extent of two doctoral theses in their field. Candidates are required to give a lecture demonstrating their teaching skills and are evaluated by an academic committee. While traditionally

322-709: A criminal conviction. In Norway, the title of docent ( Norwegian : dosent ) was traditionally used for positions immediately below full professors and above those holding the title førsteamanuensis (corresponding to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in the Commonwealth) until 1985. The requirements were the same as for full university professors, but until then, each department usually only had one professor and other academics with similar qualifications were appointed as docents. Hence, docents could be seen as professors without chair (professor extraordinarius). The title

368-518: A distinguished international reputation after a rigorous review of their research. Docent can be used as an English term for the Swedish title docent . Since the Swedish title docent is rather a mark of competence than a job title, it is in some contexts less appropriate to use the terms reader and associate professor as English translations. In Finland , docent is solely an academic title ( Finnish : dosentti , Swedish : docent ) awarded by

414-405: A docent is often referred to as habilitation or doctor of science and is an academic qualification that shows that the holder is qualified to be employed at the level of associate or full professor . The title of docent is conferred by some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks at or below the full professor rank, similar to

460-502: A docentship used to be a formal position without a salary, the 2009 change in legislation changed it to a title only. Thus, a docentship is nowadays an official recognition of individual expertise as well as a title equivalent to that of an associate professor and also bestowing the right to teach ( Latin : venia legendi ) and supervise doctoral students independently. Docents may work as professors , associate professors , assistant professors , university lecturers , or researchers at

506-415: A person fulfilling requirements similar to that of a German Privatdozent . Such persons are usually expected to give lectures on their specialties if their professional activities permit this. Most docents are employed at the university where they are docents, but usually in a different position (often with the title senior lecturer; universitetslektor ). The Scandinavian title docent as used in e.g. Sweden

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552-516: A person who has the right to teach. In Southeast European countries, it is the first position that people achieve once they enter the University, and after the completion of their PhD degree. In the Flemish universities of Belgium docent is the first of four university professor ranks, the others being hoofddocent (head docent), hoogleraar (professor) and gewoon hoogleraar . To be awarded

598-604: A stipend that paid for their salary at the university for up to six years. The non-stipendiary alternative was solely an academic title (also for life). Today, most universities only confer a non-stipendiary docent title. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the Chalmers University of Technology still maintain the stipendiary docent. The title is in most cases awarded to people employed as an assistant professor ( biträdande universitetslektor ), or associate professor ( universitetslektor /senior lecturer) with

644-473: A university. The title is often translated as adjunct professor or associate professor to make the title more comparable to those of university systems in English-speaking countries. The title of docent can either be awarded for life or for a stipulated period of time, depending on the decision of the unit that confers it. As a prerequisite, a candidate must have comprehensive knowledge of their own field,

690-399: Is a position focused on teaching that ranks below professors. In the 2000s only a handful of people still held the title college docent. In 1995, the college docents received the right to apply for promotion to professor. In 2003, the position teaching docent ( Norwegian : undervisningsdosent ) was introduced. The title was changed to just docent ( Norwegian : dosent ) in 2006, although it

736-400: Is a requirement that the researcher be able to lead research projects. The researcher must have substantial scientific research experience and be well published in scientific journals. In Sweden , there used to be both stipendiary ( docentstipendiat ) and non-stipendiary ( oavlönad docent ) docent positions. A stipendiary docent both held the title of docent (for life) and benefited from

782-613: Is an academic appointment below that of a full professor. This is the situation in the Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Docent is considered equal to or above the title associate professor as used in Western European countries. In the Czech Republic, a docent holder is considered capable of conducting research independently as well as giving lectures. In Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , docent

828-423: Is an academic appointment equivalent to an associate professor , ranking between instructor doctor and professor . A doçent candidate has to have a doctor's degree and must meet the requirements provided by the interuniversity board. The title of docent is mandatory in order to become a full professor. In recent years there is no longer need for a docent thesis; rather a candidate must provide evidence of

874-501: Is an academic title below professor. In Poland , the title of docent used to be mandatory in order to become a full professor. This is no longer a requirement, and the title has nearly vanished in the last 20 years. Currently, it may be given to a teacher or instructor not engaged in research. Only a scientific researcher may apply for the title of professor , and therefore docent is the highest title for teachers and instructors. In countries such as Lithuania , Bulgaria , docent

920-507: Is awarded to either a Candidate of Sciences or a Doctor of Sciences before becoming a full professor . In Denmark and Norway , docent is traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, similar to a readership in the United Kingdom. All docents at universities in Norway became full professors in 1985 when the traditional title of docent was abolished. In 2006

966-514: Is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. Customs fees, import taxes and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives. Docent The term is derived from the Latin word docēns , which is the present active participle of docēre ('to teach, to lecture'). Becoming

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1012-454: Is not a successor of the earlier docent position as used in the universities prior to 1985. The position is similar to college docent and focused on teaching activities rather than research. Both the titles college docent and (teaching) docent are almost exclusively used in the colleges and new universities, and usually not used in the old universities. (Teaching) docent is ranked within the state pay grade system as administratively equivalent to

1058-555: Is often translated into English as reader to avoid confusion with foreign uses of the term docent . In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland recommends the term associate professor in English, while the University of Helsinki uses the title of docent. The title of docent is the second highest grade in the Swedish academic system, the highest being (full) professor. A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with

1104-431: Is shipped under a single contract but performed using at least two different modes of transport (e.g. ground and air). Cargo may not be containerized. Multimodal transport featuring containerized cargo (or intermodal container ) that is easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck. For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport

1150-731: Is the equivalent to associate professor in the UK or Dozent in Germany. The following level evaluated by ANECA is catedrático de universidad , that is 'university professor', according to European standards. In South Africa , the Afrikaans word dosent refers to any full-time university lecturer, independent of rank, while in Indonesia , the Indonesian word dosen refers to any tertiary education lecturer, independent of rank. In Turkey , doçent

1196-402: Is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive. Cargo is exchanged between different modes of transportation via transport hubs , also known as transport interchanges or Nodes (e.g. train stations, airports, etc.). Cargo

1242-400: Is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea, especially in developing countries , where inland infrastructure may not be efficient. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to

1288-492: Is used as an academic title equivalent to associate professor in German-speaking countries. In most former Yugoslav countries , including Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , North Macedonia and Serbia , the system of academic ranks is similar to that of North America. The academic rank of docent corresponds to assistant professor. In Armenia , the title of docent — equivalent to associate professor —

1334-513: Is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient. The Incoterms (or International Commercial Terms) published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. Common terms include: The term "best way" generally implies that

1380-560: The Netherlands , docente (Portuguese and Spanish) and docent (Dutch) are a synonym for 'teacher' as well as 'professor', and are widely used across all academic ranks. In Spain, an academic with a docent level is one who has been given the accreditation profesor titular de universidad by the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation ( Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación , ANECA). This

1426-398: The US or senior reader in the UK. It is a tenured academic post enjoying the status of civil servant ( fonctionnaire d'Etat ). The French Ministry of Higher Education provided a table summarizing the equivalent academic ranks of professeur and Maître de conférences (MCF) in other countries. In countries with academic traditions that stem from German-speaking countries, docent

Portland Observatory - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-515: The arrival of cargoes . This problem was solved in 1807 when Captain Lemuel Moody organized the construction of an observatory on Portland's Munjoy Hill , visible from both the open ocean and the wharfs. During the War of 1812 , the observatory was used as a watch tower . The 86-foot (26 m) tall observatory (7 stories) is octagonal (to lessen wind pressure on each side) and lighthouse -shaped, with

1518-612: The docent title at the Flemish universities, a candidate has to have a doctorate . In the French-speaking universities, the word docent is not used in their titles. In Germany , Austria , and in the German-speaking part of Switzerland , Dozent or Hochschuldozent denotes an academic appointment at a university or similar institution, at a mid-level ranking of seniority. The title of Privatdozent can be awarded (with certain conditions) to those who have successfully completed

1564-477: The employment pyramid as such. This is rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in his/her academic career. A docent qualification is required of all head doctoral student supervisors. For conferment of the title, there is a requirement that the researcher have a good overview of their research area and have demonstrated both the ability to formulate research problems and to have independently carried out research programs. It

1610-549: The limited coastlines of countries. Much freight transport is done by cargo ships . An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. According to a 2018 report from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) , merchant shipping (or seaborne trade) carries 80-90% of international trade and 60-70% by value. On rivers and canals , barges are often used to carry bulk cargo . Cargo

1656-480: The observatory in 1939. The observatory has been renovated numerous times over the years, including a Works Progress Administration renovation in 1939. It was most recently renovated from 1998–2000 to repair damage from moisture and powderpost beetles . This renovation won a 2001 National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation . The center column was not an original feature, and

1702-576: The position of professor, but promotion to docent is based on a different set of merits, with more emphasis on teaching qualifications relative to research merits than in professorial appointments. Persons holding a permanent position as senior teaching fellow ( Norwegian : førstelektor ) at a university or university college may apply for promotion to docent. After the 2006 changes there are three parallel academic career ladders in Norway, one focused on both research and teaching, one focused on research and one focused on teaching. In Portugal , Spain and

1748-403: The right to have their flags stored in the building and hoisted up its flagstaffs when their ships were sighted. A telephone was eventually installed, extending the tower's function until 1923, when the reliability of engine powered vessels and communication by radio made it obsolete. In 1937 the tower was turned over to the city. Between the time of its closure and the 1990s, the building

1794-477: The same piece of equipment and avoiding multiple transactions, trans-loading, and cross-docking without interim storage. International DTD is a service provided by many international shipping companies and may feature intermodal freight transport using containerized cargo . The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one jurisdiction to another. This

1840-441: The shipper will choose the carrier that offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time, will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder. Door-to-door ( DTD or D2D ) shipping refers to the domestic or international shipment of cargo from the point of origin (POI) to the destination while generally remaining on

1886-404: The title of docent was reintroduced as the new title of the former teaching docents in Norway; while administratively on the same level as professors, the promotion criteria are different and based on teaching. In Finland , Sweden , Estonia , and Latvia , docent ( Finnish dosentti , Swedish docent , Estonian dotsent , Latvian docents ) is an academic title conferred to

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1932-415: The university or work elsewhere full time. The rank of docent entitles the holder to teach at universities and to be a principal researcher , lead research groups, and act as the responsible supervisor of doctoral students. According to Finnish legislation, The title cannot be revoked under any circumstance. There has been some discussion among academics whether revocation should be possible in cases such as

1978-610: Was added in the 1939 renovation. In 2014 additional repairs to the windows and shingles were underway. The observatory was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2006, the observatory was made a National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . The Portland Observatory is the only remaining maritime signal station in the United States. Tower operations were paid with annual fees collected from shipping merchants, who purchased

2024-411: Was comparable to reader or associate professor in many Commonwealth countries and professor extraordinarius in continental Europe. All docents were lifted to full professor status in 1985, when the title was abolished at the universities. The title docent remained in use in the rural colleges ( Norwegian : distriktshøgskoler ), in the form of college docent ( Norwegian : høgskoledosent ), which

2070-434: Was designated a National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2006; it is now managed by Greater Portland Landmarks , a local historic preservation nonprofit. It is open to the public as a museum. Portland has a deep harbor sheltered by numerous islands . Ships entering the harbor are not directly visible from the wharfs , which created problems for merchants trying to prepare for

2116-415: Was often unlocked and popular among area children. Some older area residents have fond memories of playing in the building and the initials some of them carved into the wood are still visible. The latest major restoration left as much of the original wood as possible in place. This is distinguished by its dark stain while the replacement wood was left its original lighter color. Greater Portland Landmarks ,

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