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54-470: The Recorder is a newspaper published in Port Pirie , South Australia since 1885. Formed by an amalgamation in 1898, it was also previously known as Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail between 1898 and 1918, and as The Recorder from 1919. It was later sold to Rural Press , previously owned by Fairfax Media , but now an Australian media company trading as Australian Community Media . The Recorder

108-475: A TAFE campus (adult education). Risdon Park High School (formerly Port Pirie Technical High School) was a co-ed state school . In 1973, Port Pire Technical High School changed its name to Ridson Park High School, and in 1995 the school merged with Port Pirie High School forming John Pirie Secondary School. Port Pirie is home to the National Trust Historic and Folk Museum and Memorial Park, and

162-766: A blood lead level below ten micrograms per decilitre of blood (the first ten in tenby10) by the end of 2010" (the second ten in tenby10). Higher concentrations of lead have been found in the organs of bottlenose dolphins stranded near the lead smelter, compared to dolphins stranded elsewhere in South Australia. The health impacts of these metals on dolphins has been examined and some associations between high metal concentrations and kidney toxicity were noted. Port Pirie has many educational institutions, including John Pirie Secondary School (years 7–12), St Mark's College (Foundation - year 12), Mid North Christian College (reception - year 12), many preschools and primary schools, and

216-617: A few years before his death. The paper's worst disaster struck on 22 January 1941 when Pirie's Central Mission was destroyed by fire, which spread to the Recorder's offices causing immense damage. The paper went to three issues per week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, which continued to at least 1955. Port Pirie Port Pirie is a small city on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia , 223 km (139 mi) north of

270-632: A fire caused considerable damage to its Ellen Street premises, but with help from a local jobbing printer publication continued, albeit in a more modest form. Davidson went on to found News Limited , with The Recorder one of its stable, which included Adelaide's The News , The Barrier Miner (Broken Hill) and Perth's Daily News . On 1 December 1931 the paper was sold to Horace Yelland (died 27 August 1948) (previously editor of The News and The Sunday Mail ) and his company Recorder Proprietary Limited. On 14 August 1934 disaster once again struck when much of Port Pirie, The Recorder' s premises included,

324-516: A joint venture of companies operating in Broken Hill. Led by the Collins House Group, by 1934 BHAS became the biggest lead smelter in the world. The smelter gradually passed to Pasminco , then Zinifex , and since 2007 has been operated by Nyrstar . In 1921, the town's population had grown to 9,801, living in 2,308 occupied dwellings. By this date, there were 62 boarding houses to cater for

378-553: A margin of 3.4%. It also has been considered a safe Liberal seat. Although the region is generally Liberal-leaning because of its agricultural base, Port Pirie is an industrial centre that is favourable to the Australian Labor Party . In late 2008, Rob Kerin announced his retirement, which led to a by-election being held in January 2009. Port Pirie mayor Geoff Brock announced his candidacy as an independent, and subsequently took

432-542: A maximum in winter. There are 78.3 precipitation days, 125.0 clear days and 100.0 cloudy days annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 46.3 °C (115.3 °F) on 4 January 1979 to −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) on 27 June 1958. Port Pirie is 5 km (3 mi) off the Augusta Highway . It is serviced by Port Pirie Airport , six kilometres south of the city. The first railway in Port Pirie opened in 1875 when

486-566: A pass through the Flinders Ranges to the coast, now named Horrocks Pass . The town was originally called Samuel's Creek after the discovery of Muddy Creek by Samuel Germein . In 1846, Port Pirie Creek was named by Governor Robe after the John Pirie , the first vessel to navigate the creek when transporting sheep from Bowman's Run near Crystal Brook. In 1848, Matthew Smith and Emanuel Solomon bought 85 acres (34 ha) and subdivided it as

540-490: A population of 947, Port Pirie was declared a municipality. With the discovery of rich ore bearing silver, lead and zinc at Broken Hill in 1883, and the completion of a narrow gauge railway from Port Pirie to close to the Broken Hill field in 1888, the economic activities of the town underwent profound change. In 1889 a lead smelter was built by the British Blocks company to treat the Broken Hill ore. BHP initially leased

594-401: A sulfite (PbSO 3 ) which thermally decomposes into lead oxide and sulfur dioxide gas. (PbO and SO 2 ) The sulfur dioxide (like the carbon dioxide in the example above) is expelled, and the lead oxide is reduced. Anglesite , Cerussite , Pyromorphite , Mimetite and Wulfenite are other lead ores. Other elements frequently present with lead ores include zinc and silver . Most of

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648-509: A township to be known as Port Pirie. Little development occurred on site and by the late 1860s there were only three woolsheds on the riverfront. The locality was surveyed as a government town in December 1871 by Charles Hope Harris. The thoroughfares and streets were named after the family of George Goyder , Surveyor General of South Australia. In 1873, the land of Solomon and Smith was re-surveyed and named Solomontown. On 28 September 1876, with

702-486: Is South Australia's second-largest port. The city is characterised by an attractive main street and some interesting and unusual historic buildings. Heritage-listed sites include: In the 2021 census , the population of the Port Pirie urban area was 13,896 people. Approximately 51.0% of the population were female, 85.9% were Australian born, and 5.2% were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. Port Pirie has significant Italian and Greek communities. In 2021,

756-505: Is above Goyder's Line , and is surrounded by mallee scrub. Temperatures vary throughout the year, with average maxima ranging from 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) in January to 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) in July, and average minima fluctuating between 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) in February and 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is low, averaging 345.9 mm (13.62 in), with

810-511: Is at an elevation of 4 metres above sea level . It is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland, on the Pirie River, which is a tidal saltwater inlet from Spencer Gulf . It is on the coastal plain between Spencer Gulf to the west, and the Flinders Ranges to the east. Port Pirie has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen: BSh), with hot, dry summers and cool, somewhat wetter winters. The town

864-600: Is based on the oral histories of Greek, Cypriot and Italian people who migrated to regional South Australia after World War II. It was staged by the State Theatre Company South Australia in 2018. It played at the Dunstan Playhouse in Adelaide as well as in Port Pirie. It was also filmed by local production company KOJO and intended to be shown by Country Arts SA in regional cinemas in 2020, but it

918-759: Is no known amount of lead that is too small to cause the body harm. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization state that a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level. Authorities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics define lead poisoning as blood lead levels higher than 10 μg/dL. Lead smelters with little pollution controls contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised blood lead levels in

972-772: Is published once a week, Thursday, and is part of the Australian Community Media (ACN) network. Like other ACN publications, the newspaper is also available online. The town, later city, of Port Pirie had two newspapers, The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News , published weekly from 21 March 1885, (later simplified to The Port Pirie Advocate (1895-1898)), and The Port Pirie Standard and Barrier Advertiser , published weekly from 4 January 1889. They amalgamated to form The Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail , first published on 9 July 1898, appearing on Saturday and Wednesday mornings, printed and published jointly by Alfred Edward South (1861 – 1 January 1934) of

1026-475: Is similar in structure to a cupola furnace used in iron foundries . The furnace is charged with slag, scrap iron, limestone, coke, oxides, dross, and reverberatory slag. The coke is used to melt and reduce the lead. Limestone reacts with impurities and floats to the top. This process also keeps the lead from oxidizing. The molten lead flows from the blast furnace into holding pots. Lead may be mixed with alloys, including antimony, tin, arsenic, copper and nickel. It

1080-504: Is still in print today (Tuesdays and Thursdays), has recently changed to a morning paper, after being delivered at around 3:00 pm. Other Port Pirie newspapers include the free The Flinders News (Wednesdays), and The Advertiser , which covers some Port Pirie news, but to a very small extent. Another newspaper, the Port Pirie Advertiser (7 April 1898 – 28 June 1924) was also published by Robert Osborne. A further publication

1134-440: Is the eighth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide , Mount Gambier , Gawler , Mount Barker , Whyalla , Murray Bridge and Port Lincoln . The city's economy is dominated by one of the world's largest lead smelters , operated by Nyrstar . It also produces refined silver , copper , acid , gold and various other by-products. In 2014, the smelter underwent a $ 650 million upgrade, of which $ 291 million

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1188-423: Is then cast into ingots . Humans have been smelting lead for thousands of years, poisoning themselves in the process. Although lead poisoning is one of the oldest known work and environmental hazards, the modern understanding of the small amount of lead necessary to cause harm did not come about until the latter half of the 20th century. No safe threshold for lead exposure has been discovered—that is, there

1242-557: The Advocate , and Charles Meyrick (died 3 January 1937) of the Standard . Their office was on Alexander Street, Port Pirie. Meyrick withdrew from the partnership around 1903 and on 6 April 1914 the paper became a daily. In January 1918, the newspaper was simplified to The Port Pirie Recorder , and in January 1919, South sold the paper to James Edward Davidson (died 1 June 1930) and it was simplified again to The Recorder . A few months later,

1296-548: The South Australian Railways 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge Port Pirie-Cockburn line opened to Gladstone , ultimately being extended to Broken Hill . The original Ellen Street station was located on the street with the track running down the middle. The station today is occupied by the Port Pirie National Trust Museum. In 1937, it became a break-of-gauge station when

1350-561: The gauge conversion of the Port Pirie to Broken Hill line , Mary Elie Street station was built to replace both Ellen Street and Port Pirie Junction stations. When opened, the new station was the meeting point for the Commonwealth Railways and South Australian Railways networks with through trains changing locomotives and crews, so the disadvantages were not as notable. However, after both became part of Australian National in July 1975 and trains began to operate in and out with

1404-426: The lead oxides , copper, antimony and other elements that float to the top of the lead. Dross is usually skimmed off and sent to a dross furnace to recover the non-lead components which are sold to other metal manufacturers. The Parkes process is used to separate silver or gold from lead. Finally, the molten lead is refined. Pyrometallurgical methods are usually used to remove the remaining non-lead components of

1458-472: The 'fluxing' elements added to the sintering machine (predominantly silica, limestone, iron and zinc) can either be discarded or further processed to recover the contained zinc. The crude lead bullion, containing significant quantities of copper will then undergo 'copper drossing'. In this step elemental sulphur, usually in solid form is added to the molten crude lead bullion to react with the contained copper. A "matte" layer forms in this step, containing most of

1512-428: The 1880s. The owner since 2007, Nyrstar, is the city's main employer., and high blood lead levels in the local population are an ongoing concern. In 2006 Zinifex formed a joint venture with Umicore to create Nyrstar, which owns the smelter, with the intention that it would eventually be an entity separate from the parent companies. The PPRC completed a major redevelopment of its foreshore area in 2014 including

1566-624: The Port Pirie Regional Art Gallery also serves the regional community. Every September and October the city hosts a country music festival. The Keith Michell Theatre, within the Northern Festival Centre, is named after the renowned actor Keith Michell , who grew up in Warnertown , 5 km (3 mi) from Port Pirie. A play by actress and playwright Elena Carapetis , The Gods of Strangers , set in Port Pirie,

1620-425: The broad gauge Adelaide-Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. At the same time the Commonwealth Railways standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was extended south from Port Augusta to terminate at the new Port Pirie Junction station where it met the broad gauge line, in the suburb of Solomontown. As far back as 1943, a plan existed to build a new station to remove trains from Ellen Street. As part of

1674-593: The construction of the Solomontown Beach Plaza, opening up Beach abroad to through traffic, replacing lighting along the beach and improving security. Lead smelters contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised lead levels in the blood of some of the town population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the area. A state government project addressed this. Nyrstar plans to progressively reduce lead in blood levels such that ultimately 95% of all children meet

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1728-429: The copper originating from the crude lead bullion and some other impurities as metal sulfides. The speiss and the matte are usually sold to copper smelters where they are refined for copper processing. The lead from the blast furnace, called lead bullion, then undergoes the drossing process. The bullion is agitated in kettles then cooled to 700-800 degrees. This process results in molten lead and dross . Dross refers to

1782-463: The heat source. As melting occurs, several layers form in the furnace. A combination of molten lead and slag sinks to the bottom of the furnace, with a layer of the lightest elements referred to as speiss , including arsenic and antimony floating to the top of the molten material. The crude bullion and lead slag layers flow out of the 'furnace front' and into the 'forehearth', where the two streams are separated. The lead slag stream, containing most of

1836-482: The labour demands at the smelter, and the increasingly busy waterfront. During World War II (1941-1943), a Bombing and Gunnery school (2BAGS) was established by the Royal Air Force at Port Pirie. 22 men lost their lives there during training exercises. It was re-designated the 3 Aerial Observers School (3AOS) in December 1943. Port Pirie was declared South Australia's first provincial city in 1953, and today it

1890-465: The largest polling booth in Port Pirie, which is at the SA TAFE Campus. Port Pirie is part of the federal division of Grey , and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 4.43% but is considered a safe Liberal seat. The city is part of the state electoral district of Frome , which had been held since 1993 by former Liberal Premier, Rob Kerin , with

1944-527: The lead produced comes from secondary sources. Lead scrap includes lead-acid batteries, cable coverings, pipes, sheets and lead coated, or terne bearing, metals. Solder, product waste and dross may also be recovered for its small lead content. Most secondary lead is used in batteries. To recover lead from a battery, the battery is broken and the components are classified. The lead containing components are processed in blast furnaces for hard lead or rotary reverberatory furnaces for fine particles. The blast furnace

1998-498: The location that became Port Pirie was occupied by the indigenous tribe of Nukunu . The location was called 'Tarparrie', which is suspected to mean "Muddy Creek". The first European to see the location was Matthew Flinders in 1802, as he explored the Spencer Gulf by boat. The first land discovery of the location by a European was by the explorer Edward Eyre , who explored regions around Port Augusta . John Horrocks also discovered

2052-514: The mixture, for example the Betterton-Kroll process and the Betts electrolytic process . The non-lead metals are usually sold to other metal processing plants. The refined lead may be made into alloys or directly cast. People who operate or work in such plants are also referred to as smelters . Galena , the most common mineral of lead , is primarily lead sulfide (PbS). The sulfide is oxidized to

2106-770: The monetary system from gold to silver from the year 640 CE, with the principal source likely to be the Melle mines in France . Later airborne pollution, between the years 1170 and 1216 CE, correlates even more strongly with contemporaneous records of lead and silver production from mines in the Peak District of England, at levels similar to those seen in the Industrial Revolution . Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) presented details of lead smelting methods and facilities current in Europe in

2160-459: The most popular industries for employment were copper, silver, lead and zinc smelting and refining (11.0%), non-psychiatric hospitals (6.0%), residential aged care (4.3%), other social assistance services (4.2%) and supermarket and grocery stores (3.9%). The unemployment rate was 7.7%. The median weekly household income was A$ 1044 per week. 48.5% of the population identified with no religion, while 21.0% identified themselves as Catholic . Port Pirie

2214-450: The national goal of 10 micrograms per decilitre. This has been known as the "tenby10" project. Community lead in blood levels in children are now at less than half the level that they were in the mid 1980s. The Port Pirie smelter conducted a project to reduce lead levels in children to less than 10 micrograms per decilitre by the end of 2010. "The goal we are committed to achieving is for at least 95% of our children aged 0 to 4 to have

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2268-490: The other side of Port Pirie Creek. Construction cost $ 410,000 and lasted 26 weeks. It was officially named the John Pirie Bridge in 1980. The land across the bridge remains undeveloped. The main industries are the smelting of metals, and the operation of silos to hold grain. As of 2020 , Port Pirie is the locality of the largest lead smelter and refinery in the southern hemisphere; a lead smelter has been there since

2322-430: The processed material to Adelaide. This line is managed by Bowmans Rail . Port Pirie's marine facilities, managed by Flinders Ports , handle up to 100 ship visits annually, up to Handymax size, for commodities such as mineral concentrates, refined lead and zinc, coal, grain, and general cargo. John Pirie Bridge, locally known as 'the bridge to nowhere', was built in the 1970s to encourage development of industry on

2376-433: The same locomotives, trains began to operate via Coonamia station on the outskirts of the city. Mary Ellie Street station was eventually closed in the 1990s and in 2009 was redeveloped as the city's library. Until 2012, a GM class locomotive and three carriages were stabled at the platform. A freight line continues to operate into Port Pirie, feeding the metals plant with raw materials from Broken Hill, and transporting

2430-488: The seat from the Liberals at the 2009 Frome by-election . After the poll for the by-election had closed and first preferences had been counted, (but before other preferences had been distributed), the result was LNP: 39.2%; ALP: 26.1%; Brock 23.6%; Nat: 6.6%; Greens: 3.8%; Other: 0.7%. Lead smelting Lead is usually smelted in a blast furnace , using the lead sinter produced in the sintering process and coke to provide

2484-465: The smelter from British Blocks but began constructing its own smelter from 1892. In 1913, the Russian consul-general Alexander Abaza reported that Port Pirie had a population of more than 500 Russians, mostly Ossetians , who had come to work at the smelter. At that time the town supported a Russian-language school and library. In 1915, the smelter was taken over by Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS) –

2538-510: The state capital, Adelaide . Port Pirie is the largest city and the main retail centre of the Mid North region of South Australia. The city has an expansive history which dates back to 1845. Port Pirie was the first proclaimed regional city in South Australia, and is currently the second most important and second busiest port in SA. At the 2021 Census , Port Pirie had a population of 13,896. Port Pirie

2592-470: The surrounding population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the proximity to a lead smelter. The earliest known cast lead beads were thought found in the Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia ( Turkey ), and dated from about 6500 BC. They were later identified in fact to be made from cerussite and galena , minerals rich in, but distinct from, lead. Ancient smelting

2646-629: Was also used as a mortar in stone buildings, and as a writing material . Smeltmills were water-powered mills used to smelt lead or other metals. The Roman lead smelting has led to evidence of global pollution. Greenland ice cores from 500 BCE to 300 CE show measurably elevated lead content in the atmosphere. Researchers studying an ice core from Colle Gnifetti, in the Swiss part of the Monte Rosa massif , have found that higher historical European airborne lead pollution levels are associated with changes in

2700-454: Was done using loads of lead ore and charcoal in outdoor hearths and furnaces. Although lead is a common metal, its discovery had relatively little impact in the ancient world. It is too soft to be used for weapons (except possibly as sling projectiles) or for structural elements. However, being easy to cast and shape, it came to be extensively used in the classical world of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome for piping and storage of water. It

2754-512: Was inundated by flood. Again, publication was reduced to a single sheet but four days later had returned to full size with graphic photos and descriptions of the episode. For many years, The Recorder' s chief competitor was the Port Pirie Advertiser (1898–1924), published by Samuel W. Osborne . After that paper ceased publication, Osborne contributed a weekly column "Personal Reminiscences" to The Recorder , which continued until 1950,

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2808-552: Was later shown online owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia . The town's main newspaper, The Recorder , was first published 21 March 1885 as The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News . In 1971, a brief experiment, known as the Northern Observer (7 July - 30 August 1971), occurred when The Recorder and The Transcontinental from Port Augusta were published under a combined title in Port Pirie. The Recorder , which

2862-614: Was the short-lived Saturday Times (6 December 1913 – 15 August 1914), printed by Roy Harold Butler and closed at the start of the Great War . Television coverage in the city is provided by the ABC , SBS , Southern Cross (7, 9 and 10) and Austar . Several radio stations cover Port Pirie, including ABC 639AM , ABC 891AM , 1044 5CS, 1242 5AU, ABC Classic FM , Radio National , ABC NewsRadio , triple j , Magic FM and Trax FM (a community radio station). The results shown are from "Port Pirie West",

2916-550: Was underwritten by the state government to replace some of the old existing plant and to reduce airborne lead emissions drastically. Regardless of these upgrades, blood lead levels in young children continue to rise. In 2021 a report from the South Australian Health Department found an average blood level of 7.3 mg/dL in young children, compared to a finding of 5.3 mg/dL in 2014, and an upward trend of airborne lead levels. Prior to British settlement,

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