Port Jackson Pidgin English or New South Wales Pidgin English was an English-based pidgin that originated in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales in the early days of colonisation . Stockmen carried it west and north as they expanded across Australia. It subsequently died out in most of the country, but was creolised forming Australian Kriol in the Northern Territory at the Roper River Mission in Ngukurr , where missionaries provided a safe place for Indigenous Australians from the surrounding areas to escape deprivation at the hands of European settlers. As the Aboriginal Australians who came to seek refuge at the Roper River Mission spoke different languages, there grew a need for a shared communication system to develop, and it was this that created the conditions for Port Jackson Pidgin English to become fleshed out into a full language, Kriol, based on the English language and the eight different Australian language groups spoken by those at the mission.
40-604: Port Jackson Pidgin English was established as the need for communication between Aboriginal people and English settlers arose. Its first records of existence date to 1788 in the Port Jackson penal colony . By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 creolizing into Australian Kriol and by the mid-1980s, Kriol had at least four generations of mother tongue speakers. There are two major factors that facilitated
80-410: A comparative advantage , and then trade it to the individuals who cannot efficiently produce it. The social division of labor also creates trade markets and prices , which operate in part by comparing the cost and time required to make each product. This type of relationship can be socially and economically advantageous; however, too much specialization can also lead to major disadvantages. First, if
120-505: A lingua franca to communicate with the settlers. In this way, Port Jackson Pidgin English started forming at the point of contact between English and the Aboriginal languages . Linguistic evidence supports this summation, showing that pidgin features, including language mixing, language simplification and lexicon borrowing were present in the communication between the Aboriginal people and
160-454: A community specializes too heavily on a product, they can become dependent on the success of that product and will experience an economic disaster if the product is replaced (or becomes extinct). For example, if bananas go extinct or grow under bad seasonal conditions in Ecuador , the economy will suffer along with the whole community. A second disadvantage develops if all communities come to rely on
200-408: A community, such as master sewers, blacksmiths, and farmers, it can also refer to the specializations of several networked communities. For example, one community might make clothes for the purpose of exchange, while another makes tools and a third produces food for the same purpose. Social division of labor greatly increases productivity , because individuals can work on whichever product provides them
240-485: A compound word that consists of gabamen and man . An example of a single morpheme is 'baimbai . It literally means "by and by" though its actual meaning is "later". There is evidence that determiners are present in Port Jackson Pidgin English. For example, dat and diz respectively originate from the English words 'that' and 'these'. Possessive determiners also exist. For instance, main indicates
280-625: A language coming of age. Darwin, Australia: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch Smith, W. (1933). Pidgin English in Hawaii. American Speech, 8(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/3181813 Troy, J. (1994). Melaleuka: A history and description of New South Wales Pidgin. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. English Australians English Australians , also known as Anglo-Australians , are Australians whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England . In
320-535: A pidgin compound. For example, blakjin , literally consisting of black and gin , means 'Aboriginal woman'. Replicate morphemes are used to emphasise a word’s meaning. For instance, debildebil means 'great devil'. Interrogatives and quantifiers are also borrowed from English. In the pidgin, plenti , which can be retrieved from the English word "plenty", means "many". Wen is an interrogative word that means 'when'. Interestingly, Port Jackson Pidgin English has borrowed considerably from English verbs and lexicon but only
360-463: A product developed by a single community, because that community would then have a monopoly on that product and would be able to withhold production for their own benefit. The third disadvantage is that individual workers, now specialized for particular occupational skillsets, may be vulnerable to economic reorganizations. These can be triggered by volatile 'product cycles' and the development of new industries, where representation in union constituencies
400-517: A sentence. For instance, bail wi want pata means 'We do not want food'. Although Robert Dawson , a company agent of the Australian Agricultural Company , pointed out that Port Jackson Pidgin English is a jargon (also called a 'pre-pidgin') with a mixed lexicon and only basic grammar , but it exhibits great morphological stability. Lexical items borrowed from English are combined with other items from Aboriginal languages to form
440-891: A small number from Aboriginal languages. Port Jackson Pidgin English was the main means of communication between the settlers and the Aboriginal people in early colonial times. It provided a channel for intercultural communication. It is also important in terms of linguistics because it formed a basis for the development of Australian Kriol. Clements, J. (2003). PROCESSES OF LANGUAGE CONTACT: STUDIES FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC. Jeff Siegel (Ed.). Saint-Laurent, Canada: Fides, 2000. Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis. Kouwenberg, S., & Singler, J. (2008). The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies. Wiley-Blackwell Pub. Meakins, F. & O’Shannessy, C. (2016). Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Sandefur, J. (1986). Kriol of North Australia:
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#1732927359317480-537: A subset of European Australians . Other subsets of Anglo-Celtic Australians (that is, Australians with ancestry originating in the British Isles ) include Irish Australians , Scottish Australians and Welsh Australians . There is a tendency to refer to these ancestries collectively due to their long history in Australia and the high degree of intermixture which has occurred over centuries. In light of this history, there
520-437: Is a suffix that nominalises nouns, which is retrieved from the English word 'fellow'. For example, blakfela means "Aboriginal people', and datfela means 'that one'. The second and the third morphemes are transitivity markers. There are also compound words and single morphemes that are from English in the pidgin. For example, the word that is used to refer to convicts is gabamenman , which literally means 'government man',
560-675: Is a tendency for Australians with English or other Anglo-Celtic ancestries to simply identify their ancestry as ' Australian '. New South Wales was established in 1788 by the British government as a penal colony. Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850. Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with
600-450: Is doing". In that case, baut is the present continuous form of do , which marks both the present tense and the imperfective aspect . Port Jackson Pidgin English shares the same subject–verb–object sentence structure of English. However, there are subtle differences in how interrogative sentences and negation are presented. In the pidgin, the interrogative voice is expressed by using an interrogative pronoun (how, why etc.) at
640-522: Is obvious that those words are retrieved respectively from the English 'I', 'me' and 'we'. It is also intriguing to note that despite its borrowing of English verbs, Port Jackson Pidgin English applies linguistic strategies that are different. Therefore, the use or meaning of verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English cannot be presumed based solely on knowledge of English. In addition to directly borrowing from English, such as teik , retrieved from 'take', there are two more ways by which verbs are created. The first
680-399: Is the borrowing of English phrasal verbs . For instance, sitdaun , coming from 'sit down', means "stay". Another way is to create verbs originating from an Aboriginal language]]. For example, the verb for "dance" is koroberi , which is from garabara from an Aboriginal language. Another interesting aspect to explore in the verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English is transitivity. For example, in
720-540: The 2021 census , 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether sole or partial). It is the largest self-identified ancestry in Australia. People of ethnic English origin have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788. English Australians are a subset of Anglo-Celtic Australians , who are themselves
760-566: The 2021 census , 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether wholly or partial). People of English descent were by far the single most influential ethnic group in colonial Australia. The founding of Australia by English people is still evident in place names, Australia's common law legal system, popular dishes such as fish and chips and Sunday Roast and English as Australia's national language. In Sydney, at least 50 suburban names are derived directly from 20 English counties , of which
800-416: The first-person singular possessive form in the pidgin, which is retrieved from the English word 'my'. The numbers in Port Jackson Pidgin English are largely borrowed from English. For example, menitausand comes from 'many thousand', and wan comes from 'one'. However, non-specific quantifiers are formulated by different strategies. For example, oranjibita consists of narang , which means 'little' in
840-485: The 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England. Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, when there were more English. At least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the 19th century were from the British Isles . The proportion who had been born in England or Wales remained quite stable (at about 47 per cent) from 1861 to 1911, as did
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#1732927359317880-403: The Aboriginal language, and bit of from English . As the word contains lexical items from both languages, it is unique from specific numbers, which are borrowed solely from English. The pronouns in Port Jackson Pidgin English have considerable similarity to those of English. For example, the pronoun for the first-person singular is ai or mi , and that for the first-person plural is wi . It
920-475: The Aboriginal people, and they became increasingly dependent on the settlers for imported goods. Some Aboriginal people started to offer services to the settlers, including guidance and knowledge about the environment. Thus, in exchange for resources, they played an important role in the settlers’ community. As they were being increasingly exposed to the English language , the Aboriginal people began acquiring English as
960-440: The absence of a common language between the two communities, he failed to learn about the Aboriginal culture and history or maintain regular and friendly communication. Therefore, he made a plan to capture an Aboriginal person to learn English, help the settlers acquire the Aboriginal language and play as a cultural catalyst between the two communities. The person the settlers captured was Bennelong . He not only learned English and
1000-404: The beginning of sentences or a questioning tone because the pidgin lacks the initial question word 'do'. For example, the English translation of yu hia massa is 'Do you hear, master?' In that case, 'do' has no matching word in the pidgin. Instead, the interrogative voice is expressed by an interrogative tone. The expression of a statement's negation has the word bail put at the initial place of
1040-470: The culture of the settlers, but he also offered knowledge about the Aboriginal language for the settlers. He marked the starting point of a stable communication and accelerated the language contact between the two communities. Bennelong was an important figure in this cross-cultural communication . He soon came to play a major role in the colony and integrated into the new society well after being captured by Philip. His language abilities not only allowed
1080-506: The forming of Port Jackson Pidgin English. The first is that environmental shifts occurred on the land. After the English settlers arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788, the lifestyles of the Aboriginal people in the Sydney area changed significantly. The environment was devastated as the settlers cleared the ground for settlement. As a result, the local ecosystem could no longer provide food for
1120-715: The greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England, 47,547 born in Ireland and 14,406 born in Scotland. Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British in origin. Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 English-born people in Victoria. Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of
1160-460: The help of the Aboriginal people, the settlers built permanent sites of residence, and the Aboriginal people gained irreplaceable positions in the social division of labour within the colony. Port Jackson Pidgin English has a relatively complete linguistic structure, including a borrowed lexicon and set of verbs , largely from English. It also contains different word classes , including pronouns , adverbs , adjectives and prepositions and uses
1200-504: The largest numbers are from Kent , Surrey and London . Among the best known are Surry Hills , Croydon , Hornsby , Epping , Chipping Norton , Brighton-le-Sands , Bexley , Canterbury , Ryde , Kensington , Lewisham and Penshurst . The majority of Prime Ministers of Australia have been of at least partial English ancestry. To date all Australian Prime Ministers have had whole or partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry. Social division of labor Social division of labor , one of
1240-514: The population. English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people (46%) in 1986, and 6.4 million (37%) in 2001. While the English-born continue to be well-represented among immigrants to Australia, the overall decline of English immigration to Australia since the 1980s has meant that the English-born are declining as a proportion of immigrants to Australia. Regardless, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage. In
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1280-934: The proportion born in Scotland (about 12 per cent). English settlers more often came from the South than the North of England . 2021 Australians of English ancestry made up more than 50 per cent of the population at the time of Federation (1901). From 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After the Second World War, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born. The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until
1320-449: The same subject–verb–object sentence structure as English. The linguistic feature of Port Jackson Pidgin English observed in the 18th century was mainly lexical, and in the 19th century, the pidgin started to acquire syntactical stability. Both free morphemes and bound morphemes are attested in Port Jackson Pidgin English, but most morphemes are free. Three examples of bound morphemes are -fela , -im and -it . The first morpheme
1360-451: The scheme was abolished in 1982. Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes , and Joseph Cook ; in retailing and media: John Norton , Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax . Surges of English immigration in the 1910s, 1920s, 1950s and 1960s sustained the English-born as the largest single immigrant group throughout the 20th century. In 1978 Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of
1400-400: The sentence Yu laik blakfela massa yu gibit konmil yu gibit mogo and mok , which means 'If you like Aboriginal people, master, you give [them] cornmeal; you give [them] tomahawks and tobacco'. In that case, the verb's transitivity is marked by the suffix '-it'. In addition, tense and aspect are attested in the pidgin. For instance, ai meikit no wot hi/it baut means "I will make known what he
1440-451: The settlers to gain more knowledge about the Aboriginal language and culture but also accelerated the cross-cultural interactions between the two communities. Being able to speak two languages, Bennelong became a well-respected person in both the colonial and Aboriginal communities. The settlers needed Bennelong’s knowledge of Aboriginal culture, food, technology and the environment, while the Aboriginal people consulted him when they traded with
1480-547: The settlers. The second factor was the actions the governor of the First Fleet , Arthur Philip , took to establish communication with Aboriginal people. After fixing a permanent settlement site at Port Jackson, Philip gave official orders for establishing a stable cross-cultural communication with Aboriginal people despite their hostility towards the settlers. He also controlled the convicts to prevent them from ‘taking advantage of or mistreating Aboriginal people’. However, due to
1520-499: The settlers. This privilege allowed him to become the head of the Aboriginal coterie, and he enjoyed social and material benefits from his friendship with Philip. From the linguistic aspect, Aboriginal people who acted as translators and guides in the Sydney area showed a notable ability to communicate with English settlers using Port Jackson Pidgin English. Furthermore, the significance of learning Aboriginal vernacular language decreased and
1560-480: The two aspects of the division of labor , is the social structural foundation of the specialized commodity production divided between industries, firms, and occupations of workers (otherwise known as the technical division of tasks). Before the emergence of centralized manufacturing, individuals specialized in the development of one product and traded it for finished products made by other individuals. While this relationship can describe specialized trades within
1600-487: Was eventually replaced by the pidgin. From the social aspect, some of the Aboriginal people became functioning members in the colony’s working class because of their knowledge of the land and labour. In addition, with the information provided by the Aboriginal people, the settlers found building materials, and they built residences in water-rich and fertile areas. In the settlement, Aboriginal people offered assistance with chopping wood, fishing and tracking escaped convicts. With
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