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62-600: By early 2007 the Pop-Port was fully replaced by the industry standard USB (miniUSB, and later by microUSB) sockets for data services and a 4-part 2.5mm or 3.5mm "standard" TRRS socket for audio. Nokia had been equipping certain devices with one of these connectors as alternatives from about 2004. Nokia filed "Pop-Port" as a trademark in the United States on September 3, 2002. The port carries signals for hands-free microphone, stereo speakers, FBus Rx/Tx or USB signals for

124-810: A TRRS socket . This, combined with the small size of the contacts, prevented connections in some cases. Also, the plug's 'hook' tended to lose its hooking capability, making it even easier to accidentally lose connection. The data cables had to be original in most cases. USB Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) is an industry standard , developed by USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), that allows data exchange and delivery of power between many types of electronics. It specifies its architecture, in particular its physical interface , and communication protocols for data transfer and power delivery to and from hosts , such as personal computers , to and from peripheral devices , e.g. displays, keyboards, and mass storage devices, and to and from intermediate hubs , which multiply

186-445: A built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable. USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe connects the host controller to a logical entity within a device, called an endpoint . Because pipes correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB device can have up to 32 endpoints (16 in and 16 out ), though it is rare to have so many. Endpoints are defined and numbered by

248-510: A communications system or integrated into the communication system's central processing unit . Where channel access methods are used in point-to-multipoint networks (such as cellular networks ) for dividing forward and reverse communication channels on the same physical communications medium, they are known as duplexing methods. Time-division duplexing ( TDD ) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals. It emulates full-duplex communication over

310-426: A half-duplex communication link. Time-division duplexing is flexible in the case where there is asymmetry of the uplink and downlink data rates or utilization. As the amount of uplink data increases, more communication capacity can be dynamically allocated, and as the traffic load becomes lighter, capacity can be taken away. The same applies in the downlink direction. The transmit/receive transition gap (TTG)

372-669: A half-duplex system. For example, station A on one end of the data link could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, then station B on the other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, and then the cycle repeats. In this scheme, the channel is never left idle. In half-duplex systems, if more than one party transmits at the same time, a collision occurs, resulting in lost or distorted messages. A full-duplex ( FDX ) system allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at

434-653: A new coding schema (128b/132b symbols, 10 Gbit/s; also known as Gen 2 ); for some time marketed as SuperSpeed+ ( SS+ ). The USB 3.2 specification added a second lane to the Enhanced SuperSpeed System besides other enhancements so that the SuperSpeedPlus USB system part implements the Gen 1×2 , Gen 2×1, and Gen 2×2 operation modes. However, the SuperSpeed USB part of the system still implements

496-453: A reverse path for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. There are two types of duplex communication systems: full-duplex (FDX) and half-duplex (HDX). In a full-duplex system, both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously. An example of a full-duplex device is plain old telephone service ; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the other party simultaneously. The earphone reproduces

558-534: A standard to replace virtually all common ports on computers, mobile devices, peripherals, power supplies, and manifold other small electronics. In the current standard, the USB-C connector replaces the many various connectors for power (up to 240 W), displays (e.g. DisplayPort, HDMI), and many other uses, as well as all previous USB connectors. As of 2024, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1. x , USB 2.0 , USB 3. x , and USB4 . USB4 enhances

620-625: A tethered connection (that is: no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end). There was no known miniature type A connector until USB 2.0 (revision 1.01) introduced one. USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s ) named High Speed or High Bandwidth , in addition to the USB ;1. x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s). Modifications to

682-500: Is full-duplex ; all earlier implementations, USB 1.0-2.0, are all half-duplex, arbitrated by the host. Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices implementing SuperSpeed can provide increased current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, by discrete steps of 150 mA. USB 3.0 also introduced the USB Attached SCSI protocol (UASP) , which provides generally faster transfer speeds than

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744-661: Is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets. Duplex (telecommunications)#Half duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in both directions between two connected parties or to provide

806-407: Is a walkie-talkie , a two-way radio that has a push-to-talk button. When the local user wants to speak to the remote person, they push this button, which turns on the transmitter and turns off the receiver, preventing them from hearing the remote person while talking. To listen to the remote person, they release the button, which turns on the receiver and turns off the transmitter. This terminology

868-432: Is a signal-processing operation that subtracts the far-end signal from the microphone signal before it is sent back over the network. Echo cancellation is important technology allowing modems to achieve good full-duplex performance. The V.32 , V.34 , V.56 , and V.90 modem standards require echo cancellation. Echo cancelers are available as both software and hardware implementations. They can be independent components in

930-443: Is for sending packets. Other Ethernet variants, such as 1000BASE-T use the same channels in each direction simultaneously. In any case, with full-duplex operation, the cable itself becomes a collision-free environment and doubles the maximum total transmission capacity supported by each Ethernet connection. Full-duplex has also several benefits over the use of half-duplex. Since there is only one transmitter on each twisted pair there

992-402: Is frequently used in ham radio operation, where an operator is attempting to use a repeater station. The repeater station must be able to send and receive a transmission at the same time and does so by slightly altering the frequency at which it sends and receives. This mode of operation is referred to as duplex mode or offset mode . Uplink and downlink sub-bands are said to be separated by

1054-402: Is made using two connectors: a receptacle and a plug . Pictures show only receptacles: The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces. From the computer user's perspective,

1116-414: Is no contention and no collisions so time is not wasted by having to wait or retransmit frames. Full transmission capacity is available in both directions because the send and receive functions are separate. Some computer-based systems of the 1960s and 1970s required full-duplex facilities, even for half-duplex operation, since their poll-and-response schemes could not tolerate the slight delays in reversing

1178-447: Is not completely standardized between defining organizations, and in radio communication some sources classify this mode as simplex . Typically, once one party begins a transmission, the other party on the channel must wait for the transmission to complete, before replying. An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a walkie-talkie , wherein one must say "over" or another previously designated keyword to indicate

1240-404: Is not completely standardized, and some sources define this mode as simplex . Systems that do not need duplex capability may instead use simplex communication , in which one device transmits and the others can only listen. Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers , baby monitors , wireless microphones , and surveillance cameras . In these devices, the communication

1302-453: Is only in one direction. Simplex communication is a communication channel that sends information in one direction only. The International Telecommunication Union definition is a communications channel that operates in one direction at a time, but that may be reversible; this is termed half duplex in other contexts. For example, in TV and radio broadcasting , information flows only from

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1364-525: Is shared alternately between the two directions. For example, a walkie-talkie or a DECT phone or so-called TDD 4G or 5G phones requires only a single frequency for bidirectional communication, while a cell phone in the so-called FDD mode is a full-duplex device, and generally requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous voice channels, one in each direction. In automatic communications systems such as two-way data-links, time-division multiplexing can be used for time allocations for communications in

1426-453: Is that it makes radio planning easier and more efficient since base stations do not hear each other (as they transmit and receive in different sub-bands) and therefore will normally not interfere with each other. Conversely, with time-division duplexing systems, care must be taken to keep guard times between neighboring base stations (which decreases spectral efficiency ) or to synchronize base stations, so that they will transmit and receive at

1488-402: Is the gap (time) between a downlink burst and the subsequent uplink burst. Similarly, the receive/transmit transition gap (RTG) is the gap between an uplink burst and the subsequent downlink burst. Examples of time-division duplexing systems include: Frequency-division duplexing ( FDD ) means that the transmitter and receiver operate using different carrier frequencies . The method

1550-620: The Nokia Software Updater . Earlier cables connected to RS-232 but later was replaced by USB. A common problem with Pop-port was that contacts often lost connection, thus resulting in drop-outs in audio (when a hands-free device is used) or an unstable data connection (when a USB cable is used). This was a common problem when listening to music from the phone while the phone was in a pocket. The more stable 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm audio sockets aren't prone to such problems. The contacts are exposed to dust and dirt, more so than those of

1612-551: The frequency offset . Frequency-division duplex systems can extend their range by using sets of simple repeater stations because the communications transmitted on any single frequency always travel in the same direction. Frequency-division duplexing can be efficient in the case of symmetric traffic. In this case, time-division duplexing tends to waste bandwidth during the switch-over from transmitting to receiving, has greater inherent latency , and may require more complex circuitry . Another advantage of frequency-division duplexing

1674-485: The 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s capabilities as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps , SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps , and SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps , respectively. In 2023, they were replaced again, removing "SuperSpeed" , with USB 5Gbps , USB 10Gbps , and USB 20Gbps . With new Packaging and Port logos. The USB4 specification was released on 29 August 2019 by the USB Implementers Forum. The USB4 2.0 specification

1736-538: The BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol. USB 3.1 , released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's SuperSpeed architecture and protocol and its operation mode is newly named USB 3.1 Gen 1 , and the second version introduces a distinctively new SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as USB 3.1 Gen 2 (marketed as SuperSpeed+ USB ). SuperSpeed+ doubles

1798-487: The SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference. USB 3.0 adds a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed , with associated backward-compatible plugs, receptacles, and cables. SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. The SuperSpeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to

1860-451: The USB 2.0 bus operating in parallel. The USB 3.0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed (aka SuperSpeed USB , marketed as SS ), which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme (8b/10b symbols, 5 Gbit/s; later also known as Gen 1 ) providing full-duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins, while preserving

1922-416: The USB interface improves ease of use in several ways: The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the relative ease of implementation: As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design: For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent" controller in

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1984-401: The USB specification have been made via engineering change notices (ECNs). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org: The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and announced on 17 November 2008 at

2046-541: The USB 2.0 architecture and protocols and therefore keeping the original four pins/wires for the USB 2.0 backward-compatibility resulting in 9 wires (with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces; ID-pin is not wired) in total. The USB 3.1 specification introduced an Enhanced SuperSpeed System – while preserving the SuperSpeed architecture and protocol ( SuperSpeed USB ) – with an additional SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol (aka SuperSpeedPlus USB ) adding

2108-846: The data transfer and power delivery functionality with ... a connection-oriented, tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared. USB4 particularly supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 protocols, namely PCI Express (PCIe, load/store interface) and DisplayPort (display interface). USB4 also adds host-to-host interfaces. Each specification sub-version supports different signaling rates from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s total in USB 1.0 to 80 Gbit/s (in each direction) in USB4. USB also provides power to peripheral devices;

2170-506: The development of USB in 1995: Compaq , DEC , IBM , Intel , Microsoft , NEC , and Nortel . The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and plug and play features. Ajay Bhatt and his team worked on

2232-402: The device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so are relatively permanent, whereas pipes may be opened and closed. There are two types of pipe: stream and message. When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of (device_address, endpoint_number) . If the transfer is from the host to

2294-441: The direction of transmission in a half-duplex line. Full-duplex audio systems like telephones can create echo, which is distracting to users and impedes the performance of modems. Echo occurs when the sound originating from the far end comes out of the speaker at the near end and re-enters the microphone there and is then sent back to the far end. The sound then reappears at the original source end but delayed. Echo cancellation

2356-405: The end of transmission, to ensure that only one party transmits at a time. A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one-lane road that allows two-way traffic, traffic can only flow in one direction at a time. Half-duplex systems are usually used to conserve bandwidth , at the cost of reducing the overall bidirectional throughput, since only a single communication channel is needed and

2418-400: The endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction

2480-432: The following ECNs: A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports (DFP), and multiple peripherals, forming a tiered- star topology . Additional USB hubs may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. The hub built into

2542-547: The half-duplex and simplex capacity of their new transatlantic telegraph cable completed between Newfoundland and the Azores in 1928. The same definition for a simplex radio channel was used by the National Fire Protection Association in 2002. A half-duplex ( HDX ) system provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time, not simultaneously in both directions. This terminology

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2604-448: The host controller is called the root hub . A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions . A composite device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). An alternative to this is a compound device , in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to

2666-964: The latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts ( USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) ). Over the years, USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers. USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on various devices. Peripherals connected via USB include computer keyboards and mice, video cameras, printers, portable media players, mobile (portable) digital telephones, disk drives, and network adapters. USB connectors have been increasingly replacing other types of charging cables for portable devices. USB connector interfaces are classified into three types:

2728-609: The many various legacy Type-A (upstream) and Type-B (downstream) connectors found on hosts , hubs , and peripheral devices , and the modern Type-C ( USB-C ) connector, which replaces the many legacy connectors as the only applicable connector for USB4. The Type-A and Type-B connectors came in Standard, Mini, and Micro sizes. The standard format was the largest and was mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment. The Mini-USB connectors (Mini-A, Mini-B, Mini-AB) were introduced for mobile devices. Still, they were quickly replaced by

2790-591: The maximum signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s (later marketed as SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps by the USB 3.2 specification), while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b . USB 3.2 , released in September 2017, preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeedPlus architectures and protocols and their respective operation modes, but introduces two additional SuperSpeedPlus operation modes ( USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 ) with

2852-504: The new USB-C Fabric with signaling rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (raw data rates of 1212 and 2424 MB/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of two-lane operation over existing wires that were originally intended for flip-flop capabilities of the USB-C connector. Starting with the USB 3.2 specification, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme. To help companies with the branding of the different operation modes, USB-IF recommended branding

2914-452: The number of a host's ports. Introduced in 1996, USB was originally designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as serial ports , parallel ports , game ports , and ADB ports. Early versions of USB became commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards, mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles, and power banks. USB has since evolved into

2976-537: The one-lane Gen 1×1 operation mode. Therefore, two-lane operations, namely USB 3.2 Gen 1× 2 (10 Gbit/s) and Gen 2× 2 (20 Gbit/s), are only possible with Full-Featured USB-C. As of 2023, they are somewhat rarely implemented; Intel, however, started to include them in its 11th-generation SoC processor models, but Apple never provided them. On the other hand, USB 3.2 Gen 1(×1) (5 Gbit/s) and Gen 2(×1) (10 Gbit/s) have been quite common for some years. Each USB connection

3038-523: The optional functionality as Thunderbolt 4 products. USB4 2.0 with 80 Gbit/s speeds was to be revealed in November 2022. Further technical details were to be released at two USB developer days scheduled for November 2022. The USB4 specification states that the following technologies shall be supported by USB4: Because of the previous confusing naming schemes, USB-IF decided to change it once again. As of 2 September 2022, marketing names follow

3100-518: The peripheral device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID, which requires that they pay a fee to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Developers of products that use the USB specification must sign an agreement with the USB-IF. Use of the USB logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization. A group of seven companies began

3162-476: The phones supporting them, power output for feeding the accessories that do not have their own batteries, and the Accessory Control Interface (ACI), a bidirectional serial control bus for connection and authentication of phone accessories, with a specific ASIC inside accessories and a proprietary protocol . It is also used to upgrade USB -enabled phones' software using a specific USB data cable and

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3224-427: The same time. Full-duplex operation is achieved on a two-wire circuit through the use of a hybrid coil in a telephone hybrid . Modern cell phones are also full-duplex. There is a technical distinction between full-duplex communication, which uses a single physical communication channel for both directions simultaneously, and dual-simplex communication which uses two distinct channels, one for each direction. From

3286-419: The speech of the remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party. There is a two-way communication channel between them, or more strictly speaking, there are two communication channels between them. In a half-duplex or semiduplex system, both parties can communicate with each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one direction at a time. An example of a half-duplex device

3348-533: The standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s ( Low Bandwidth or Low Speed ) and 12 Mbit/s ( Full Speed ). It did not allow for extension cables, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1

3410-477: The syntax "USB  x Gbps", where x is the speed of transfer in Gbit/s. Overview of the updated names and logos can be seen in the adjacent table. The operation modes USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 and USB4 Gen 2×2 – or: USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 and USB4 Gen 2×1 – are not interchangeable or compatible; all participating controllers must operate with the same mode. This version incorporates

3472-415: The thinner Micro-USB connectors (Micro-A, Micro-B, Micro-AB). The Type-C connector, also known as USB-C, is not exclusive to USB, is the only current standard for USB, is required for USB4, and is required by other standards, including modern DisplayPort and Thunderbolt. It is reversible and can support various functionalities and protocols, including USB; some are mandatory, and many are optional, depending on

3534-489: The three existing operation modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link-level overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with 8b/10b encoding , each byte needs 10 bits to transmit, so the raw throughput is 500 MB/s. When flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead are considered, it is realistic for about two thirds of the raw throughput, or 330 MB/s to transmit to an application. SuperSpeed's architecture

3596-453: The transmitter site to multiple receivers. A pair of walkie-talkie two-way radios provide a simplex circuit in the ITU sense; only one party at a time can talk, while the other listens until it can hear an opportunity to transmit. The transmission medium (the radio signal over the air) can carry information in only one direction. The Western Union company used the term simplex when describing

3658-468: The type of hardware: host, peripheral device, or hub. USB specifications provide backward compatibility, usually resulting in decreased signaling rates, maximal power offered, and other capabilities. The USB 1.1 specification replaces USB 1.0. The USB 2.0 specification is backward-compatible with USB 1.0/1.1. The USB 3.2 specification replaces USB 3.1 (and USB 3.0) while including the USB 2.0 specification. USB4 "functionally replaces" USB 3.2 while retaining

3720-403: The user perspective, the technical difference does not matter and both variants are commonly referred to as full duplex . Many Ethernet connections achieve full-duplex operation by making simultaneous use of two physical twisted pairs inside the same jacket, or two optical fibers which are directly connected to each networked device: one pair or fiber is for receiving packets, while the other

3782-524: Was released on 1 September 2022 by the USB Implementers Forum. USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol. It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and application. During CES 2020 , USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all

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3844-434: Was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what Microsoft designated the " Legacy-free PC ". Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A or type B. Though many designs for a miniaturized type B connector appeared on many peripherals, conformity to the USB 1. x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had

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