57-650: The Pondoland Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa . The MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Marthinus van Schalkwyk, in Government Gazette No. 26431 of 4 June 2004 in terms Section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 . The MPA is named for the local Pondo people , and provides protection for threatened line fish. A marine protected area
114-499: A coastal state. The territorial sea is sovereign territory, although foreign ships (military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it, or transit passage for straits ; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below. In international law, adjustment of these boundaries is called maritime delimitation . A state's territorial sea extends up to 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) from its baseline. If this overlaps with another state's territorial sea,
171-409: A large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline. This part of the coastal waters is a transition zone with elements of sub-tropical and warm temperate ecosystems. Four major habitats exist in the sea in this region, distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which
228-466: A sovereign state could defend from shore. However, Iceland claimed two nautical miles (3.7 km), Norway and Sweden claimed four nautical miles (7.4 km), and Spain claimed six nautical miles (11 km) during this period. During incidents such as nuclear weapons testing and fisheries disputes some nations arbitrarily extended their maritime claims to as much as fifty nautical miles (93 km) or even two hundred nautical miles (370 km). Since
285-436: A sovereign state has jurisdiction , including internal waters , the territorial sea , the contiguous zone , the exclusive economic zone , and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones ). In a narrower sense, the term is often used as a synonym for the territorial sea. Vessels have different rights and duties when passing through each area defined by
342-636: A variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, the Eastern Cape Provincial Tourism Agency , (ECPTA), which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA). The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement. The many rivers along this coast carry silt and during
399-595: Is approximately 90 km long with about 1380 km of protected ocean, and lies between the Mzamba River in the north and the Umzimvubu River in the south, extending 10 km out to sea. The central restricted zone is about 40 km long with an area of about 643 km. The MPA includes the water column, the seabed, and the air-space to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level in the area bounded by: The MPA has several restricted (No take) and controlled zones in
456-457: Is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°06.6′, E030°10.5′ at the Mzamba River mouth to S31°10.3′, 030°07.5′, excluding estuaries. Inshore controlled zone 2 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°12.5′, E030°05.2′ at Red Hill to S31°14.8′, 030°02.9′ at the Mtentu River mouth, excluding estuaries. Inshore controlled zone 3 is between
513-470: Is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°14.8′, 030°02.9′ at the Mtentu River mouth to S31°16.8′, E030°01.2′ at Mgwegwe North, excluding estuaries. Inshore restricted zone 3 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°17.6′, 030°00.6′ at Mgwegwe South to S31°19.3′, E029°58.0′ at the Msikaba River mouth, excluding estuaries. Inshore restricted zone 4
570-569: Is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°25.4′, 029°51.2′ at the Lupatama River mouth to S31°27.0′, E029°45.3′ at the Mkozi river mouth, excluding estuaries. The tidal parts of the Msikaba and Mtentu Rivers are estuarine restricted zones. There are two offshore controlled zones, five inshore controlled zones, and seven estuarine controlled zones. The offshore restricted zone
627-562: Is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°27.0′, E029°45.3′ at the Mkozi river mouth to S31°37.4′, 029°33.2′ at the Mzimvubu River mouth, excluding estuaries. The tidal parts of the Mboyti, Mkweni, Mntafufu, Mnyameni, Mzintlava, Nkodusweni, and Sikombe Rivers are estuarine controlled zones. The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with
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#1733106205422684-600: Is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values". The MPA is adjacent to the Mkhambathi Nature Reserve on the part of the South African east coast known as the " Wild Coast " – south of Port Edward and north of Port St Johns. It
741-512: Is dominated by coralline seaweeds, gorgonian sea fans and large sponges, as the MPA is too far south of the equator for warm-water reef-building corals. The MPA is in the warm temperate Agulhas ecoregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbhashe River . There is a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline. Territorial waters Territorial waters are informally an area of water where
798-474: Is relatively low. The sand is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into
855-492: Is still popularly, but incorrectly, regarded as coastal nation's territorial waters. Article 76 of the UN convention defines "continental shelf" of coastal countries. A state's continental shelf extends to the outer edge of the continental margin but at least 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the baselines of the territorial sea if the continental margin does not stretch that far. Coastal states can explore and exploit
912-549: Is the part of the MPA to the south-west of a line bearing 128° from S31°13.2′, E030°04.1′ at the southern head of the Sikombe River to S31°18.2′, E030°11.6′ at the 1000 m depth contour, and to the north-east of a line bearing 128° from S31°27.9′, E029°44.1′ at the northern head of the Mboyti River to S31°34.75′, E029°54.5′ at the 1000 m depth contour, excluding estuaries and the inter-tidal zone. Inshore controlled zone 1
969-413: Is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone , where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton , the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on
1026-421: Is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Some of these may have kelp forests , which reduce the effect of waves and provide food and shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches and bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of
1083-561: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), one of the most ratified treaties . States cannot exercise their jurisdiction in waters beyond the exclusive economic zone, which are known as the high seas . Normally, the baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts that the coastal state recognizes. This is either the low-water mark closest to
1140-479: The Philippines, are also internal waters, but the state must allow innocent passage through them. However, archipelagic states can limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes within these waters. Each island in the archipelago can have its own baseline. Territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of
1197-629: The Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf", and stipulated in its operative clause: the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States, subject to its jurisdiction and control. The second proclamation was titled "Policy of
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#17331062054221254-633: The US presidential proclamation, the issue of legally determining territorial waters by international agreement was raised, and in its first session in 1949, the International Law Commission of the United Nations added the subject to its agenda. The important issue of the breadth of territorial waters could not be resolved at either the UNCLOS I (1956-1958) or UNCLOS II (1960) conferences, with neither
1311-512: The US. Two conflicts occurred in the Gulf of Sidra where Libya drew a line in excess of 230 nmi (430 km; 260 mi) and claimed the entire enclosed gulf as its territorial waters. The US exercised freedom of navigation rights, resulting in the 1981 and 1989 Gulf of Sidra incidents. The contiguous zone is a band of water extending farther from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) from
1368-592: The United States With Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas", and stated in its operative clause: the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale. Following
1425-637: The United States, divide control over certain waters between the federal government and the individual states. (See tidelands .) Maritime controversies involve two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which are a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries , which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea. As of 13 May 2009, 51 submissions by 44 countries have been lodged for claims over their extended continental shelf. Some countries have multiple submissions and joint submissions with other countries. Recommendations have been given for 8 of
1482-531: The adjacent continental shelf and fishing was first made by the United States government immediately following the Second World War . On 28 September 1945, US President Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations that established government control of natural resources in areas adjacent to the coastline. One of these proclamation was titled "Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of
1539-735: The affected coastal nation or other nations wherever that broadcast may originate, whether in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf or even on the high seas . Thus a coastal nation has total control over its internal waters, slightly less control over territorial waters, and ostensibly even less control over waters within the contiguous zones. However, it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf. Throughout this article, distances measured in nautical miles are exact legal definitions, while those in kilometres are approximate conversions that are not stated in any law or treaty. Federal nations, such as
1596-482: The available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity. Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them
1653-459: The baseline. Inside, a state can exercise limited control to prevent or punish "infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea". The zone is typically 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) wide. However, it can be wider when a state claims a territorial sea of less than 12 nautical miles, or narrower if it would otherwise overlap with another state's contiguous zone. Unlike
1710-596: The basis of their claim to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The Commission then validates or makes recommendations on the scientific basis for the extended continental shelf claim. The scientific judgement of the Commission shall be final and binding. Validated extended continental shelf claims overlapping any demarcation between two or more parties are decided by bilateral or multilateral negotiation, not by
1767-457: The bay must also be no more than 24 nautical miles (44 kilometres; 28 statute miles) in length. Internal waters are landward of the baseline. The coastal state has sovereignty over internal waters, enforce domestic law on vessels in internal waters, including to prohibit innocent passage . Lakes, rivers and bays are considered internal waters. "Archipelagic waters" within the outermost islands of an archipelagic state , such as Indonesia or
Pondoland Marine Protected Area - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-504: The border is taken as the median point between the states' baselines, unless the states agree otherwise. A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea. Conflicts have occurred when a coastal nation claims an entire gulf as its territorial waters while other nations only recognize the more restrictive definitions of the UNCLOS. Claims that draw the baseline at more than 24 nautical miles (two 12 nm limits) are judged excessive by
1881-421: The commission. Countries have ten years after ratifying UNCLOS to lodge their submissions to extend their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, or by 13 May 2009 for countries where the convention was ratified before 13 May 1999. As of 1 June 2009, 51 submissions have been lodged with the commission, of which eight have been deliberated by the commission and have had recommendations issued. The eight are (in
1938-494: The depths of the seabed at 2,500 meters. The outer edge of the continental margin for the purposes of this article is defined as: The foot of the continental slope is determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base. The portion of the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit is also known as the "extended continental shelf". Countries wishing to delimit their outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles have to submit scientific information for
1995-405: The high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°16.8′, E030°01.2′ at Mgwegwe North to S31°17.6′, 030°00.6′ at Mgwegwe South, excluding estuaries. Inshore controlled zone 4 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°19.3′, E029°58.0′ at the Msikaba River mouth to S31°25.4′, 029°51.2′ at the Lupatama River mouth, excluding estuaries. Inshore controlled zone 5
2052-502: The inter-tidal zone. The second offshore controlled zone is the part of the MPA to the south-west of a line bearing 128° from S31°27.95′, E029°44.1′ at the northern head of the Mboyti River, to S31°34.7′, E029°54.5′ at the 1000 m depth contour, excluding estuaries and the inter-tidal zone. Inshore restricted zone 1 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°10.3′, 030°07.5′ to S31°12.5′, E030°05.2′ at Red Hill, excluding estuaries. Inshore restricted zone 2
2109-457: The late 20th century the "12 mile limit" has become almost universally accepted. The United Kingdom extended its territorial waters from three to twelve nautical miles (5.6 to 22.2 km) in 1987. During the League of Nations Codification Conference in 1930, the issue of establishing international legislation on territorial waters was raised, but no agreement was reached. Claims by legislation to
2166-447: The mouths of bays. In this case, a bay is defined as "a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation is not, however, regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation". The baseline across
2223-405: The offshore, inshore and estuarine areas. There are one offshore restricted zone, four inshore restricted zones, and two estuarine restricted zones. The first offshore controlled zone is the part of the MPA to the north-east of a line bearing 128° from S31°13.2′, E030°04.1′ at the southern head of the Sikombe River. to S31°18.2′, E030°11.6′ at the 1000 m depth contour, excluding estuaries and
2280-435: The option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply. The area is a transitional ecosystem, so the marine life is a mix of subtropical and warm-temperate species with a high variation from north to south along the coast. The restricted zone is fully protected from fishing, and is distinctly richer in fish life, particularly large predators. The benthic community
2337-465: The order of date of submission): Russian Federation; Brazil; Australia; Ireland; New Zealand; the joint submission by France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom; Norway and Mexico. Articles 77 to 81 define the rights of a country over its continental shelf. A coastal nation has control of all resources on or under its continental shelf, living or not, but no control over any living organisms above
Pondoland Marine Protected Area - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-405: The other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above. There are no significant estuarine habitats in the MPA. Rocky shores and reefs There are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms
2451-425: The rainy season the visibility is often poor. Strong currents are common. May and June are often the best months for diving this region. Water temperatures range from about 25°C in summer to about 19°C in winter. The sub-tidal environment is mainly shelving rocky reefs parallel to the coastline. The best diving is in the 12 to 40 m depth range. In the northern parts of the MPA reefs are generally within 3 km of
2508-488: The reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to
2565-503: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries&oldid=868591827 " Category : Set index articles Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
2622-412: The sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand. The open sea The pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This
2679-406: The seabed and the natural resources on or beneath it. However, other states may lay cables and pipelines if authorized by the coastal state. The outer limit of a country's continental shelf cannot stretch beyond 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) of the baseline or beyond 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) from the 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) isobath , which is a line connecting
2736-481: The shelf that are beyond its exclusive economic zone. This gives it the right to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and drilling works. From the eighteenth century until the mid twentieth century, the territorial waters of the British Empire , the United States, France and many other nations were three nautical miles (5.6 km) wide . Originally, this was the distance of a cannon shot, hence the portion of an ocean that
2793-438: The shore or an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land, provided that some portion of elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide (such as mud flats) is within 3 nautical miles (5.6 kilometres; 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 statute miles) of permanently exposed land. Straight baselines can alternatively be defined connecting fringing islands along a coast, across the mouths of rivers, or with certain restrictions across
2850-616: The shore. Launches may be from Port Edward or Mbotyi. There is diveable reef off the Mzamba river just outside the MPA, and further south off the Mnyameni River in the northern controlled area, and off the Sikombe river at the border of the restricted zone. Further south there is a large area of reef off the Mtentu River inside the no-take zone, and off the Mkhambati reserve near Mgwegwe. Further south
2907-411: The shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices. Sandy beaches and bottoms (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms
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#17331062054222964-921: The submissions. List with date of submission and adoption of recommendation by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. List in order of date of submission, with date of submission. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries may refer to: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Cambodia) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Niue) Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa) Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa) See also [ edit ] Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (disambiguation) List of agriculture ministries List of forestry ministries [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with
3021-412: The substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of this are red bait pods, which are usually encrusted with sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods, and abalone, which are usually covered by similar seaweeds to those found on the surrounding rocks, usually with a variety of other organisms living on the seaweeds. The type of rock of
3078-542: The surface of the sea that complies with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal state in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention, within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea. Before the convention, coastal nations arbitrarily extended their territorial waters to attempt to control activities that are now regulated by the exclusive economic zone, such as offshore oil exploration or fishing rights (see Cod Wars ). The EEZ
3135-609: The territorial sea, there is no standard rule for resolving such conflicts and states must negotiate a compromise. The US invoked a contiguous zone out to 24 nmi from the baseline on 29 September 1999. An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends from the baseline to almost 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) and therefore includes the contiguous zone. A coastal nation has control of all economic resources inside its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and pollution of those resources. However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above, on, or under
3192-496: The two major contenders of a 3-mile or 12-mile limit reaching the required two-thirds support. This lack of agreement had the potential to lead to serious international disputes. It was only at the UNCLOS III (1973-1982) conference, whose provisions did not come into force until 1994, that this issue was resolved at twelve nautical miles. Pirate radio broadcasting from artificial marine fixtures or anchored ships can be controlled by
3249-474: The visibility is often poor due to upwelling from an eddy between Port St Johns and Waterfall bluff. The MPA covers the continental shelf, which is narrow in this region, and the upper continental slope to 1000m depth. (describe position, biodiversity and endemism of the region) The MPA is in the warm temperate Agulhas ecoregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River . There are
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