Saltwater fish , also called marine fish or sea fish , are fish that live in seawater . Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large group called a school .
42-478: See text. Pompanos ( / ˈ p ɒ m p ə ˌ n oʊ / POM -pə-noh ) are marine fish in the genus Trachinotus in the family Carangidae (better known as "slabs"). Pompano may also refer to various other, similarly shaped members of the Carangidae, or the order Perciformes . Their appearance is of deep-bodied fishes, exhibiting strong lateral compression, with a rounded face and pronounced curve to
84-401: A few black markings on the side of their body. They are toothless and are relatively large fish, up to about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long, although most species reach no more than half or two-thirds of that size. They are found worldwide in warmer seas, sometimes also entering brackish waters. Of the 21 recognized species, most are valued as food and some are considered game fish , including
126-465: A habitat which are physical materials like rocks, reefs, and sand or the vegetation like the amount of algae, water plants, and saltmarsh . Specific fish live in specific habitats based on what they eat or what cycle of life they are currently at, another thing is the amount of salt that is in the water at that specific location. Some ocean habitats are not technically in the ocean and these are called estuaries , areas when oceans and rivers meet creating
168-419: A marine life habitat . Some of them are the temperature of the water, the quality, and quantity of water (flow and depth). Other components that can also contribute to the habitat of saltwater fish are pH level, salt level, and alkalinity level. Levels of nitrates and phosphates are also relevant, particularly when considering conditions for fish in captivity. There are other physical features that contribute to
210-457: A mixture of salt water and freshwater making a different habitat for different types of fish and creatures to live in. The ocean is home to organisms as large as whales and as small as microscopic marine organisms such as phytoplankton . However, the vast majority of ocean life that humans are exposed to is simple saltwater fish. Saltwater fish can live in the deepest depths of the ocean where no sunlight can penetrate, but they can also live on
252-603: A multi-million dollar industry in the United States . About 10 million marine fish are imported into the United States each year for aquarium use. The United States imports more saltwater fish than any other country in the world. There are approximately 2,000 different species of saltwater fish that are imported and used in captivity . In many circumstances, fish used for marine trade are collected using harmful tactics such as cyanide . One way that people are trying to protect
294-422: A new science, dividing plant geography between taxonomists who studied plants as taxa and geographers who studied plants as vegetation. The physiognomic approach in the study of vegetation is common among biogeographers working on vegetation on a world scale, or when there is a lack of taxonomic knowledge of someplace (e.g., in the tropics, where biodiversity is commonly high). The concept of " vegetation type "
336-440: A physiognomic approach includes Grisebach (1872), Warming (1895, 1909), Schimper (1898), Tansley and Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938), Beard (1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Küchler (1967), Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967) (see vegetation classification ). There are many approaches for the classification of vegetation (physiognomy, flora, ecology, etc.). Much of
378-527: A regular and recurring part of the long-term system dynamic. Fire and wind disturbances are prevalent throughout many vegetation types worldwide. Fire is particularly potent because of its ability to destroy not only living plants but also the seeds, spores, and living meristems representing the potential next generation, and because of fire's impact on fauna populations, soil characteristics and other ecosystem elements and processes (for further discussion of this topic see fire ecology ). Temporal change at
420-507: A slower pace is ubiquitous; it comprises the ecological succession field. Succession is the relatively gradual structure and taxonomic composition change that arises as the vegetation modifies various environmental variables over time, including light, water, and nutrient levels. These modifications change the suite of species most adapted to grow, survive, and reproduce in an area, causing floristic changes. These floristic changes contribute to structural changes inherent in plant growth even in
462-404: A source of food, the global seafood market is a major threat to the biodiversity of fishes. Bycatch is a direct effect of overfishing and is defined as the unwanted capture of different marine organisms during industrial fishing. This results in many different species of fish dying after they are captured and discarded. Data on bycatch is often unclear and not well recorded but it is estimated that
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#1732851976849504-399: A wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests , coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs , desert soil crusts , roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation . The vegetation type is defined by characteristic dominant species, or a common aspect of
546-431: A wild salmon would due to differences in artificial and natural selection. Artificial selection that chooses phenotypic traits that are desired for human consumption will alter the genetics of wild stocks if farmed fish interact and breed with wild populations. This would result in the reduction of fitness related traits that wild stocks possess which is a serious threat to these populations. Vegetation Vegetation
588-427: Is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa , life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition . Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community , but vegetation can, and often does, refer to
630-414: Is defined as the farming of aquatic organisms in controlled environments for the purpose of providing food and resources for humans. Aquaculture can take place in both marine and freshwater environments, however, because this is the saltwater fish page this entry will only cover the effects of aquaculture on marine fishes. The rising global demand for fish has contributed to the increase in aquaculture. Due to
672-475: Is defined as the mass removal of fish from a body of water that results in halting the ability for breeding populations to replenish what has been removed. Fish is one of the most popular foods in the world and consumption has continued to rise with the growing human population and will continue to do so. The value of the global seafood market has seen a 15% increase from 2016 to 2020 and is projected to increase even more by 2023. Although it provides many people with
714-558: Is harmful because it pollutes the surrounding ecosystem and can cause problems like eutrophication, transmission of parasites and diseases to wild populations and developmental abnormalities on surrounding wild fish. Genetic pollution of wild fish populations is a common risk that cage aquaculture faces. For example, there are many scientific papers that have examined the effects of Atlantic Salmon escaping from their enclosures and interacting with wild populations. Farmed salmon have lower fitness (low survival rates and reproductive success) than
756-459: Is more ambiguous. The definition of a specific vegetation type may include not only physiognomy but also floristic and habitat aspects. Furthermore, the phytosociological approach in the study of vegetation relies upon a fundamental unit, the plant association , which is defined upon flora. An influential, clear and simple classification scheme for types of vegetation was produced by Wagner & von Sydow (1888). Other important works with
798-430: The coral reefs is by breeding marine fish in captivity . Captive-bred fish are known to be healthier and likely to live longer. Captive-bred fish are less susceptible to disease because they have not been exposed to the wild and they have not been damaged during the shipment process. Fish that are bred in captivity are already accustomed to aquarium habitats and food. There are many different components that make up
840-401: The oceanic whitetip shark is considered critically endangered because of its value in the seafood market. Their rapidly declining population is due to people overfishing them for their fins. They are a popular species of shark used in shark fin soup because of the size of their fins. All sharks are used for shark fin soup, however, certain species of sharks are preferred over others because of
882-546: The permit ( T. falcatus ). Several United States Navy submarines have been named after this genus: USS Pompano and USS Permit . The 21 currently recognized species in this genus are: Saltwater fish Saltwater fish are very commonly kept in aquariums for entertainment . Many saltwater fish are also caught to be eaten, or grown in aquaculture . However, many fish species have been overfished and are otherwise threatened by marine pollution or ecological changes caused by climate change . Fishes that live in
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#1732851976849924-470: The FGDC standard, the hierarchy levels, from most general to most specific, are: system, class, subclass, group, formation, alliance, and association . The lowest level, or association, is thus the most precisely defined, and incorporates the names of the dominant one to three (usually two) species of a type. An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be " Forest, canopy cover > 60% "; at
966-447: The U.S. alone discards 17–22% of their catch annually. The Mesopredator release hypothesis is one of the indirect effects of overfishing that is also often referred to as " fishing down the food web ". This phenomenon means as fisheries deplete large apex predatory species, mid-sized predatory species increase in abundance and assume the role as top predators on the food web. This impacts the food web in marine environments and disrupts
1008-428: The absence of species changes (especially where plants have a large maximum size, i.e., trees), causing slow and broadly predictable changes in the vegetation. Succession can be interrupted at any time by disturbance, setting the system back to a previous state or off on another trajectory altogether. Because of this, successional processes may or may not lead to some static, final state . Moreover, accurately predicting
1050-508: The anterior portion of their dorsal profile. Their ventral profile is noticeably less curved by comparison, while their anterior profile is straight-edged, tapering sharply to a narrow caudal peduncle. Their dorsal and anal fins are typically sickle-shaped, with very long anterior rays and a succession of much shorter rays behind, with a similarly long & curved, deeply forked tail which has a narrow base. They are typically overall silvery in color, sometimes with dark or yellowish fins, and one or
1092-481: The assemblage, such as an elevation range or environmental commonality. The contemporary use of vegetation approximates that of ecologist Frederic Clements' term earth cover , an expression still used by the Bureau of Land Management . The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of a community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). Prior to this,
1134-519: The balance of the ecosystem and is likely to cause trophic cascades. Profitable fish stocks like the bluefin tuna are decreasing in numbers because of high demand. According to the IUCN Red List, the Pacific bluefin tuna , Atlantic bluefin tuna , and southern bluefin tuna are classified as vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered all due to over-exploitation. According to the IUCN Red List,
1176-460: The characteristics of such a state, even if it does arise, is not always possible. In short, vegetative communities are subject to many variables that set limits on future conditions' predictability. Generally, the larger an area under consideration, the more likely the vegetation will be heterogeneous. Two main factors are at work. First, the temporal dynamics of disturbance and succession are increasingly unlikely to be in synchrony across any area as
1218-501: The classification is hierarchical and incorporates the non-floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels and limited floristic criteria only into the lower (most specific) two levels. In Europe, classification often relies much more heavily, sometimes entirely, on floristic (species) composition alone, without explicit reference to climate, phenology or growth forms. It often emphasizes indicator or diagnostic species which may distinguish one classification from another. In
1260-436: The decline of many wild fish stocks, aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system that contributes about 50% of the worlds fish supply. There is a lot of debate on whether or not aquaculture is an environmentally sustainable practice, yet the socioeconomic benefits that humans receive is tough to argue against. That being said there are significant negative effects that aquaculture, especially cage aquaculture, has on
1302-415: The large size of their fins. The great white shark is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because its fins are commonly used in shark fin soup and has led to people over harvesting them for their fins. This shark belongs to the class Chondrichthyes that includes all sharks, skates and rays. The great white shark is one of the many examples of shark species threatened by human consumption because of
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1344-459: The level of a formation as " Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest "; at the level of alliance as " Arbutus menziesii forest"; and at the level of association as " Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus dense flora forest", referring to Pacific madrone-tanoak forests which occur in California and Oregon, US. In practice, the levels of the alliance and/or an association are
1386-506: The most often used, particularly in vegetation mapping, just as the Latin binomial is most often used in discussing particular species in taxonomy and in general communication. Like all biological systems, plant communities are temporally and spatially dynamic; they change at all possible scales. Dynamism in vegetation is defined primarily as changes in species composition and structure. Temporally, many processes or events can cause change, but for
1428-528: The ocean can be carnivores , herbivores , or omnivores . Herbivores in the ocean eat things such as algae and flowering seagrasses . Many herbivores' diets consist of primarily algae. Most saltwater fish will eat both macroalgae and microalgae . Many fish eat red, green, brown, and blue algae, but some fish prefer other types. Most saltwater fish that are carnivores will never eat algae under any circumstances. Carnivores' diets consist of shrimp , plankton , or tiny crustaceans . Saltwater aquariums are
1470-415: The possibility of introducing an invasive species if the fish being reared are non-native . Fish sewage is the combination of fish feed, fecal material and antibiotics that is accumulated on the seafloor and in the water column from fish that are being farmed. It is not only harmful to wild fish stocks but it also poses a threat to marine plant life which is often a food source for wild fish stocks. Fish sewage
1512-636: The sake of simplicity, they can be categorized roughly as abrupt or gradual. Abrupt changes are generally referred to as disturbances ; these include things like wildfires , high winds , landslides , floods , avalanches and the like. Their causes are usually external ( exogenous ) to the community—they are natural processes occurring (mostly) independently of the natural processes of the community (such as germination, growth, death, etc.). Such events can change vegetation structure and composition very quickly and for long periods, and they can do so over large areas. Very few ecosystems are without some disturbance as
1554-530: The shark fin soup, large population declines of this class has been noted since the early 2000s due to the high demand for their fins, gill rakers and liver oil. The Atlantic cod was historically abundant in the waters off the coast of New England . Due to its low fat content and dense white flesh, this fish is a popular choice among humans. Now considered vulnerable, its populations have both decreased in abundance and their distribution has shifted from northern to southern areas due to overfishing. Aquaculture
1596-405: The size of that area increases. Different areas will be at various developmental stages due to other local histories, particularly their times since the last significant disturbance. This fact interacts with inherent environmental variability (e.g., in soils, climate, topography, etc.), also a function of area. Environmental variability constrains the suite of species that can occupy a given area, and
1638-465: The surface of the water. Marine fish face many anthropogenic threats. Common human-induced threats include overfishing, pollution, habitat loss and destruction, climate change and invasive species. The aforementioned threats all come with a multitude of negative direct and indirect affects to marine ecosystems. With the human population growing at an exponential rate, these threats are likely to continue to be prevalent in marine ecosystems. Overfishing
1680-578: The surrounding environment. Cage aquaculture involves rearing aquatic organisms in natural water sources while enclosed in a mesh/net cage that allows water from the surrounding environment to freely flow in and out. Cage aquaculture in marine environments has been particularly controversial because of the effects it has on the surrounding ecosystem thus, affecting wild marine fish populations. The main impacts of cage aquaculture are reduced water quality from fish sewage, high potential of genetic pollution of wild stocks due to escapees from aquaculture cages and
1722-621: The two terms (vegetation and flora) were used indiscriminately, and still are in some contexts. Augustin de Candolle (1820) also made a similar distinction but he used the terms "station" ( habitat type) and "habitation" ( botanical region ). Later, the concept of vegetation would influence the usage of the term biome with the inclusion of the animal element. Other concepts similar to vegetation are " physiognomy of vegetation" ( Humboldt , 1805, 1807) and "formation" ( Grisebach , 1838, derived from " Vegetationsform ", Martius , 1824). Departing from Linnean taxonomy , Humboldt established
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1764-545: The work on vegetation classification comes from European and North American ecologists, and they have fundamentally different approaches. In North America, vegetation types are based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, plant habit , phenology and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the current US standard (adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), and originally developed by UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy ),
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