Prussian victory
63-582: Status quo ante bellum Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony Electoral Saxony Brandenburg Silesia East Prussia Pomerania Iberian Peninsula Naval Operations The Pomeranian War was a theatre of the Seven Years' War . The term is used to describe the fighting between Sweden and Prussia between 1757 and 1762 in Swedish Pomerania , Prussian Pomerania , northern Brandenburg and eastern Mecklenburg-Schwerin . The war
126-680: A battle fought there on 28 September. After the failure of the Austrian invasion of Saxony, Hamilton left Neuruppin on 10 October and headed for the River Oder , in the hopes of joining up with the Russians. He failed in this and the Swedish force had to go into winter quarters, with Hamilton returning to Swedish Pomerania. The government blamed him for the force's failure and pressured him into resigning his command, which Hamilton did on 23 November 1758. Hamilton
189-656: A Prussian corps with a significant Pomeranian share, had left the coalition with France in the Convention of Tauroggen of 30 December 1812, the Prussian military called the Pomeranians to arms in February 1813. Also in February, Russian troops reached Farther Pomerania . In March, all French forces left Pomerania , except for Stettin, which was held by the French until 5 December 1813. After
252-548: A detachment in Pasewalk . There he was attacked by the enemy and fought back bravely, but Ehrensvard was wounded and had to resign his command. Then many officers left to participate in parliament and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lantingshausen to return to Swedish Pomerania, where he remained for the whole winter without being attacked by the Prussians. Although his commands exceeded any expectations, Lantingshausen tired of
315-487: A food shortage followed. The Swedish forces left Kolberg and were replaced by Brandenburgian troops on 6 June 1653. Three days later, the prince elector called the nobility to assemble at a Landtag in Stargard , that constituted on 19 July 1654, to decide on the further administrative system of the province. The Landtag decrees along with a constitution ("Regimentsverfassung") were issued on 11 July 1654. Kolberg
378-405: A house's cost if they built it with fire-proof material, and vacant residential areas were granted rent free to those willing to erect buildings. There were also cases where those building a house were granted free citizenship, were exonerated from garrison duties, or were given the necessary timber for free. Also, public buildings were renewed or built new by the Prussian administration. Swamps in
441-868: A lack of cooperation from his allies, he was unable to besiege Stettin and in late autumn withdrew into Swedish Pomerania. The Prussians then invaded Swedish Pomerania on 20 January 1760, but this time they were repulsed and on 28 January Swedish troops penetrated as far as Anklam and captured the Prussian general Heinrich von Manteuffel . However, despite these successes and despite the Prussian army's attention mainly being elsewhere, Lantingshausen and his 15,000 troops were under-supplied and only able to invade Prussia in August, mainly in order to find supplies. He pushed forward to Prenzlow (now Prenzlau) in Brandenburg with his main force of 6,000 troops, leaving Augustin Ehrensvard with
504-465: A separate peace. Via the queen's mediation, the Swedes signed the peace of Hamburg with Prussia and Mecklenburg on 22 May, accepting their defeat—Prussia and Sweden were restored to the status quo ante bellum. Status quo ante bellum The term status quo ante bellum is a Latin phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war". The term was originally used in treaties to refer to
567-488: A war of aggression (no war of aggression could be started without the consent of the estates ), the Swedes issued no declaration of war and presented the incursion to the German parliament as aimed solely at restoring peace. Only after hostilities had begun did the promised financial support from France and its allies arrive and only then, on 22 September 1757, did the Swedish government state its conditions and declare war. However,
630-743: Is the sixteenth-century Abyssinian–Adal war between the Muslim Adal Sultanate and Christian Ethiopian Empire , which ended in a stalemate. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself against the Oromo Migrations . The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and the United Kingdom , which was concluded with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending
693-577: The Battle of Stralsund Charles XII of Sweden led the defense until 22 December 1715, when he evacuated to Lund . In the Treaty of Stockholm , concluded on 21 January 1720, Prussia was allowed to retain its conquest, including Stettin. By this, Sweden ceded the parts east of the Oder River that had been won in 1648 as well as Western Pomerania south of the Peene river ( Old Western Pomerania or Altvorpommern ) and
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#1732848424914756-520: The County of Naugard . Furthermore, there were the ducal domains ("Amt") Kolbatz , Friedrichswalde , Marienfließ , Treptow , Stolp and Rügenwalde , and the towns of Pyritz , Stargard , Treptow an der Rega , Greifenberg , Belgard , Neustettin , Schlawe , Stolp , Rügenwalde , Kolberg and Köslin . The secularized territory of the Kammin diocese ("Stift Cammin") had a separate status. The population
819-618: The Eastern Roman and the Sasanian Persian Empires. The Persians had occupied Asia Minor , Palestine and Egypt . After a successful Roman counteroffensive in Mesopotamia finally ended the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself when the armies of Islam emerged from Arabia in 632. Another example
882-655: The Line of Control (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained most of its positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side. Province of Pomerania (1653%E2%80%931815) The Province of Pomerania
945-637: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth concluded the Treaty of Wehlau on 19 September 1657, and the subsequent Treaty of Bromberg . The Commonwealth therein gave Brandeburg-Prussia the Lauenburg and Bütow Land as a fief, and also pawned Draheim to Brandenburg. The Peace of Oliva on 3 May 1660, confirmed Brandenburg's rights in the Lauenburg and Bütow Land as well as in Draheim. Swedish Pomerania
1008-676: The Randowbruch and Uckermark regions were drained and settled with colonists from the Low Countries from 1718. In 1734 part of this region became therefore known as "Royal Holland". Dutch colonists were also settled in other parts of Pomerania. Also, Protestants from the otherwise Catholic Salzburg region arrived Prussia via the Pomeranian ports. While most went on to settle in other parts of Prussia, some settled in Pomerania. To improve access to
1071-492: The Seven Years' War , the Inner Colonisation of Farther Pomerania had been begun by prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau . Brenckenhoff, after providing some humanitarian aid in 1763 (especially horses and wheat from the military and money for seed and life stock), introduced programs for financial aid, tax reduction, and low-rate credits and thus managed to have most of the farms that had been destroyed rebuild in 1764. In
1134-448: The kriegskommissar . Initially only active during wartime, it became a permanent institution in 1660. The Kriegskommissariat was subject only to the prince-elector (later king) and not to the provincial government. It was represented in the urban communities by "Steuerkommissar" and in the rural districts by "Kriegskommissar" (later "Kreisdirektor") officials. These commissioners collected contributions (war tax) and supervised garrison. Tus,
1197-572: The French laid siege in March 1807 . Ferdinand von Schill was among the defendants. The siege was not successful and was lifted only when Prussia surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peace of Tilsit on 2 July. The terms of surrender included high war contributions (25,000,000 Taler from the Province of Pomerania alone). The agreed on withdrawal of the French troops was delayed repeatedly. In November 1808,
1260-669: The French troops left the province except for Stettin, which forced the provincial government to move to Stargard in 1809. The Kriegs- und Domänenkammer was renamed Royal-Prussian government ("Königlich Preußische Regierung"), while the former government ("Regierung") was renamed Supreme State Court ("Oberlandesgericht"). The reforms of vom Stein (1807) and Karl August von Hardenberg (1811) abolished serfdom . In 1812, French troops invaded Swedish Pomerania , and also occupied Prussian Pomerania again. The Prussian troops took quarter in Kolberg. After Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg , who commanded
1323-529: The Hats also wanted to cause Frederick's downfall and to humiliate and destroy the Swedish queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia , Frederick's sister. The Hats faction was also encouraged to declare war by France, whose wishes were central to the Hats' actions. Frederick's invasion of Saxony in 1756 was used as a pretext for war, being denounced by both Sweden and France as a violation of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, of which they were both guarantors . On March 21, 1757
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#17328484249141386-487: The Hats had seriously overestimated the strength of the Swedish army, as the soldiers were badly trained, poorly equipped, and in every way unprepared for war. The Swedish army sent to Germany was only sufficient for taking possession of what had already been conquered by the Allies, but made the all necessary preparations to go on the offensive despite not having the necessary funds. The army's very premise, to suppress Frederick,
1449-463: The Kriegskommisariat became a central institution in the province's financial and economical administration. In 1714, the former position of "Landrat" was abolished, and replaced with that of "Prussian Landrat". The office was assigned to the former Kreisdirektor. Already before the reform, the positions of Kreisdirektor (initially Kriegskommissar) and Landrat of a district had often been held by
1512-546: The Palatinate, Mecklenburg and Poland. In 1786, the population of Prussian Pomerania ( Farther Pomerania and Western Pomerania south of the Peene river) reached 438,700. After Prussia lost the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in late 1806, French troops marched north into the Pomeranian province. Fortified Stettin surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Only fortified Kolberg resisted, and
1575-694: The Palatinate, while the Bohemians soon returned to their homeland as a result of housing shortages. In 1750, recruitment of settlers started in Danzig , Elbing , Warsaw , Augsburg , Frankfurt am Main , Nuremberg , Hamburg and Brussels . Protestant craftsmen from Roman Catholic Poland settled in the towns. The colonists were freed of certain taxes and services such as military service. Between 1740 and 1784, 26,000 colonists arrived in Prussian Pomerania, and 159 new villages were founded. Most colonists originated in
1638-468: The Prussians at Stralsund and Rügen . Von Ungern-Sternberg relinquished command on 21 December 1757 to Gustaf von Rosen, but von Rosen too was forced to lie idle, blockaded by the Prussians. This blockade was lifted by an invading Russian army on 18 June 1758, but von Rosen had grown tired of his thankless task and handed command over to Gustav David Hamilton . Augustin Ehrensvard captured Peenemünde hill on July 27, and Hamilton sent 16,000 men to support
1701-472: The Russians, who had been besieging Kolberg since 1759 . However, Hessenstein soon had to withdraw and in October the whole Swedish force returned to Swedish Pomerania. When the Prussians began to worry about their borders, he sent Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten with light troops (the so-called Sprengtportenska) to Mecklenburg and on 23 December defeated a Prussian force at Malchin on 23 December. However, there he
1764-623: The Russians, who were besieging Küstrin . However, after their defeat at Zorndorf he decided instead to march to Saxony to join up with the Austrians. However, he got no further than Neuruppin in Brandenburg . A detachment he sent from there suffered a heavy defeat on 26 September at the Battle of Tornow , but Major Carl Constantin De Carnall [ sv ] was able to reach Fehrbellin with 800 men to defend it from about 5,000 Prussians at
1827-536: The Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It ended in a ceasefire and status quo ante bellum due to intervention by the Organization of American States . The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar , which
1890-637: The Swedish defense in Pomerania in person. In turn, Holstein's forces in Stettin were arrested as a Swedish ally by Prussia. In February 1715, Charles seized Wolgast in an advance to reestablish Swedish control in Western Pomerania . On 1 May 1715, Prussia officially declared war on Sweden. In the same month, Hanover and Denmark joined the Russian-Prussian treaty of 1714. The allied forces subsequently occupied all of Pomerania except for Stralsund . In
1953-571: The Swedish intervention in the Seven Years' War was that the Hats faction then in power in Sweden believed Frederick II of Prussia would succumb to his many enemies, thus affording Sweden a risk-free opportunity to recapture its possessions in Pomerania that it had ceded to Prussia in 1720 , towards the end of the Great Northern War . Angered and frightened by the attempted monarchial revolution of 1756,
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2016-621: The domains), a "Hofgericht" (court) and a " Konsistorium " (ecclesiastical administration). The first president was Ewald von Kleist . Because the president was also occupied with diplomatic missions and representation of the province in Berlin, the chancellor was instead supervising the province's administration. The province was divided into seven knightly districts, also the territories of eight local noble houses (Flemming, Borcke, Wedel, Dewitz, Osten-Blücher, Manteuffel and Glasenapp, so-called "schloßgesessene Familien", i.e. palace-owning families), and
2079-463: The east side of the Oder, except for Gollnow and Altdamm , was given to Brandenburg. Gollnow and Altdamm were held by Brandenburg as a pawn in exchange for reparations, until these were paid in 1693. During the Great Northern War , Stettin was sieged by Russian and Saxon forces led by prince Menschikov , and surrendered on 29 September. According to the Treaty of Schwedt on 6 October, Menschikov
2142-596: The eastern half of the Shatt al-Arab , a reversion to the status quo ante bellum that he had repudiated a decade earlier." In exchange, Iran gave a promise not to invade Iraq while the latter was busy in Kuwait . The Kargil War was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place in 1999 between 3 May and 26 July of the Kargil district in Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere along
2205-529: The governments of France and Austria agreed to a convention in which Sweden and France explained that they had to maintain Germany's freedom in line with the treaty. France promised financial backing for such a war and in June the same year the decision was made to send 20,000 Swedish troops to Germany to emphasise their commitment. On September 13 that force invaded Prussian Pomerania . To avoid this invasion appearing as
2268-479: The immense difficulties and in June 1761 resigned. Only in July was his successor Augustin Ehrensvard able to raise 7,000 men to invade the enemy's country. Although superior to the Prussian army that tried to prevent his advance, they were so poorly equipped that the advance did not get far and the campaign saw only minor engagements. In September he sent two regiments under count Frederick William von Hessenstein to support
2331-471: The islands of Wollin and Usedom to Brandenburg-Prussia in turn for a 2 million Taler payment. The capital was then moved to Stettin . After the Battle of Zorndorf in 1759 ( Seven Years' War ), Russian troops made their way into Pomerania and laid a siege on Kolberg . When Kolberg withstood, the Russian troops ravaged Farther Pomerania . Sweden and Russia invaded Brandenburgian Pomerania throughout
2394-553: The land at a sea . Farther Pomerania was made a province of Prussia ( Brandenburg-Prussia ) after the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. During the war, the noble House of Pomerania ( Griffins ), ruling Pomerania since the 1120s as Dukes of Pomerania , became extinct in the male line with the death of Bogislaw XIV in 1637. Throughout the existence of the Griffin duchy, Brandenburg claimed overlordship and
2457-601: The peace. In Sweden, the unpopularity of this costly and futile war meant that the Hats' control on government began to falter and the confusion the war caused led to a deficit which resulted in their fall in 1765. The death of Elizabeth of Russia in January 1762 changed the whole political situation in Europe. A Russo-Prussian alliance, formalized on 5 May, threatened to make Russia an enemy not an ally of Sweden. The secret committee thus decided on March 13 that year that Sweden would seek
2520-548: The port of Stettin , the Swine river was deepened and Swinemünde was founded on the river's mouth in 1748. A similar project in Stolp failed due to financial shortfalls. Throughout the 1750s, the vast Oderbruch swamps were drained to provide farmland. King Frederick the Great appointed Franz Balthasar von Brenckenhoff to rebuild the war-torn Prussian portion of Pomerania. Even before
2583-514: The province except for justice (that was within the responsibility of the government and the court) and ecclesial administration (handled by the Konsistorium). A second chamber (though under superiority of the Stettin chamber) was set up in 1764 in Köslin for the eastern districts. On 15 September 1733, Prussian king Frederick William I ordered another administrative reform. The most important change
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2646-425: The same man. Based on an order of Prussian king Frederick William I , Amtskammer and Kriegskommissariat were fused into the "Kriegs- und Domänenkammer" (war and domain chamber), in 1722. This new chamber moved from Stargard , which had been capital since 1668, to Stettin , which had been acquired by Prussia and merged into the Pomeranian province in 1720. The chamber was responsible for all administrative fields of
2709-455: The threat of a Russian intervention on the Prussian side, Sweden was forced to make peace. The war was formally ended on 22 May 1762 by the Peace of Hamburg between Prussia, Mecklenburg and Sweden. The hopes of the Swedish Hats party to recover territories lost to Prussia in 1720 were thwarted, and the unpopular and costly war contributed to their subsequent downfall. The main cause for
2772-576: The war uti possidetis . While American diplomats demanded cession from Canada and British officials also pressed for a pro-British Indian barrier state in the Midwest and keeping parts of Maine they captured (i.e., New Ireland ) during the war, the final treaty left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies. The Football War , also known as
2835-646: The winter. Another Swedish campaign into Prussia started in the summer of 1761, but was soon aborted due to shortage of supplies and equipment. The final encounters of the war took place in the winter of 1761/62 near Malchin and Neukalen in Mecklenburg, just across the Swedish Pomeranian border, before the parties agreed on the Truce of Ribnitz on 7 April 1762. When on 5 May a Russo-Prussian alliance eliminated Swedish hopes for future Russian assistance, and instead posed
2898-466: The withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses any territorial, economic, or political rights. This contrasts with uti possidetis , where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at the end of the war. An early example is the treaty that ended the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 between
2961-458: The years 1760 and 1761. Kolberg was again made a target, withstood a second siege, but not the third one in 1761 . In the winter of the same year, the Russian troops made Farther Pomerania their winter refuge. In 1762, Prussia made peace with Sweden and Russia. The province of Pomerania was left ravaged and the civilian death toll amounted to 72,000. About 20 percent of the population in the province of Pomerania died, atrocities were committed and
3024-523: The years following, new farmland was made available by clearance of woodlands and draining of swamps (e.g. Thurbruch , Plönebruch , Schmolsiner Bruch ) and lakes (e.g. Madüsee , Neustettiner See ) as well as levee construction at some rivers (e.g. Ihna , Łeba ). To compensate for the wartime population losses, new colonists were attracted. In the 1740s, colonists were invited from the Palatinate , Württemberg , Mecklenburg and Bohemia . Most came from
3087-474: Was a province of Brandenburg-Prussia , the later Kingdom of Prussia . After the Thirty Years' War , the province consisted of Farther Pomerania . Subsequently, the Lauenburg and Bütow Land , Draheim , and Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene river were joined into the province. The province was succeeded by the Province of Pomerania set up in 1815. The name Pomerania comes from Slavic po more meaning
3150-542: Was asserted of Pomerania inheritance in numerous treaties. Yet, Sweden had been one of the most important players in the war and as such, it was awarded some of its territorial gains in Pomerania ( Swedish Pomerania ), after the war by the Peace of Westphalia, thwarting Brandenburg-Prussia's ambitions for inheritance of the whole former Duchy of Pomerania. During the Second Northern War (1654–1660), Brandenburg-Prussia and
3213-408: Was characterized by a back-and-forth movement of the Swedish and Prussian armies, neither of whom would score a decisive victory. It started when Swedish forces advanced into Prussian territory in 1757, but were repelled and blockaded at Stralsund until their relief by a Russian force in 1758. In the course of the following, renewed Swedish incursion into Prussian territory, the small Prussian fleet
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#17328484249143276-419: Was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. This war concluded in a stalemate with no permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration ). The Iran–Iraq War lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. "The war left the borders unchanged. Three years later, as war with the Western powers loomed, Saddam Hussein recognized Iranian rights over
3339-508: Was destroyed and areas as far south as Neuruppin were occupied, yet the campaign was aborted in late 1759 when the undersupplied Swedish forces succeeded neither in taking the major Prussian fortress of Stettin (now Szczecin) nor in combining with their Russian allies. A Prussian counter-attack of Swedish Pomerania in January 1760 was repelled, and throughout the year Swedish forces again advanced into Prussian territory as far south as Prenzlau before again withdrawing to Swedish Pomerania in
3402-400: Was found false—on being notified of his victory at Rossbach on 5 November 1757, the Swedish commander Marshal Mattias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg dared not obey the orders from his government and the French agent Marc René de Montalembert to lead his ill-equipped army in a march on Berlin , instead returning in November 1757 to Swedish Pomerania , where the Swedes were being besieged by
3465-408: Was made the new capital. Troops were to be permanently garrisoned in the town, this was to be paid for by the province. The province was to be governed by a "Regierung" (government, led by a president and a chancellor, four other members, general administration, in charge of the police, border patrol, enforcement of ducal rights), a "Kammer" (chamber, also "Amtskammer"), a "Rentei", for administration of
3528-466: Was occupied by Denmark and Brandenburg in the Brandenburg-Swedish theater of the Scanian War from 1675 to 1679, whereby Denmark claimed Rügen and Brandenburg the rest of Pomerania . Sweden reestablished control after the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 28 June 1679. This tempted Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg , to utter " Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor! [Let someone arise from my bones as an avenger]". The strip of land on
3591-453: Was paid his war costs by Prussia , and Stettin was occupied by Holstein and Brandenburg troops. On 12 June 1714, king Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg-Prussia concluded a treaty with the Russian Empire confirming her gains in Swedish Ingermanland , Karelia and Estonia , and in turn received Russian confirmation of his gains in southern Swedish Pomerania. On 22 November 1714, King Charles XII of Sweden returned from Turkey to lead
3654-432: Was permanent. Also, the rural nobility was enlisted into the army as potential officers. Those chosen (by the king himself) for a military career were trained in Berlin, and received not only military, but a broad education. After the great losses of the previous wars, Prussia began rebuilding and resettling her war-torn province in 1718. Programs were devised for financial aid to rebuild houses, e.g. people were paid 23% of
3717-420: Was replaced as commander on 19 December the same year with Jacob Albrecht von Lantingshausen. Early in 1759, a superior Prussian force forced him to retreat to Stralsund , losing the garrisons at Demmin , Anklam and Peenemünde after hard fighting. The Russian advance in May liberated Swedish Pomerania, but lack of money and supplies meant the Swedish commander could only start campaigning that August. His goal
3780-401: Was represented in the "Landständische Vertretung" by 25 " Landrat " officials. The knightly districts assigned nine, the noble families six, the towns five and Stift Cammin also five. The prince-elector had to approve the assignments. Brandenburg-Prussia set up a combined military institution, the war commissionary for her Pomeranian province and Neumark . It was led by Wedego von Bonin as
3843-412: Was surrounded by a superior Prussian force, though Ehrensvard was able to break through and rescue him. An advance guard under De Carnall defeated the Prussians at Neukalen (2 January 1762) who were trying to block the road and Ehrensvard marched into Malchin. However, he then immediately returned to Swedish Pomerania and on 7 April came to a truce on his own initiative—this truce of Ribnitz lasted until
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#17328484249143906-409: Was the application of the "Kantonsreglement" order. This order split the province into small military districts ("Kanton") based on the civilian ones. All peasants of a canton were enrolled by the Prussian army, and assigned to the Prussian infantry units Infanterieregiment 7, 8, 17, 22 or 30 , or the cavalry units Dragonerregiment 1, 2 or 5 . The enrollment did not depend on actual warfare, but
3969-404: Was to besiege Stettin and in preparation for this Lantingshausen allowed Axel von Fersen to take 4,000 men to capture Usedom and Wollin —this objective was met after the Battle of Frisches Haff ensured Swedish naval supremacy in September—while Lantingshausen took the main body of the army to advance deep into Prussian Pomerania, where he then remained still for a long while. However, due to
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