Misplaced Pages

#848151

57-510: The formation of the square begun in 1725, and followed for around twenty years, during which sections of the moat were filled in with the rubble from the former city walls. At first, its eastern portion was the location of military training exercises. Numerous parades and events began to be held at the square, and it came to be known as the White Parade Square (German: Weisser Paradeplatz ; Polish: Biały Plac Parad ). On 10 October 1793,

114-515: A monument of Frederick the Great , the King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1740 to 1786, was unveiled at the square. It was designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow and made from marble . In 1877, as the statue begun deteriorating due to atmospheric damage, it was relocated inside, to the nearby Pomeranian Estates Parliamentary Building . In its place at the square was placed a bronze replica. At

171-420: A trench . A tatebori ( 竪堀 , lit.   ' vertical moat ' ) is a dry moat dug into a slope. A unejo tatebori ( 畝状竪堀 , lit.   ' furrowed shape empty moat ' ) is a series of parallel trenches running up the sides of the excavated mountain, and the earthen wall, which was also called doi ( 土居 , lit.   ' earth mount ' ) , was an outer wall made of earth dug out from

228-465: A visitor centre . To the north and south of the square are placed roads, which intersect with Independence Avenue , Emancipation Avenue , Pope John Paul II Avenue , and Bałuki Street to the west, and with Jana Matejki Street and Castle Way to the east. To the south it also connects with Tkacka Street and Staromłyńska Street . To the west is located the Paweł Adamowicz Square , and to

285-564: A basic method of pest control in bonsai , a moat may be used to restrict access of crawling insects to the bonsai. [REDACTED] Media related to Moats at Wikimedia Commons Scouting and Guiding in Poland The Scouting and Guiding movement in Poland ( Polish : Harcerstwo ) consists of about twelve independent organizations with an overall membership of about 160,000 Scouts and Guides . The largest organization by membership

342-528: A bronze statue of the emperor on a horse, placed on a stone pedestal, with bronze sculptures of the soldiers around it. The square was bombed in 1944 during World War II , during which nearby Grey Castle tenement was destroyed. In 1945, it was renamed to the Theatre Square (Polish: Plac Teatralny ; German: Theater Platz ). In May 1946, it was again renamed to the Polish Soldier Square, in honour of

399-590: A clandestine organization. They became nicknamed the Grey Ranks ( Szare Szeregi ), and cooperated with the Polish Secret State and the Armia Krajowa resistance. Some Older Scouts carried out sabotage missions and armed resistance. The Girl Guides formed auxiliary units working as nurses , liaisons and munition carriers. At the same time the youngest Scouts were involved in so-called "small sabotage" under

456-462: A form of a one-storey-tall cuboid, with structure made out of a weathering steel , façade covered in glass panels, and most of its usable area located underground. Originally it hosted a coffeehouse, and since 2016, it is a visitor centre . In 2019, part of the square, located between Pope John Paul II , Independence Avenue , and Aviators Square , which previously included the Monument of Graduate to

513-553: A group of boys dedicated to diversion and sabotage of the German Army, the so-called " Zouaves ". By 1913, the patrol grew to a troop, including patrols named after Bolesław the Brave , Kazimierz the Great and Mieszko the First . Next the troop became a group, and the patrols increased to troops. The second troop was named after Władysław Jagiełło . Soon more patrols grew into troops. Despite

570-639: A key element used in French Classicism and Beaux-Arts architecture dwellings, both as decorative designs and to provide discreet access for service. Excellent examples of these can be found in Newport, Rhode Island at Miramar (mansion) and The Elms , as well as at Carolands , outside of San Francisco, California, and at Union Station in Toronto , Ontario, Canada. Additionally, a dry moat can allow light and fresh air to reach basement workspaces, as for example at

627-503: A large sundial . The main avenue is decorated with modernist light installation and sculptures of metal boxes, as well as small and shallow water canals. At its western end is located a pavilion known as the Szczecin Meeting Point . It has a form of a one-storey-tall cuboid, with structure made out of a weathering steel , façade covered in glass panels, and most of its usable area located underground. Currently, it functions as

SECTION 10

#1732855629849

684-688: A member of the Pioneer Movement , and eventually, in 1949, banned it, while its members joined the Polish United Workers' Party as a result. A new organization under the same name was created by communist government after the death of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin on the basis of membership of the government-sponsored Scouting and Guiding Organization of the Union of Polish Youth ( Organizacja Harcerska Związku Młodzieży Polskiej , OH ZMP ). Bernard Chrzanowski and Ksawery Zakrzewski decided to create

741-1089: A moat. Even today it is common for mountain Japanese castles to have dry moats. A mizubori ( 水堀 , lit.   ' water moat ' ) is a moat filled with water. Moats were also used in the Forbidden City and Xi'an in China; in Vellore Fort in India; Hsinchu in Taiwan ; and in Southeast Asia, such as at Angkor Wat in Cambodia ; Mandalay in Myanmar ; Chiang Mai in Thailand and Huế in Vietnam . The only moated fort ever built in Australia

798-452: A new Scout movement in the area. On October 17, 1912 in the flat of Henry Śniegocki, came into existence the first organization of Greater Poland Boy Scouts, formed by Cezary Jindra , Henryk Śniegocki, Wincenty Wierzejewski , Edmund Weclawski , Leonard Skowroński and Tadeusz Wolski . Before, in September 1912, Tadeusz Strumiłło and Jerzy Grodyński  [ pl ] helped to start

855-550: A result, the Polish Scout movement was started in 1910 in Lwów . At first the Scouts did not have a standardized uniform, as some of the formed groups wanted to remain independent. However, all the groups accepted similar style and design, and the worldwide scout badge with a lily and the extra letters ONC (standing for "Ojczyzna, Nauka, Cnota", i.e. "Fatherland, Study, Virtue"). The program

912-724: A vertical outer retaining wall rising direct from the moat, is an extended usage of the ha-ha of English landscape gardening. In 2004, plans were suggested for a two-mile moat across the southern border of the Gaza Strip to prevent tunnelling from Egyptian territory to the border town of Rafah . In 2008, city officials in Yuma, Arizona planned to dig out a two-mile stretch of a 180-hectare (440-acre) wetland known as Hunters Hole to control immigrants coming from Mexico. Researchers of jumping spiders , which have excellent vision and adaptable tactics, built water-filled miniature moats, too wide for

969-519: A very central part of their cities, the moats have provided a vital waterway to the city. Even in modern times the moat system of the Tokyo Imperial Palace consists of a very active body of water, hosting everything from rental boats and fishing ponds to restaurants. Most modern Japanese castles have moats filled with water, but castles in the feudal period more commonly had 'dry moats' karabori ( 空堀 , lit.   ' empty moat ' ) ,

1026-471: Is Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego; ZHP) with about 140,000 members. At the beginning of the 20th century, Poland was partitioned between the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Poles, both adult and young, formed many grass-roots movements and organizations, aimed at preserving the nation and preparing for the eventual struggle for independence. One such group

1083-709: The James Farley Post Office in New York City . Whilst moats are no longer a significant tool of warfare, modern architectural building design continues to use them as a defence against certain modern threats, such as terrorist attacks from car bombs and improvised fighting vehicles . For example, the new location of the Embassy of the United States in London , opened in 2018, includes a moat among its security features -

1140-717: The Mississippian culture as the outer defence of some fortified villages. The remains of a 16th-century moat are still visible at the Parkin Archeological State Park in eastern Arkansas . The Maya people also used moats, for example in the city of Becan . European colonists in the Americas often built dry ditches surrounding forts built to protect important landmarks, harbours or cities (e.g. Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York Harbor ). Dry moats were

1197-548: The Szczecin National Museum . Moat A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle , fortification , building , or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence . Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices . In older fortifications, such as hillforts , they are usually referred to simply as ditches , although

SECTION 20

#1732855629849

1254-551: The Victory Day . Despite that, the former name remained in some official use until 1950. During the conflict, the statues of the soldiers in the William I Monument were taken down to be melted for materials. After the end of the war, on 31 July 1945, the monument was torn down by the Polish inhabitants of the city. The statue was then taken to Denmark and melted. It was used to manufacture

1311-493: The walls . In suitable locations, they might be filled with water. A moat made access to the walls difficult for siege weapons such as siege towers and battering rams , which needed to be brought up against a wall to be effective. A water-filled moat made the practice of mining – digging tunnels under the castles in order to effect a collapse of the defences – very difficult as well. Segmented moats have one dry section and one section filled with water. Dry moats that cut across

1368-609: The Army, but without success. Bronisław Drwęski , commanding the Scout troop named after Kazimierz the Great, died a few days after serving a 3 months prison term. On April 2, 1916 they created MKS, the Local Scouts Command, including all troops from the city and aiding, if necessary, the troops from the provinces. In November 1915, Ksawery Zakrzewski died and Wincenty Wierzejewski took his place as leader. Henryk Śniegocki took command of

1425-473: The Flower Avenue to the present day. The Polish Soldier Square was renovated and rebuilt between 2011 and 2012. At its eastern end, at the pavement was installed a large sundial . The main avenue was decorated with modernist light installation and sculptures of metal boxes, as well as small and shallow water canals. At its western end was constructed a pavilion known as the Szczecin Meeting Point . It has

1482-430: The German Army. In January 1915, Henryk Śniegocki came back from the front on sick leave and managed to extend his leave. A few weeks later the wounded Wierzejewski turned up for treatment. After recovery, he decided to desert . Henryk Śniegocki, who now took the command of the Scout troops after Wierzejewski, tried to make the status of scouting legal with the pretext of caring for the boys whose fathers were mobilized in

1539-609: The Scout Groups. Thanks to the aid of Józef Kostrzewski , Wierzejewski arranged a secret den in the Museum of PSFAS ( Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences ) and lived there. He also took a calculated risk himself, on the strength of a self-produced passport and travel document he tried to cross the border to Switzerland and contact the Polish Aid Committee . By the end of 1916 the integration progressed further, resulting in

1596-531: The Scout movement in Greater Poland. At first the roles they divided as between friends, alternating. Gradually, more and more authority fell upon Wincenty Wierzejewski. In 1915, Wierzejewski deserted from the Army and made Scouting first priority. Henryk Śniegocki became with time his "alter ego", a dedicated and trusted proxy. The other members aksi accepted his leadership. They gained more outstanding people, for example Jan Konkolewski , who previously collected

1653-465: The Soviet Army, was separated into a new separate Paweł Adamowicz Square . It was named after Paweł Adamowicz , mayor of Gdańsk from 1998 until his assassination in 2019. The square was renovated and rebuilt, and opened on 27 September 2019. The Polish Soldier Square has the form of an oblong rectangle avenue, with rows of linden trees on its sides. At its eastern end, in the pavement is installed

1710-487: The World , Baden-Powell , who encouraged Naganowski to the introduction of scouting in Poland and presented him with a copy of his scouting manual, Scouting for Boys . The manual was translated to Polish by an activist of Zarzewie, Andrzej Małkowski . The work had been assigned to him as a punishment for being a notorious latecomer. Małkowski became enthusiastic and worked to implement the new movement with his wife Olga . As

1767-497: The auspice of the Wawer organization, which included dropping leaflets or painting the kotwica sign on the walls. During Operation Tempest , the Scouts actively participated in the fights, especially during the failed Warsaw Uprising . In 1945, the ZHP restored its former name and returned to public existence. However, the communist authorities of Poland pressured the organization to become

Polish Soldier Square - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-579: The communist Government, both from the Scouts as well from school. The rest of his life he fought for the truth in the history commissions. Polish Scouts-in-Exile organizations include In addition, there are USA Girl Scouts Overseas in Warsaw , serviced by way of USAGSO headquarters in New York City ; American Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts linked to the Horizon District of the Transatlantic Council of

1881-507: The court justice, and won several times, only to be sent away again repeatedly, a further distance each time, in "the interest of the school" behind the Pińsk . Finally he won the case and came back to Poznań, but many years had passed. Yet this maybe allowed him to outlive the first occupation, imprisoned and displaced he survived in Częstochowa . When he came back to Poznań he was again removed by

1938-688: The creation of a secret Headquarters of Scouts in the German Reich (territory). Henryk Śniegocki became the Chief of Scouts troop in the Directorate of Greater-Poland Scout Troops (with Anna Krysiewicz , commanding the Girl Guides). In July 1919 he was one of three delegates for the meeting, resulting in a merger of Greater-Poland Scouts with the ZHP . However, in 1920 he volunteered, as an already experienced organizer to

1995-463: The excavated ring, a 'dry moat'. The shared derivation implies that the two features were closely related and possibly constructed at the same time. The term moat is also applied to natural formations reminiscent of the artificial structure and to similar modern architectural features. With the introduction of siege artillery , a new style of fortification emerged in the 16th century using low walls and projecting strong points called bastions , which

2052-689: The first moat built in England for more than a century. Modern moats may also be used for aesthetic or ergonomic purposes. The Catawba Nuclear Station has a concrete moat around the sides of the plant not bordering a lake. The moat is a part of precautions added to such sites after the September 11, 2001 attacks . Moats, rather than fences, separate animals from spectators in many modern zoo installations. Moats were first used in this way by Carl Hagenbeck at his Tierpark in Hamburg , Germany. The structure, with

2109-466: The function is similar. In later periods, moats or water defences may be largely ornamental. They could also act as a sewer. Some of the earliest evidence of moats has been uncovered around ancient Egyptian fortresses. One example is at Buhen , a settlement excavated in Nubia . Other evidence of ancient moats is found in the ruins of Babylon, and in reliefs from ancient Egypt, Assyria , and other cultures in

2166-628: The influence of the latter, to this day Scouting code in Poland obliges "to be pure in thinking, in speech, and in deeds; not to smoke; not to drink alcohol". The rapid development and popularity of Boy Scouts continued up to 1914, but was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I . After the German invasion of Poland of 1939 the ZHP was deemed a criminal organization by the Nazis (who had gone so far as to begin executing many scouts and guides, along with other possible resistance leaders), but they carried on as

2223-408: The largest single archaeological phenomenon on the planet. Japanese castles often have very elaborate moats, with up to three moats laid out in concentric circles around the castle and a host of different patterns engineered around the landscape. The outer moat of a Japanese castle typically protects other support buildings in addition to the castle. As many Japanese castles have historically been

2280-527: The narrow part of a spur or peninsula are called neck ditches . Moats separating different elements of a castle, such as the inner and outer wards, are cross ditches . The word was adapted in Middle English from the Old French motte ( lit.   ' mound, hillock ' ) and was first applied to the central mound on which a castle was erected (see Motte and bailey ) and then came to be applied to

2337-668: The northeast, the Prussian Homage Square . The square also includes a plaque commemorating the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Polish scouting and guiding organization structures in the city, and one of the historical 19th-century city water pumps . The square is surrounded by tenement buildings, including the Palace under the Heads , and the Pomeranian Estates Parliamentary Building , which houses

Polish Soldier Square - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-540: The plebiscite of the Mazurs and next fought in the second and third Silesia uprisings . In the newly formed Poland, he became a teacher in a primary school, at the same time continuing his Scout work. A few years later, he again commanded the Greater-Poland Banner, but not for long. With the ruling Sanacja unfriendly, he was transferred away from Poznań and had to resign from the honorable Scout role. He appealed to

2451-419: The rapid growth, the Scouts remained in hiding, acting illegally. The same happened with two troops of Girl Guides, named after Emilia Plater and Queen Jadwiga . Around the end of 1914 and the beginning of 1915, the Scout movement resumed, but continued in hiding. The temporary interruption was not exactly caused by the imposed martial law, but mainly the absence of the mature leadership, who were mobilized in

2508-426: The region. Evidence of early moats around settlements has been discovered in many archaeological sites throughout Southeast Asia, including Noen U-Loke, Ban Non Khrua Chut, Ban Makham Thae and Ban Non Wat. The use of the moats could have been either for defensive or agriculture purposes. Moats were excavated around castles and other fortifications as part of the defensive system as an obstacle immediately outside

2565-544: The replica of the Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski Monument in Warsaw , which was destroyed during the war. In its place, on 26 April 1950, was unveiled the Monument of Graduate to the Soviet Army . It consisted of a 17-metre-tall obelisk made from reinforced concrete covered in sandstone tiles, a sculpture of a soldier and worker holding hands, and a concrete sculpture of a Soviet five-side star on

2622-489: The spiders to jump across. Some specimens were rewarded for jumping then swimming and others for swimming only. Portia fimbriata from Queensland generally succeeded, for whichever method they were rewarded. When specimens from two different populations of Portia labiata were set the same task, members of one population determined which method earned them a reward, whilst members of the other continued to use whichever method they tried first and did not try to adapt. As

2679-615: The top. Unveiled on the 5th anniversary of the city being captured by the Red Army in World War II, the monument was dedicated to the Soviet soldiers who fought in the conflict. Following the fall of the Soviet Union , and decommunization of Poland, the monument attracted many controversies and calls for its deconstruction, being seen as the symbol of Soviet control of the country. The Soviet star

2736-538: The turn of 19th century, alongside the square were constructed representative tenements, including Palace under the Heads , Pomeranian Estates Parliamentary Building, and the Grey Castle . In 1806, it was renamed to the King Square (German: Königsplatz ; Polish: Plac Królewski ). On 17 October 1848, a monument of Frederick William III of Prussia , the emperor King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1797 to 1840,

2793-702: The world's largest man-made structure. Fred Pearce wrote in New Scientist: They extend for some 16,000 kilometres in all, in a mosaic of more than 500 interconnected settlement boundaries. They cover 6,500 square kilometres and were all dug by the Edo people. In all, they are four times longer than the Great Wall of China, and consumed a hundred times more material than the Great Pyramid of Cheops. They took an estimated 150 million hours of digging to construct, and are perhaps

2850-462: Was Fort Lytton in Brisbane . As Brisbane was much more vulnerable to attack than either Sydney or Melbourne a series of coastal defences was built throughout Moreton Bay , Fort Lytton being the largest. Built between 1880 and 1881 in response to fear of a Russian invasion, it is a pentagonal fortress concealed behind grassy embankments and surrounded by a water-filled moat. Moats were developed independently by North American indigenous people of

2907-430: Was considered the largest man-made structure lengthwise, second only to the Great Wall of China and the largest earthwork in the world. Recent work by Patrick Darling has established it as the largest man-made structure in the world, larger than Sungbo's Eredo , also in Nigeria. It enclosed 6,500 km (2,500 sq mi) of community lands. Its length was over 16,000 km (9,900 mi) of earth boundaries. It

SECTION 50

#1732855629849

2964-502: Was estimated that earliest construction began in 800 and continued into the mid-15th century. The walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart. The Benin Walls were ravaged by the British in 1897. Scattered pieces of the walls remain in Edo, with material being used by the locals for building purposes. The walls continue to be torn down for real-estate developments. The Walls of Benin City were

3021-461: Was known as the trace italienne . The walls were further protected from infantry attack by wet or dry moats, sometimes in elaborate systems. When this style of fortification was superseded by lines of polygonal forts in the mid-19th century, moats continued to be used for close protection. The Walls of Benin were a combination of ramparts and moats, called Iya, used as a defence of the capital Benin City in present-day Edo State of Nigeria. It

3078-410: Was made up of three parts; the common Scout idea, the science, especially study of national history and language with national values, and basic military training. Various independent Scout groups were developed under the oversight of the existing organizations, mainly gymnastics society " Sokół ", independence-oriented " Zarzewie ", or abstinence organization "Eleusis"  [ pl ] . Thanks to

3135-422: Was taken down in 1992, and the entire monument was deconstructed in November 2017. In 1959, a plaque was placed at the square commemorating the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Polish scouting and guiding organization structures in the city. It was installed in the former location of the monument of Frederick the Great. Until 2011, the square hosted a flower market, which led to it being nicknamed as

3192-399: Was the youth organization " Zarzewie ". Scouting was introduced to the Austria-Hungary partition of Poland by Polish writer and publicist Edmund Naganowski , who wrote an article about the organization of Boy Scouts and Boys' Brigades in Słowo Polskie ( Lwów , 16 September 1909), among his other articles about English system of education. Later he corresponded with the Chief Scout of

3249-424: Was unveiled there. It was made by Friedrich Drake , and did not remain to the present day. In 1949 the City Theatre opened next to the square. It was later greatly expanded between 1899 and 1904, and eventually deconstructed in 1954. On 1 November 1894, a monument dedicated to William I , emperor of Germany from 1871 to 1888, was unveiled at the square. It was designed by sculptor Karl Hilgers . It consisted of

#848151