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127-630: Poissy is one of the oldest royal cities of Île-de-France, birthplace of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France , before being supplanted from the 15th century by Saint-Germain-en-Laye . In 1561, it was the site of a fruitless Catholic – Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy . The area is known for hosting the Automobiles Gregoire successively, Matford , Ford SAF , Simca , Chrysler , Talbot factories and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The " Simca Poissy engine "

254-459: A Buddhist who was then governor of Turkestan. Before his death, Hulagu had been negotiating with Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of the Byzantine imperial family to his large number of wives. The emperor's illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina was sent in 1265, escorted by Euthymius. Since Hulagu died before Maria arrived, she was instead married to Abaqa. Abaqa's transition to Ilkhan

381-582: A Genoese ship, and the Genoese on a Venetian ship. The envoys set out in July 1258, actually after the major conflicts had occurred. Genoa had sent a fleet under admiral Rosso della Turca, arriving off Tyre in June and there joining the deployed Genoese squadrons. On 23 June, a fleet set sail from Tyre, while Philip of Montfort's soldiers marched down the coast. The Venetians and Pisan had a smaller force under Lorenzo Tiepolo , who

508-673: A Mongol delegation to Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons , where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read a report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria. Baibars came to power as a military man. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that defeated the West in the Seventh Crusade and

635-471: A band of Frankish raiders, he was defeated and killed. Aybak subsequently made a new treaty with Damascus that was mediated by caliph al-Musta'sim . Both Muslim leaders renewed their truces with the Franks, this time to also cover Palestine and Jaffa. Latin patriarch Robert of Nantes died in 1255, having been in captivity with Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade. The new patriarch appointed by pope Alexander IV

762-486: A combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school. Public secondary schools: Private elementary schools: Poissy is twinned with: Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis , was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians . Following

889-903: A counterbalance to the influence of the Muslim dynasties, first defeating the Ayubbids . Their relationships with the Mamluks and the Christian West were constantly changing, serving as sometimes allies, sometimes enemies. Louis IX also maintained contact with the Mongol rulers of the period. During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei , the Mongol military commander stationed in Armenia and Persia . Eljigidei suggested that King Louis should land in Egypt, while Eljigidei attacked Baghdad, to prevent

1016-743: A delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan ( r.  1246–1248 ) in Mongolia . However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish , rejected the diplomatic proposition. Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck , to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke ( r.  1251–1259 ) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke ,

1143-400: A fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom. Louis' admirers through the centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a " monk king". Louis

1270-457: A mortal sin." Louis authored and sent the Enseignements , or teachings, to his son Philip III . The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader. The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death. Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of

1397-551: A mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin. His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou , thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty. In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse . Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering

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1524-475: A nephew of Kitbuqa. In response, Sidon was sacked. John II of Beirut led a group of Templars to attack the Mongols, leading to the capture of John and Templar grand master Thomas Bérard , requiring a large ransom. The Mongol capture of Damascus compelled the sultan of Egypt Qutuz to take action. Hulagu had sent envoys demanding that the sultan surrender Egypt. The envoys' heads were quickly removed and displayed on

1651-569: A promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt , and the Holy Land . He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III , succeeded him. Louis instigated significant reforms in

1778-562: A regiment of crossbowmen to be sent to the Holy Land by March 1267. The Templars' heroic defence of Safed had become legendary by the early 14th century, when it was cited at the Trial of the Knights Templars in Cyprus. The loss of Cilician Armenia in 1266 isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law Bohemond VI, and Baibars continued the extermination of remaining Crusader garrisons in

1905-574: A supporter of Manfred, was allowed by Muhammad I al-Mustansir , the Hafsid caliph of Ifiqiya (modern Tunisia), to invade Sicily from North Africa. At the Battle of Tagliacozzo on 23 August 1268, it appeared that Conradin had won the day, but, in the end, his army was routed. On 29 October 1268, Conradin and his ally Frederick of Baden were beheaded. Frederick of Castile and his forces were allowed to escape to Tunis rather than being imprisoned. There they served

2032-635: A total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ( ACPPAV ) gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator , a heliport , the Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise , two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there. Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools,

2159-456: A truce and Baibars replied with an embassy to Acre to offer a cessation of hostilities. Bohemond VI asked to be included in the truce, but was offended when he was addressed as mere count. Nevertheless, he accepted what was offered to him. There were some minor raids into the Christian lands, but on the whole the truce was observed. The years after Louis IX left the Holy Land saw an escalation of

2286-560: Is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible , both deluxe illuminated manuscripts . During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as " primus inter pares ", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded

2413-474: Is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville 's famous Life of Saint Louis . Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu , and his chaplain, William of Chartres . While several individuals wrote biographies in

2540-501: The Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo. This was followed by raids into Palestine and the apparently inevitable Mongol conquest was stalled when Hulagu, the Mongol commander in Syria, returned home after the death of his brother Möngke, leaving Kitbuqa with a small garrison. The Mamluks of Egypt then sought, and were granted, permission to advance through Frankish territory, and defeated the Mongols at

2667-568: The Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260. Kitbuqa was killed and all of Syria fell under Mamluk control. On the way back to Egypt, Qutuz was assassinated by the general Baibars , who was far less favourable than his predecessor to alliances with the Franks. Hulagu died of natural causes in February 1265, weakening the Mongols' position. His widow Doquz Khatun secured the succession for her step-son Abaqa ,

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2794-595: The Battle of Evesham in 1265. The victory of Louis' brother Charles I of Anjou in the Battle of Benevento in 1266 brought the Kingdom of Sicily under Capetian control, finally freeing up French fighting forces. This encouraged Clement IV to revive the plans for a Crusade begun on 1263 under Urban IV, proclaiming a new expedition to the Holy Land in January 1266. According to the Chronica minor auctore Minorita Erphordiensi : In

2921-544: The Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo . Louis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271. Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration. Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at

3048-611: The Cistercian abbey of Royaumont . In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica . Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French king to be declared a saint . Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes , France, in 1803. A similar order,

3175-702: The County of Tripoli . There, Geoffrey's vassal, Henry of Jebail, was at war with Bohemond VI. Henry's cousin Bertrand Embriaco had attacked Bohemond in Tripoli itself despite the fact the Bertrand was regent to daughter Lucia of Tripoli . In 1258, the barons marched on Tripoli, laying siege to the city where Bohemond was residing. Bohemond was defeated and wounded by Bertrand and the Templars sent men to rescue him. One day, Bertrand

3302-574: The Fall of Haifa . Soon after came the Fall of Caesarea . In 1266, Baibars invaded the Christian country of Cilician Armenia which Hethum I had submitted to the Mongol Empire. After defeating his forces at the Disaster of Mari , Baibars ravaged the three great cities of Mamistra , Adana and Tarsus , so that when Hetoum arrived with Mongol troops, the country was already devastated. Hetoum had to negotiate

3429-589: The French legal system , creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal , endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings . To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs . Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France , and he held immense respect throughout Christendom . His reputation as

3556-716: The Knights Templar , the Teutonic Knights and the Pisans. The Knights Hospitaller supported the Genoese. In 1257, the Venetians conquered the monastery and destroyed its fortifications, although they were unable to completely expel the Genoese. The Genoese quarter was blockaded, who were then resupplied by the Hospitallers, whose complex was nearby. Philip of Montfort also sent food from Tyre. In August 1257, John of Arsuf tried to end

3683-449: The Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei , the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia . Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau , a Dominican priest, as

3810-570: The Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiègne. St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau , his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit

3937-531: The Seine . Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with the intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of Stellantis plant , bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing

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4064-505: The Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon , which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc . In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris , by which Henry III of England

4191-611: The Upper Rhine region to the Holy Land. It was one of several minor crusades of the 1260s that resulted from a period of Papally-sponsored crusade preaching of unprecedented intensity. After Clement IV issued his bull, he ordered the German bishops, Dominicans, and Franciscans to preach the cross. The response was poor except in those regions bordering France. In the Upper Rhine however, the Crusade

4318-429: The conquest of Murcia , began collecting funds for a crusade. On 1 September 1269, he sailed east from Barcelona with a powerful squadron. Immediately running into a storm. The king and most of his fleet returned home. Only a small squadron under two of the king's illegitimate sons, Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez , continued the journey. They arrived at Acre at the end of December, shortly after Baibars had broken

4445-575: The Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks . On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly US$ 80 million today) and

4572-432: The Byzantine emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, in exchange for one third of the conquered lands. Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi , but it did not fall until the end of November 1267. Some of Manfred's supporters had fled to Bavaria to attempt to persuade the 15-year-old Conradin to assert his hereditary right to Sicily. Conradin accepted their proposal and Frederick of Castile ,

4699-518: The Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France. In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered

4826-598: The Christians Kitbuqa, Hethum and Bohemond into the captured Muslim cities is questionable. Bohemond was given the port city of Lattakieh in partial exchange for the installation of the Greek patriarch Euthymius at Antioch, as the Mongols were trying to improve relations with Byzantium. For this, Bohemond earned the enmity of Acre, and he was excommunicated by the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, James Pantaléon. When Bohemond's case

4953-612: The Christians without fear of interference. Urban IV died in October 1264 and Clement IV was elected as pope in February 1265. Abaqa attempted to secure cooperation with the Western Christians against the Mamluks. Beginning in 1267, he corresponded with Clement IV and sent an ambassador to Europe in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. In 1267,

5080-600: The East, Thomas Agni, then bishop of Bethlehem and later Latin patriarch, with orders to resolve the quarrel. About the same time the bailli John of Arsuf died and Plaisance came to Acre and appointed Geoffrey of Sargines as bailli. He worked with Agni to secure an armistice. In January 1261, in a meeting between the Haute Cour and delegates of the Italians, an agreement was reached. The Genoese maintained their headquarters at Tyre and

5207-710: The Egyptian coastal cities and forming alliances with Michael VIII Palaiologos and Manfred of Sicily to better understand the intentions of the Europeans. He also had alliances with Berke of the Kipchak Khanate and his vassal Kilij Arslan IV . Baibars continued the Mamluk warring against the Crusader kingdoms in Syria. In 1263, he first began an unsuccessful siege on Acre. Abandoning this formidable target, he then turned to Nazareth , destroying all Christian buildings and declaring

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5334-399: The Egyptians and Syrians from joining forces. Louis sent the Dominican André de Longjumeau as an emissary to the Great Khan Güyük Khan in Mongolia. Güyük died before the emissary arrived at his court and no action was taken by the two parties. Instead Güyük's queen and now regent, Oghul Qaimish , politely turned down the diplomatic offer. Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court,

5461-423: The Franciscan William of Rubruck , who visited the Great Khan Möngke in Mongolia. He spent several years at the Mongol court. In 1259, Berke , the ruler of the Golden Horde , westernmost part of the Mongolian Empire , demanded the submission of Louis. By contrast, Mongolian emperors Möngke and Khubilai 's brother, the Ilkhan Hulagu Khan , sent a letter to the king of France seeking his military assistance, but

5588-418: The Grand Masters of the Hospital and the Temple. He did not appoint a formal bailli, but the government of Acre was entrusted once more to Geoffrey of Sargines. The situation in the Holy Land was complicated by the rise of the Mongols, particularly with the Mongol invasions of the Levant , beginning in the 1240s. The Mongols established the Ilkhanate in the southwestern part of their empire which served as

5715-399: The Hafsids. No changes in territory occurred, though there were commercial and some political rights granted to the Christians. The Crusaders withdrew back to Europe soon after. Despite the failure of the Seventh Crusade , which ended in the capture of Louis IX of France by the Mamluks , the king did not lose interest in crusading. He continued to send financial aid and military support to

5842-419: The Holy Land; it is probable that the Germans held off from any significant military activity in expectation of the arrival of the expeditions of Louis IX of France and Edward I of England. The majority appear to have returned to Germany by 1270. The Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa had corresponded with James I of Aragon in early 1267, inviting him to join forces against the Mamluks. James had sent an ambassador to Abaqa in

5969-433: The Hospitallers and massacred the entire Templar garrison. On capturing Safed, Baibars did not raze the strategically situated fortress but instead occupied and fortified it. Odo of Burgundy died fighting at the same time, having led a Crusading force of fifty knights to defend the Holy Land. As early as October 1266, Clement IV would mention the fall of Safed when ordering the preaching of a new Crusade. He also arranged for

6096-414: The Jordan River, allowing early warning of Muslim troop movements in the area. The fortress had been a consistent aggravation for the Muslim regional powers, and in June 1266, Baibars began the Siege of Safed , capturing it in July. Baibars had promised the Templars safe passage to Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, they agreed. Upon surrender, Baibars broke his promise as he had with

6223-412: The Latins. We abundantly praise you for this, but we cannot tell you yet, before having asked to the rulers, what road they are planning to follow. We will transmit to them your advice, so as to enlighten their deliberations, and will inform your Magnificence, through a secure message, of what will have been decided. Aqaba received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon, though it is unclear if this

6350-417: The Levant . Here the Mongols were joined with their Christian allies which included Hethum I of Armenia and Bohemond VI of Antioch . The consolidated army successfully completed the Siege of Aleppo in January 1260 and then the capture of Damascus in March, led by the Nestorian Christian Kitbuqa . This effectively ended destroyed what was left of the Ayyubids. Note that the account of the triumphal ride of

6477-413: The Mongols. Because of this, he had no wish for war with the Franks. Aybak , the sultan of Egypt, also wished to avoid war and in 1255 made a ten-year truce with the Franks. Jaffa was expressly excluded from the truce, with the sultan wishing to secure it as a Palestinian port. The established frontier was hardly secure. In January 1256, the Mamluk governor of Jerusalem led an expedition in March to punish

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6604-514: The Muslim forces as they were returning. Olivier de Termes wished to slip unobserved back into Acre, but Robert of Cresque insisted on an attack. They fell into the ambush laid for them by Baibars, with few of them survived. The troops inside Acre wanted to go to their rescue, but the Aragonese restrained them. Soon afterwards they returned to Aragon, having achieved nothing. The forces of Manfred of Sicily were defeated at Benevento by Charles I of Anjou in 1266 and Manfred himself, refusing to flee,

6731-415: The Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842. He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis , which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined

6858-543: The Third Order of St. Francis, though it is unlikely that he ever actually joined the order. The Catholic Church and Episcopal Church honor him with a feast day on 25 August. Many countries in which French speakers and Catholicism were prevalent named places after King Louis: France United States Eighth Crusade In the Holy Land (1095–1291) Later Crusades (1291–1717) Northern (1147–1410) Against Christians (1209–1588) Popular (1096–1320) The Eighth Crusade

6985-491: The Tunisians in fighting against Louis' Crusaders in 1270. Louis IX never abandoned the idea of the liberation of Jerusalem, but at some point he decided to begin his new Crusade with a military campaign against Tunis. According to his confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu , Louis was convinced that Muhammad I al-Mustansir was ready to convert to Christianity. The 13th-century historian Saba Malaspina believed that Charles had persuaded Louis to attack Tunis because he wanted to secure

7112-412: The Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral. Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt. In 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury , defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with

7239-427: The Venetians and Pisans theirs at Acre. The warring nobles and Military Orders were also reconciled. But the Italians never regarded the arrangement as final, with their war soon beginning again, to the detriment of all the commerce and the shipping along the Syrian coast, with naval skirmishes through 1270. Geoffrey of Sargines restored some semblance of order to the kingdom. His authority did not however extend into

7366-587: The assassination of Pierre de Castelnau , a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars . On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day. Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence , who later married Henry III of England . The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep

7493-427: The benefit of a senior patriarch. In addition to the Muslim wars between the Mamluks and Ayyubids , and the Mongol invasions of the Levant , the Outremer states had to contend with the various Italian merchants engaged in the War of Saint Sabas . The three rival Italian cities of Genoa , Venice and Pisa maintained a presence in every Outremer seaport and from these, dominated Mediterranean trade. This commerce

7620-476: The burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture. The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV . Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from

7747-412: The castle refused the surrender order and it was taken by force within several days. Rukn ad-Din was sent to Karakorum to meet with Möngke, who refused to see him. The two Assassin fortresses that still remained unconquered were Gerdkuh and Lambsar Castle and Rukn ad-Din was directed to arrange for their surrender. En route, he was put to death and Hulagu was ordered to exterminated the entire sect. By

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7874-413: The church's income in Navarre to Theobald II of Navarre to support the Crusade. The prior of Roncesvalles and the dean of Tudela were to oversee the collection of the tenth. The preaching of the Crusade in Navarre was primarily undertaken by the Franciscans and Dominicans of Pamplona . On 2 July 1270, Louis' host finally embarked from Aigues-Mortes . The fleet was led by Florent de Varennes , who

8001-425: The city off-limits to Latin clergy. His next target resulted in the Fall of Arsuf in April 1263. After capturing the town he offered free passage to the defending Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. Baibars' offer was accepted, but were enslaved anyway. Baibars razed the fortress to the ground. In 1265, he attacked the city and fortifications of Haifa , again razing the citadels and resulting in

8128-426: The command of the constable of Antioch, Simon Mansel . The city was captured on 18 May 1268. Baibars had yet again promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but he broke his promise and had the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after the surrender. The loss prompted the fall of the Principality of Antioch. The massacre of men, women, and children at Antioch "was the single greatest massacre of

8255-430: The commercial rivalry between the Venetian and Genoese merchant colonies erupted over possession of the monastery of Saint Sabas in Acre. The Genoese, assisted by the Pisan merchants, attacked the Venetian quarter and burned their ships, but the Venetians drove them out. The Venetians were then expelled from Tyre by Philip of Montfort . The Venetians were supported by John of Arsuf , John of Jaffa , John II of Beirut ,

8382-427: The conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, the Abbasid caliphate was essentially over, and the Muslim world lacked a caliph. The first attempt of a new leader of the Muslims, based in Cairo, was al-Mustansir II who was killed by the Mongols in 1261 attempting to recapture Baghdad. He was replaced by al-Hakim I , beginning a dynasty that lasted until the 16th century. Baibars consolidated his position by fortifying

8509-439: The couple apart as much as she could. While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252. Louis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture . The style of his court

8636-431: The cross once more, to lead what he hoped would be an international effort. He always hoped to set out again on a Crusade, but the needs of France were pressing. The next year, weary and ill, Louis felt able to prepare for his second Crusade and he began making the necessary arrangements, collecting the funds needed. At the Feast of the Annunciation and before the relics housed in the Sainte Chapelle , Louis IX and most of

8763-414: The death of his father, Louis VIII , he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile , effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed the Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade , which had been ongoing for

8890-408: The decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography, which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above. Louis

9017-435: The duty of France as "the eldest daughter of the Church" ( la fille aînée de l'Église ), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne , who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title "most Christian king" ( Rex Christianissimus ). Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes;

9144-605: The end of 1257, only a few of the storied Assassins were left in the Persian mountains. In 1258, the Mongol forces under Hulagu defeated the Abbasids in the Siege of Baghdad , sacking the city following his successful campaign against the Assassins . His wife Doquz Khatun is credited with the sparing of her fellow Christians in the city. Hulagu then moved on to Syria, with their invasions of

9271-428: The entire Crusading era." Priests had their throats slit inside their churches, and women and children sold into slavery. As many as seventeen thousand Christians were slaughtered, and a hundred thousand dragged away into slavery. After his victory over at Antioch, Baibars paused to assess his situation. The Mongols were restless and there were rumours of a new Crusade to be led by Louis IX. Hugh III of Cyprus asked for

9398-400: The final plan was developed in 1269, wherein the fleet would first descend on Tunis. While Louis had limited knowledge of Africa, this objective was the only one the met the religious needs of Louis and political aims of Charles. Financing was, as usual, a challenge. Because of the lack of enthusiasm for the expedition, Louis needed to bear much of the burden. Clement IV had also ceded a tenth of

9525-418: The following years. In 1268, Baibars laid siege to Jaffa , which belonged to Guy of Ibelin , the son of the jurist John of Ibelin . Jaffa fell on 7 March 1268 after twelve hours of fighting. Most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baibars allowed the garrison to go unharmed. From there he proceeded to the seat of the principality and began the Siege of Antioch . The Antiochene knights and garrison were under

9652-503: The great nobles of France once again took the cross. The date was 25 March 1267. A second ceremony took place on 5 June 1267 before a papal legate in Notre-Dame de Paris . Louis' son-in-law, Theobald II of Navarre , who had also taken the cross, was also present. The response was less enthusiastic than to his calling of the Seventh Crusade in 1248, although its unpopularity may have been exaggerated by his chronicler Jean de Joinville , who

9779-462: The help of Italian trade. Venice had holdings in both Constantinople and the Aegean islands, and so had a particular interest in the success of the empire. To counter that, Genoa actively supported Michael VIII Palaeologus , emperor of Nicaea . Michael laid the foundations for the recovery of Byzantium in 1259 by his victory at the Battle of Pelagonia where William of Villehardouin , Prince of Achaea ,

9906-586: The hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade. Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered

10033-568: The largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne , were laid in Paris about the year 1257. The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he

10160-683: The leader of the Golden Horde , demanded Louis's submission. In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai 's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu , sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France. In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis , and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom

10287-579: The letter never reached France. In 1257, the Mongol army was in Persia, and Hulagu moved against the murderous Isma'ili sect known as the Assassins . Their ruler Rukn ad-Din Khurshah tried to avert disaster through diplomatic maneuvers. Hulagu moved deliberately through Damavand and Abbass Abad , into the Assassins' valleys. When the Mongol army approached Alamut Castle , Rukn ad-Din surrendered. The governor of

10414-451: The lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged. In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed

10541-410: The military threat posed by the Mamluks with their capturing a number of Frankish towns and fortifications and subjected Acre to frequent attack. The unthinkable––the complete loss of the kingdom––became a distinct possibility, reviving long-dormant plans for a new Crusade. The Second Barons' War was all but over with the defeat of Simon de Montfort and his rebellious barons by Edward I of England at

10668-413: The office of bailli, which Isabella then gave to her husband, and she returned without him to Cyprus. Isabella died in Cyprus in 1264 and the regency of Jerusalem was again vacant. Hugh III of Cyprus claimed it but a counterclaim was now put in by Hugh of Brienne. He argued that the custom of France that claim of the son of an elder sister took precedence over the son of a younger, no matter which cousin

10795-579: The overseas journey. I sacrifice to God wealth, honor, pleasure. I wanted to give you this last example and I hope you will follow it if circumstances dictate." Accompanying Louis were his brother Alphonse of Poitiers and his wife Joan of Toulouse . Also traveling with the king were his three surviving sons, Philip III of France (with his wife Isabella of Aragon ), John Tristran and Peter I of Alençon , and his nephew Robert II of Artois . Also participating were Robert III of Flanders , John I of Brittany and Hugh XII de Lusignan , all sons of veterans of

10922-522: The past two decades. As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux . Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim the Angevin continental holdings , only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg . Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine , Maine , and Provence . Keeping

11049-410: The payment of the tribute that their rulers had paid to former Sicilian monarchs. The precise motivation behind the decision is unknown, but it is believed that Louis made the choice as early as 1268. The Crusade was set to sail in early summer 1270 in ships of Genoese (19 vessels) and Marseillois (20 vessels) origin. Louis' initial plan was to descend on the coast of Outremer by way of Cyprus. However,

11176-520: The person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy. Clement IV and Alfonso X of Castile tried to dissuade James from a military mission to the Holy Land, regarding him as having low moral character. However, Clement IV died in November 1268 and it was almost three years until Gregory X became the new pope, and the king of Castile had little influence in Aragon. James, who had just completed

11303-715: The pope and James I of Aragon sent Jayme Alaric de Perpignan as an ambassador to Abaqa. In 1267, a papal letter responded positively to previous messages from the Mongols, and informed the Ilkhan of an impending Crusade: The kings of France and Navarre, taking to heart the situation in the Holy Land, and decorated with the Holy Cross, are readying themselves to attack the enemies of the Cross. You wrote to us that you wished to join your father-in-law (the Greek emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos) to assist

11430-612: The port of Damietta . This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance. During this time,

11557-459: The previous Crusade, as well as Guy III of Saint-Pol , John II of Soissons and Raoul de Soissons . The sailing was at least a month late. This meant that he must contend with the heat in Tunisia as well as the prospect of bad weather at sea on the second leg of the expedition, that to the Holy Land. The army was smaller than that of the Seventh Crusade. Louis' own household included 347 knights, and

11684-572: The rebels. The problems came to a head before the new Latin patriarch could arrive in Acre. While James Pantaleon had shown great ability in dealing with the Prussians, the situation in the Holy Land presented a much larger problem. He supported Plaisance, appealing to Alexander IV to take action. The pope summoned delegates from the three republics to his court at Viterbo and ordered an immediate armistice. The Venetian and Pisan diplomats were to go to Syria on

11811-462: The return of his son Leo II of Armenia by giving control of Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of his son and became a monk, dying a year later. Leo was left in the awkward situation of keeping Cilicia as a subject of the Mongol Empire, while at the same time paying tribute to the Mamluks. Safed, held by the Knights Templar, was positioned overlooking

11938-772: The royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice ), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle , a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture , was erected as a shrine for the crown of thorns and a fragment of the True Cross , precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to

12065-586: The settlements in Outremer from 1254 to 1266, with the objective of eventually returning to the Holy Land. The Seventh Crusade officially ended on 24 April 1254 with the departure of Louis IX of France from the Holy Land. He left Geoffrey of Sergines as his representative with the official post of seneschal to the Kingdom of Jerusalem . The bailli of the kingdom was John of Ibelin , succeeding his cousin John of Arsuf in 1254. John of Arsuf returned to Cyprus where he

12192-661: The surrender of the city of Damietta. Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem , focusing his efforts in Acre , Caesarea , and Jaffa . He used his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty . In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France. Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with

12319-532: The throne, was unwilling to compete against his aunt and her son for the regency. After some deliberation, the High Court of Cyprus appointed Hugh III as regent. The Haute Cour was given more time to consider the matter, and it was not until the spring of 1263 that Isabella came with her husband to Acre. She was accepted as regent de facto, but they refused to give her an oath of allegiance. That could only be done if Conradin were present. Geoffrey of Sargines resigned

12446-469: The thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, required a regent. Hugh II's father Henry I of Cyprus had had two sisters. The eldest was Marie of Lusignan who had married Walter IV of Brienne , dying young and leaving a son Hugh of Brienne . The younger, Isabella of Cyprus , was married to Henry of Antioch , brother of Bohemond V of Antioch . Their son Hugh III of Cyprus , was older than his cousin, and Isabella had raised both. Hugh of Brienne, though next heir to

12573-460: The truce, appearing at Acre with a large force. The Aragonese immediately wanted to attack the enemy, but were restrained by the Templars and Hospitallers. The Christian forces were diminished. Geoffrey of Sargines had died in April 1269 and was replaced by Robert of Cresque . His French regiment, now commanded by Olivier de Termes , was deployed on a raid beyond Montfort. The Acrean forces caught sight of

12700-522: The war by granting commercial rights in Acre to the Republic of Ancona , an Italian ally of Genoa, but aside from Philip of Montfort and the Hospitallers, the rest of the nobles continued to support Venice. Plaisance of Cyprus was both queen of Cyprus and regent to Jerusalem. In February 1258, she and her five-year-old son, Hugh II of Cyprus , came to Tripoli to meet her brother Bohemond VI of Antioch , who escorted her to Acre. The Haute Cour of Jerusalem

12827-631: The year of our Lord 1266, Pope Clement sent out letters throughout the kingdom of Germany commanding the Dominicans and Franciscans to preach the cross faithfully and urgently against the Sultan of Babylon, who is the Pharaoh of Egypt, and against the Saracens overseas, so that the suffering of the Christians [there] might be alleviated and for the support of the Holy Land. By September 1266, Louis IX had decided to take

12954-547: Was James Pantaléon , then bishop of Verdun and later appointed as Alexander's successor, taking the name Urban IV. He was experienced in the Prussian Crusades , having helped negotiate the Treaty of Christburg in 1249. He was appointed patriarch in December 1255, and only reached Acre in the summer of 1260. Consequently, the kingdom faced the continued threats from the Muslims and Mongols, as well as internal strife, without

13081-465: Was a staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy . He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy , and he also launched actions against France's Jewish population , including ordering them to wear a yellow badge of shame, as well as the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris . Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France. Much of what

13208-435: Was advising Plaisance of Antioch , the regent to Hugh II of Cyprus who had claim to both kingdoms––Cyprus and Jerusalem. The death of Conrad II of Jerusalem in May 1254 had given the nominal crown of Jerusalem to his two-year-old son Conradin . Prior to his departure, Louis had arranged for a truce with Damascus, to last through October 1256, reflecting the fear that an-Nasir Yusuf , the emir of Damascus and Aleppo, had of

13335-582: Was at the vanguard of the army at Ain Jalut. This marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is regarded a turning point in history. Baibars saw the complete destruction of the Kingdom of Jerusalem as means of consolidation of power as the establishment his credentials as an Islamic ruler. He rejected the accommodating policies of his predecessors, rebuffing the numerous Frankish attempts at alliance. Baibars became sultan on October 1260 and quickly suppressed opposition in Egypt and Syria. However, after

13462-549: Was attacked by unknown farmers and killed. He was beheaded and his head sent as a gift to Bohemond. No one doubted that Bohemond had inspired the murder. The rebels retreated to Jebail and there was now a blood-feud between Antioch and the Embriaco family. The inconclusive resolution of the War of Saint Sabas had implications beyond Syria. The Latin Empire of Constantinople had prospered with

13589-537: Was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy , near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile , and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II , king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII , king of Castile . Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin , public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He

13716-559: Was captured with all his barons and obliged to cede the fortresses that dominated the eastern half of the peninsula. In March 1261, Michael signed a treaty with the Genoese, giving them preferential treatment throughout his dominions, present and future. On 25 July, with the help of the Genoese, his troops entered Constantinople. The Latin Empire, born from the Fourth Crusade , was dissolved. Plaisance died in September 1261. Her son Hugh II of Cyprus , then eight years old but with claims to

13843-461: Was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou , Normandy (Normandie), Poitou , Maine, and Touraine . The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within

13970-447: Was convened and Bohemond asked it to confirm the claim of Hugh II as next heir after Conradin , long absent from the kingdom. It was requested that Hugh be recognized as the royal power with Plaisance as regent. Bohemond had hoped that his sister's presence would still the civil war. The Ibelins recognized the claims of Hugh and Plaisance, along with the Templars and Teutonic Knights. The Hospitallers nevertheless declared that no decision

14097-401: Was equally beneficial to the Muslim emirs and both sides showed a willingness to sign treaties partially based on the fear of interrupting these sources of profit. Trouble between Pisa and Genoa had long been brewing and in 1250, a Genoese merchant was murdered by a Venetian, resulting in street fighting in Acre. When Louis finally returned home to Europe in 1254, trouble again broke out. In 1256,

14224-417: Was heard, Pantaléon had been elected as pope Urban IV who accepted Bohemond's explanation for his submission to the Mongols and suspended the excommunication. Euthymius was later kidnapped and taken to Armenia, replaced the Latin patriarch Opizzo Fieschi . The Mongols had no intention of engaging the Franks in battle. Nevertheless, Julian of Sidon conducted raids near Damascus, killing a Mongol commander,

14351-430: Was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis

14478-624: Was killed in battle. Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last. Clement IV censured Charles for his methods of administration, regarding him as an arrogant and obstinate. Nevertheless, Charles was asked to help oust the Ghibellines from Florence, but his expansionism towards Tuscany alarmed the pope. Clement forced Charles to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany within three years. Charles pledged that he would assist Baldwin II of Courtenay in recapturing Constantinople from

14605-511: Was made there. Poissy is the 165th most populated city in Metropolitan France . Poissy is located about 30 kilometres west of Paris , in the north-eastern part of the Yvelines , 8 kilometres west of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , and 23 kilometres north-west of Versailles , the departmental prefecture. The city is limited to the east by the forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and to the west by

14732-462: Was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII. Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral , officiated by the bishop of Soissons . His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She is once recorded to have said: I love you, my dear son, as much as

14859-448: Was not a military man and later elected Doge of Venice . The decisive Battle of Acre took place on 24 June 1258, with the Genoese retreating in disorder to Tyre. Philip's advance was halted by the Acrean militias, and the Genoese quarter within the city was overrun. Consequently, the Genoese abandoned Acre and established their headquarters at Tyre. In April 1259, the pope sent a legate to

14986-440: Was older. The jurists of Outremer rejected this argument and ruled that the decisive factor was kinship to the last holder of the office. As Isabella had been accepted as the last regent, her son Hugh III took precedence over her nephew. The nobles and high officers of state unanimously accepted him and provided the homage that had been denied to his mother. Importantly, Hugh III was recognized by Hugues de Revel and Thomas Bérard ,

15113-416: Was personally opposed to the venture. Unlike Louis' first Crusade which was documented extensively by Joinville, the primary chronicler of his second Crusade was Primat of Saint-Denis . The Gestes des Chiprois and works by Guillaume de Nangis , Matthew Paris , Fidentius of Padua and al-Makrizi also form the basis of the history of the expedition. The Crusade of 1267 was a military expedition from

15240-499: Was possible in absence of Conradin. Thus the royal family was drawn into the civil war. The Venetians supported Plaisance and her son. Genoa, the Hospitallers and Philip of Montfort supported Conradin, despite the fact that they were in the past bitter opponents of Frederick II . A majority vote acknowledged Plaisance as regent. John of Arsuf resigned as bailli , only to be immediately reappointed. She and Bohemond then returned to Cyprus, instructing her bailli to act decisively against

15367-558: Was preached with considerable success, resulting in several hundred Crusaders taking the cross by early 1267. The Crusaders departed from Basel during Lent 1267, under the leadership of two ministerial knights of the bishop of Basel and traveling by sea to Acre. Several of the Crusaders were able to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, but little else is known of their activity in

15494-503: Was slow, and was continually threatened by the Golden Horde, invading his territory the next spring as part of an alliance with the Mamluks. The hostilities continued until the death of Berke in 1267. Kublai Khan attempted to intervene and the new khan Möngke-Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory. Nevertheless, Möngke-Temür maintained the alliance with Baibars, who then felt that he could resume his campaigns against

15621-598: Was the English prince Edward Longshanks , landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, during an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army. According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France. Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III . Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples , preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in

15748-406: Was the first Admiral of France , appointed in 1269. They sailed with a large, well-organized fleet, with the king stating: "Déjà vieux, j'entreprends le voyage d'outremer. Je sacrifie pour Dieu richesse, honneurs, plaisirs... J'ai voulu vous donner ce dernier exemple et j'espère que vous le suivrez si les circonstances le commandent..." Translated, Louis told his troops that: "Already old, I begin

15875-477: Was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe. Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy , arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had

16002-505: Was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France , this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX Against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis . The Crusade did not see any significant fighting as Louis died of dysentery shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia. The Treaty of Tunis was negotiated between the Crusaders and

16129-530: Was what led to James' unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269. Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia. Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England . Clement IV died in 1268 and, following the longest papal election in history, was succeeded by Gregory X in September 1271. In 1274, Abaqa sent

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