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50-421: The entire region of Jajce is rich in natural heritage that cannot be viewed in isolation from the built heritage. In Jajce, these two components are closely intermingled. The Pliva valley is located in the northern part of central Bosnia and Herzegovina and known for its tranquil mountains rich in forests and abundance of nature, wildlife and especially bodies of water. The valley is dominated by two unique rivers,

100-536: A federal Yugoslavia , one that would have equality between its ethnic groups, and established that Bosnia and Herzegovina would be one of its constitutive republics . The post-war economy of Jajce in socialist times was based on industry and tourism. At the beginning of the Bosnian War , Jajce was inhabited by people from all ethnic groups, and was situated at a junction between areas of the Bosnian Serb majority to

150-762: A national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Local farmers used the mills to grind wheat into flour until the Second World War and some afterward, with a heyday of production being during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the confluence with the Vrbas , the Pliva forms the magnificent 22 meters high Pliva Waterfall for which the town of Jajce is famous and along with numerous historic, cultural, architectural and natural monuments represent towns robust and valuable heritage and tourist attraction. The Pliva river

200-532: A castle with walls which lead to the various gates around the town. About 10–20 kilometres from Jajce lies the Komotin Castle and town area which is older but smaller than Jajce. It is believed the town of Jajce was established after Komotin was struck by the Black Death . Jajce was the residence of the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević where he received the royal crown from Pope Pius II as " by grace of God,

250-631: A column of 30,000 to 40,000 civilian refugees, stretching 16 kilometres (10 miles) towards Travnik , under VRS sniping and shelling. Shrader defined it as "the largest and most wretched single exodus" of the Bosnian War. Bosniak refugees resettled in Central Bosnia, while Croats moved either to Croatia or closer to the Croatian border due to rising tensions. By November 1992 the pre-war population of Jajce had shrunk from 45,000 to just several thousand. In

300-622: A hilltop had made them unsuitable for demolition. Jajce was re-captured together with Bosanski Petrovac in mid-September 1995 during Operation Mistral 2 by the Croatian Defence Council (HVO), after VRS forces had evacuated the Serb population. Jajce became part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Agreement . Returning Bosniaks were at first blocked by

350-610: A mob of Croats in early August 1996, which according to US diplomat Robert Gelbard was personally led by convicted Bosnian Croat war criminal Dario Kordić . Bosniak refugees were able to return peacefully only a few weeks after, being accompanied by many more. Dario Kordić surrendered and was flown to the Hague following political pressure on Zagreb, particularly by the United States. A significant number of Serb refugees settled in Brčko while

400-486: A raw material for the chemical industry , in particular for the production of polyvinyl chloride . Locally produced acetylene is more economical than using imported oil. Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing. In 2005 output was 8.94 million tons, with the capacity to produce 17 million tons. In the United States, Europe, and Japan, consumption of calcium carbide is generally declining. Production levels in

450-493: A serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal mines led to miner safety lamps such as the Davy lamp , in which a wire gauze reduces the risk of methane ignition. Carbide lamps were still used extensively in slate , copper , and tin mines where methane is not a serious hazard. Most miners' lamps have now been replaced by electric lamps . Carbide lamps are still used for mining in some less wealthy countries, for example in

500-481: Is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of Ca C 2 . Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and calcium cyanamide . The pure material is colorless, while pieces of technical-grade calcium carbide are grey or brown and consist of about 80–85% of CaC 2 (the rest is CaO ( calcium oxide ), Ca 3 P 2 ( calcium phosphide ), CaS ( calcium sulfide ), Ca 3 N 2 ( calcium nitride ), SiC ( silicon carbide ), C ( carbon ), etc.). In

550-421: Is a ripening agent . However, this is illegal in some countries as, in the production of acetylene from calcium carbide, contamination often leads to trace production of phosphine and arsine . These impurities can be removed by passing the acetylene gas through acidified copper sulfate solution, but, in developing countries, this precaution is often neglected. Calcium carbide is used in toy cannons such as

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600-481: Is an endothermic reaction requiring 110 kilocalories (460 kJ) per mole and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in 1892: The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes. The carbide product produced generally contains around 80% calcium carbide by weight. The carbide

650-509: Is crushed to produce small lumps that can range from a few mm up to 50 mm. The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions. The CaC 2 content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis . As an example, the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L/kg and 300 L/kg respectively (at 101 kPa pressure and 20 °C (68 °F) temperature). Impurities present in

700-456: Is famous for its clean water, particularly near the source in the mountains and its richness in fish which makes the river so attractive for flyfishing , not just in Bosnia and Herzegovina but also in the region. A part of the 16th FIPS-Mouche European Fly Fishing Championship was held on the lake. The fishing societies Zlatovčica from Jajce and Jezero are managing the fishing from the lake to

750-474: Is possibly believed to be Zgošća near Kakanj , where the Zgošća Stećak , a burial megalith , had been found. Jajce was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent Kingdom of Bosnia during its time. The first references to the name of Jajce in written sources is from the year 1396, but the fortress already existed before this. The town has gates as fortifications, as well as

800-600: The Big-Bang Cannon , as well as in bamboo cannons . In the Netherlands calcium carbide is used around new-year to shoot with milk churns. Calcium carbide, together with calcium phosphide , is used in floating, self-igniting naval signal flares , such as those produced by the Holmes' Marine Life Protection Association . Calcium carbide is used to determine the moisture content of soil. When soil and calcium carbide are mixed in

850-600: The Jasenovac concentration camp during World War II . Jajce is twinned with: [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Calcium carbide Calcium carbide , also known as calcium acetylide ,

900-526: The Ottomans . Under the Ottomans, the town lost its strategic importance, as the border moved further north. There are several churches and mosques built at different times during different reigns, making Jajce a rather diverse town in this aspect. Jajce was ruled together with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of Austria-Hungary from 1878 to 1918. The Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke

950-535: The Sava river, therefore the Pliva is part of the Sava river basin. The river Pliva is characterized by the specific geological nature of the terrain and distinctive morphological and hydrological features, very similar as nearby Una River . The river bed of the Pliva, from the village of Jezero to its confluence with the Vrbas , consists of tufa also known as travertine which forms travertine barriers. In this area

1000-461: The silver mines near Potosí , Bolivia . Carbide lamps are also still used by some cavers exploring caves and other underground areas, although they are increasingly being replaced in this use by LED lights. Carbide lamps were also used extensively as headlamps in early automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, but have been replaced entirely by electric lamps. Calcium carbide is sometimes used as source of acetylene, which like ethylene gas,

1050-543: The Ethnological Museum of Jajce. The Jajce Mithraeum has been declared a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić , at the height of his power, founded the town of Jajce, and built a fortress on the site of an earlier fort. It is assumed that one of the locations of his death could be Jajce, where he built his tomb, known as the Catacombs of Jajce . However, another location of his burial

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1100-783: The Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus to try and capture Bosnia before the Ottomans, which consequentially lead to the Siege of Jajce and suppression of the Ottoman forces' advancement. This derailed Ottoman plans for nearly half a century, for which time the Hungarians established the Banovina of Jajce. Before her death in 1478 Queen Catherine restored the Saint Mary's Church in Jajce, nowadays

1150-604: The King of Serbs, Bosnia, Littoral, Hum, Dalmatia, Croats, etc. ". The king was slain in the town after the Ottoman conquests. The Ottomans besieged the town and executed Tomašević, but held it only for six months. At this point it was the Hungarians who looked to seize the opportunity to hinder the Ottoman expansion in the Balkans . With the Bosnian King's death, an opportunity arose for

1200-454: The Pliva and the Janj and two natural lakes on the Pliva river. The Pliva river flows from West to East, is 26.8 kilometers long, and has an average discharge artificially set for a biological minimum of 3.0 m near town of Jajce at the waterfall site. Total watershed area of the Pliva is 1,326 km. Its source is some 8 kilometers upstream of the town of Šipovo near Pljeva at the foot of

1250-552: The Pliva lakes lie in a basin of karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone , which has given rise to their most distinctive feature, same as nearby Una River in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Plitvice Lakes in Croatia . The lakes are separated by natural dams of travertine, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae and bacteria. The encrusted plants and bacteria accumulate on top of each other, forming travertine barriers which grow at

1300-495: The Pliva river has created three natural lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake , Malo Plivsko Lake and Okruglo Lake , with countless low cascades and travertine barriers ( tufa barriers), which causing these lakes to form, slowing the river and deepening it. At the village of Jezero the Pliva flows into the larger of two lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake ( veliko meaning large), then into two smaller Malo Plivsko Lake ( malo meaning small) and Okruglo Lake ( okruglo meaning round). Both of

1350-602: The US during the 1990s were 236,000 tons per year. Calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form calcium cyanamide : Commonly known as nitrolime , calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to cyanamide , H 2 NCN. Calcium carbide is used: Calcium carbide is used in carbide lamps . Water dripping on carbide produces acetylene gas, which burns and produces light. While these lamps gave steadier and brighter light than candles, they were dangerous in coal mines, where flammable methane gas made them

1400-519: The battlefront and out of service; the sudden rise in water levels and discharge created a tidal wave which damaged the travertine body of the waterfall. Jajce is situated in the mountains; there is beautiful countryside near the town, rivers such as the Vrbas and Pliva, and lakes such as Pliva lake, which is also a popular destination for the local people and tourists. Not far from Jajce there are mountains that are over 2,000 metres high, such as Vlašić near

1450-504: The carbide include calcium phosphide , which produces phosphine when hydrolysed. This reaction was an important part of the Industrial Revolution in chemistry, and was made possible in the United States as a result of massive amounts of inexpensive hydroelectric power produced at Niagara Falls before the turn of the 20th century. The electric arc furnace method was discovered in 1892 by T. L. Willson , and independently in

1500-710: The confluence of the rivers Pliva and Vrbas . Jajce Mithraeum is a temple dedicated to the God of the Sun, Mithra . The god was worshiped and the cult spread to other parts of the Roman Empire throughout the Mediterranean basin by slaves and merchants from the Orient , and by Roman soldiers who came into contact with the followers of the cult in the East. The temple is dated to the 2nd century AD and

1550-515: The confluence with Vrbas . Jajce Jajce is a town and municipality in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina . According to the 2013 census, the town has a population of 7,172 inhabitants, with 27,258 inhabitants in the municipality, It is situated in the region of Bosanska Krajina , on the crossroads between Banja Luka , Mrkonjić Grad and Donji Vakuf , on

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1600-534: The early 2000s. Organised school trips also make up a significant portion of tourists. Spring and autumn are the main tourist seasons. The town is famous for its beautiful 22-metre (72 ft) high waterfall where the Pliva River meets the river Vrbas . It was damaged during the Bosnian War by high waters and severe flooding, as the area of the Jajce-1 Hydroelectric Power Station was at

1650-611: The following weeks, all mosques and Catholic churches in Jajce were demolished. It is presumed that the Orthodox church was demolished on 10–11 October by members of the so-called "Krajina Brigade" within the Army of BiH. The VRS converted the town's Franciscan monastery into a prison and its archives, museum collections and artworks were looted; the monastery church was completely destroyed. By 1992, all religious buildings in Jajce had been destroyed, except for two mosques whose perilous positioning on

1700-632: The inscription is currently placed on the UNESCO Tentative list . Jajce was a popular tourist destination in Yugoslav times, mostly due to the historical importance of the AVNOJ session. Tourism has restarted, and its numbers (20-55,000 tourists in 2012–2013) are relevant in relation to the municipality's population (25,000). Tourists from across the former Yugoslavia still make up most of the visitors to Jajce, but Middle Eastern tourists have also increased since

1750-563: The largest chemical factory for production of calcium carbide in Europe at the time. The first hydroelectrical power station in Southeast Europe became operational on 24 March 1899. Today plans of construction of numerous small hydro power stations on the rivers Pliva and Janj are already undergo, although local population started expressing deep resentment and disapproval, and in some cases organized protests stopping ongoing works, at least for

1800-482: The mountain of Smiljevac - Jastrebnjak , where the Pliva springs out from two very strong karstic springwells at 483 meters above sea level. The main tributary of the Pliva is the Janj , that flows into the Pliva from the right, in the center of the town of Šipovo . At the confluence, both the Janj and the Pliva are approximately the same size, and both rivers have the same amount of water. Some 12 kilometers downstream, at

1850-570: The north, Bosniak majority areas to the southeast and Bosnian Croat majority areas to the southwest. At the end of April and the beginning of May 1992, almost all ethnic Serbs fled or were expelled to the territory under Republika Srpska control. In the summer of 1992, the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) started heavy bombardment of the town. Jajce was defended by Croat ( HVO ) and Bosniak ( ARBiH ) forces with two separate command lines, but fell to Serb forces on 29 October. Retreating forces were joined by

1900-549: The oldest church in the town. Skenderbeg Mihajlović besieged Jajce again in 1501, which, although the siege was unsuccessful, marked the approaching demise of the town and the Hungarian rule in Bosnia. Mihajlović was repelled by Ivaniš Korvin , who was assisted by the Zrinski , Frankopan , Karlović and Cubor families. in 1520 Petar Keglević became the Ban of Jajce. In 1527, Jajce fell to

1950-519: The panoramic view of the town with the waterfall. As of 2006, most of the houses were rebuilt. The old Jajce walled city core, including the waterfall , and other individual sites outside the walled city perimeter, such as the Jajce Mithraeum , is designated as The Natural and Architectural Ensemble of Jajce and proposed for the inscription into the UNESCO's World Heritage Site list . The bid for

2000-450: The presence of trace moisture, technical-grade calcium carbide emits an unpleasant odor reminiscent of garlic. Applications of calcium carbide include manufacture of acetylene gas, generation of acetylene in carbide lamps , manufacture of chemicals for fertilizer, and steelmaking. Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately 2,200 °C (3,990 °F). This

2050-553: The rate of about 1 cm per year. The very first hydroelectric power station in Bosnia and Herzegovina was built on the Pliva river in 1899. It was also the very first of its kind in the Balkans. This facility was constructed and exploited by Austrian industrialist Dr. Josef Kranz and his "Bosnische-Elektrizitäts AG" company, whose successor later became " Elektro-Bosna ". The power station had an installed capacity of 8 MW, and supplied electricity for "Elektro-Bosna" situated in Jajce,

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2100-461: The rest settled in Mrkonjić Grad , Šipovo , and Banja Luka . The economy of the Jajce municipality is nowadays weak. UNESCO , with a Swedish organisation Kulturarv utan gränser ( transl.  Cultural Heritage without Borders ), initiated a project of the renovation of the historical core of the town. The main project of the company was to renovate old traditional houses which symbolize

2150-497: The same year by H. Moissan . In Jajce , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Austrian industrialist Josef Kranz and his "Bosnische-Elektrizitäts AG" company, whose successor later became "Elektro-Bosna" , opened the largest chemical factory for the production of calcium carbide at the time in Europe in 1899. A hydroelectric power station on the Pliva river with an installed capacity of 8 MW

2200-448: The time being. The Janj is also considered for construction of several small hydro, but location is highly controversial as a place of great natural and environmental value. There is a cluster of small wooden hut-like watermills on the Pliva, on steep ford where the water spills between two lakes, from upper Veliko Plivsko into lower Malo Plivsko lake. These mills are out of their primary function today, but are preserved and maintained as

2250-405: The town of Travnik . Travelling through the mountain roads to the town may not be pleasant for some visitors, because the roads are in poor condition, but the scenery is picturesque. In 1931 the municipality of Jajce was part of the much bigger Jajce County (together with today's municipalities of Jezero , Dobretići and Šipovo ). 266 Serbs from Jajce are documented to have been murdered at

2300-425: The village of Jezero , the Pliva flows into the largest of three lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake , then into two smaller lakes: Malo Plivsko Lake and Okruglo Lake . After the Pliva river passed through the towns of Šipovo and Jezero , and through both Plivska lakes, it reaches the town of Jajce where it meets with the Vrbas river . The Pliva river is a left tributary of the Vrbas that, on its way north, flows into

2350-641: Was completed in 1885. From 1929–1941, Jajce was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . During the Second World War , Jajce gained importance as centre of a large swath of free territory, and on 29 November 1943 it hosted the second convention of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). There, representatives from throughout Yugoslavia decided to establish

2400-555: Was constructed to supply electricity for the factory, the first power station of its kind in Southeast Europe, and became operational on 24 March 1899. Pure calcium carbide is a colourless solid. The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock-salt structure with the C 2 units lying parallel. There are three different polymorphs which appear at room temperature: the tetragonal structure and two different monoclinic structures. The reaction of calcium carbide with water, producing acetylene and calcium hydroxide ,

2450-484: Was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862. This reaction was the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene , and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide. Today acetylene is mainly manufactured by the partial combustion of methane or appears as a side product in the ethylene stream from cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes are produced this way annually (see acetylene preparation ). In China, acetylene derived from calcium carbide remains

2500-416: Was renovated sometime during the 4th century AD. This particular Mithraeum is renowned as one of the best preserved in Europe. It was discovered accidentally during the construction of a private house. The temple is protected by glass walls so that visitors can see inside even without entering the facility. However, for entry and a closer look, visitors need to give notice of their visit in advance by contacting

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