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57-535: As of 2023, the city has a population of around 274.018 people. The name Pleiku first appeared in the Governor-General of French Indochina records in 1905, in the decree that established the province of Gia Lai. The Decree of the Governor-General of Indochina dated July 4, 1905, established an autonomous province in the western mountainous region of Binh Dinh province, naming it Plei-Kou-Derr . This marked

114-417: A Convair 880 (VR-HFZ) from Bangkok to Hong Kong, disintegrated and crashed while the aircraft was flying at 29,000 feet (8,800 m) over Pleiku, Vietnam after a bomb exploded in a suitcase placed under a seat in the cabin, killing all 81 people on board. After the fall of Buôn Ma Thuột to a major North Vietnamese assault in early 1975, and the resulting insecurity of National Route 19 leading from Qui Nhơn ,

171-575: A 300-pages catechism in Latin and romanized-Vietnamese ( chữ Quốc Ngữ ) or the Vietnamese alphabet . The Vietnamese Fragmentation period ended in 1802 as Emperor Gia Long , who was aided by French mercenaries defeated the Tay Son kingdoms and reunited Vietnam. Through assimilation and brutal subjugation in the 1830s by Minh Mang , a large chunk of indigenous Cham had been assimilated into Vietnamese. By 1847,

228-745: A Chinese general who has established the Nanyue state in modern-day Southern China, annexed Âu Lạc, and began the Sino-Vietic interaction that lasted in a millennium. In 111 BC, the Han Empire conquered Nanyue, brought the Northern Vietnam region under Han rule. By the 7th century to 9th century AD, as the Tang Empire ruled over the region, historians such as Henri Maspero proposed that Vietnamese-speaking people became separated from other Vietic groups such as

285-553: A close genetic connection between Kinh Vietnamese and Thais although one 2017 study suggests they have dual origins from southern Han Chinese and Thai- Indonesians . Religion in Vietnam (2019) According to the 2019 census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows: It is worth noting here that the data is highly skewed, as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist, yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism. Estimates for

342-668: A leader named Đinh Bộ Lĩnh united them and established the Đại Việt (Great Việt) kingdom. With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh chose Hoa Lư in the southern edge of the Red River Delta as the capital instead of Tang-era Đại La , adopted Chinese-style imperial titles, coinage, and ceremonies and tried to preserve the Chinese administrative framework. The independence of Đại Việt, according to Andrew Chittick, allows it "to develop its own distinctive political culture and ethnic consciousness." In 979, Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng

399-478: A long recorded history of the Vietnamese language and people, the identification and distinction of 'ethnic Vietnamese' or ethnic Kinh, as well as other ethnic groups in Vietnam, were only begun by colonial administration in the late 19th and early 20th century. Following colonial government's efforts of ethnic classificating, nationalism, especially ethnonationalism and eugenic social Darwinism were encouraged among

456-481: Is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old traditional aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars, adopted Confucianism, and transformed a Đại Việt from a Southeast Asian style polity to a bureaucratic state, and flourished. Thánh Tông's forces, armed with gunpowder weapons, overwhelmed

513-510: Is home to the Hoàng Anh Gia Lai football club. The city sits at the junction of several national roads— National Route 14 to Kon Tum in the north and Buôn Ma Thuột in the south and National Route 19 to Stung Treng in Cambodia in the west (via Ratanakiri Province ) and to Bình Định Province in the east. In addition, Pleiku is served by Pleiku Airport in the near outskirts of

570-454: Is located at an average altitude of 700m - 800m; Ham Rong junction, or the junction of National Highway 14 and National Highway 19 south of Pleiku , has an altitude of 785m. In 1971, during the Republic of Vietnam, Pleiku provincial capital had 34,867 residents. According to the statistical, the city's population includes 28 ethnic groups; The Kinh people make up the majority (87.5%),

627-541: Is located between National Highway 14 and National Route 19 near the Indochina intersection of neighboring Cambodia and Laos on the Ho Chi Minh Highway . Pleiku occupies 26,076.8 hectares, and is the economic, political, cultural and social center of Gia Lai province. Pleiku is 465 km north of Ho Chi Minh City , 1,287 km south of Hanoi , 181 km from Buôn Ma Thuột and 377 km from Da Nang . Pleiku

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684-567: Is now the Vietnamese language . Its speakers called themselves the "Kinh" people, meaning people of the "metropolitan" centered around the Red River Delta with Hanoi as its capital. Historic and modern chữ Nôm scripture classically uses the Han character '京', pronounced "Jīng" in Mandarin, and "Kinh" with Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation. Other variants of Proto-Viet-Muong were driven from the lowlands by

741-621: The Austronesian Chamic people . Around 400–200 BC, the Lạc came to contact with the Âu Việt (a splinter group of Tai people ) and the Sinitic people from the north. According to a late-third- or early-fourth-century AD Chinese chronicle, the leader of the Âu Việt, Thục Phán , conquered Văn Lang and deposed the last Hùng king . Having submissions of Lạc lords, Thục Phán proclaimed himself King An Dương of Âu Lạc kingdom. In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo ,

798-559: The Chinese city of Zhanjiang . The following have held the position of governor-general of French Indochina. Vietnamese people The Vietnamese people ( Vietnamese : người Việt , lit.   ' Việt people ' or ' Việt humans ' ) or the Kinh people ( Vietnamese : người Kinh , lit.   'Metropolitan people'), also recognized as the Viet people or

855-527: The Khmer and Mlabri . Meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from the Đông Sơn culture 's Núi Nấp site show affinity with Dai people from China, Kra-Dai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh. This indicates that although the Kinh people speak an Austroasiatic language that is indigenous to northern Vietnam, they are predominantly descended from Kra-Dai ethnic groups that migrated into

912-526: The Mường and Chứt due to heavier Chinese influences on the Vietnamese. Other argue that a Vietic migration from north central Vietnam to the Red River Delta in the seventh century replaced the original Tai-speaking inhabitants. In the mid-9th century, local rebels aided by Nanzhao tore the Tang Chinese rule to nearly collapse. The Tang reconquered the region in 866, causing half of the local rebels to flee into

969-564: The Vietnam War because it was the primary terminus of the military supply logistics corridor extending westwards along Highway 19 from the coastal population centre and port facilities of Qui Nhơn . Additionally, its central location on the plateau, between Kon Tum to the North, Buôn Ma Thuột to the south, and the North Vietnamese Army 's base areas inside Cambodia to the west made Pleiku

1026-561: The Vietnamese language dated early 12th century, and surviving chữ Nôm script inscriptions dated early 13th century, showcasing enormous influences of Chinese culture among the early Vietnamese elites. The Mongol Yuan dynasty unsuccessfully invaded Đại Việt in the 1250s and 1280s, though they sacked Hanoi. The Ming dynasty of China conquered Đại Việt in 1406, brought the Vietnamese under Chinese rule for 20 years, before they were driven out by Vietnamese leader Lê Lợi . The fourth grandson of Lê Lợi, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (r. 1460–1497),

1083-483: The Viets , are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China who speak Vietnamese , the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language . Vietnamese Kinh people account for just 85.32% of the population of Vietnam in the 2019 census , and are officially designated and recognized as the Kinh people ( người Kinh ) to distinguish them from the other minority groups residing in

1140-719: The 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue , Ouyue (Vietnamese: Âu Việt ), Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt ), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese : 百越 ; pinyin : Bǎiyuè ; Cantonese Yale : Baak Yuet ; Vietnamese : Bách Việt ; lit. 'Hundred Yue/Viet'; ). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in

1197-512: The Hồng Bàng Clan ( Hồng Bàng thị truyện), written in the 15th century, the first Vietnamese were descended from the dragon lord Lạc Long Quân and the fairy Âu Cơ . They married and had one hundred eggs, from which hatched one hundred children. Their eldest son ruled as the Hùng king . The Hùng kings were claimed to be descended from the mythical figure Shen Nong . The earliest reference of

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1254-423: The Kinh and were called Trại (寨 Mandarin: Zhài ), or "outpost" people," by the 13th century. These became the modern Mường people . According to Victor Lieberman, người Kinh ( Chữ Nôm : 𠊛京) may be a colonial-era term for Vietnamese speakers inserted anachronistically into translations of pre-colonial documents, but literature on 18th century ethnic formation is lacking. There is considerable debate regarding

1311-604: The Lê emperors barely sat on the throne while the Trịnh lords held power of the court. The Mạc controlled northeast Vietnam. The Nguyễn lords ruled the southern polity of Đàng Trong (inner realm). Thousands of ethnic Vietnamese migrated south, settled on the old Cham lands. European missionaries and traders from the sixteenth century brought new religion, ideas and crops to the Vietnamese (Annamese). By 1639, there were 82,500 Catholic converts throughout Vietnam. In 1651, Alexandre de Rhodes published

1368-780: The Red River Delta) in Chinese sources, indicating that a fairly stable population of Austroasiatic speakers, ancestral to modern Vietnamese, inhabited the delta during the Han - Tang periods. Others have proposed that northern Vietnam and southern China were never homogeneous in terms of ethnicity and languages but were populated by people who shared similar customs. These ancient tribes did not have any kind of defined ethnic boundary and could not be described as "Vietnamese" (Kinh) in any satisfactory sense. Attempts to identify ethnic groups in ancient Vietnam are problematic and often inaccurate. Another theory, based upon linguistic diversity, locates

1425-541: The Vietnamese state under Emperor Thiệu Trị , people that identified them as "người Việt Nam" accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country's population. This demographic model continues to persist through the French Indochina , Japanese occupation and modern day. Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina . By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with

1482-425: The book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC. By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese referred to themselves as người Việt 𠊛越 (Viet people) or người Nam 𠊛南 (southern people). Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries, a strand of Viet-Muong (northern Vietic language) with influence from a hypothetic Chinese dialect in northern Vietnam, dubbed as Annamese Middle Chinese, started to become what

1539-415: The central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin . The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education introduced new humanist values into Vietnam. Despite having

1596-444: The city. 13°59′N 108°00′E  /  13.983°N 108.000°E  / 13.983; 108.000 List of governors-general of French Indochina European (as well as Japanese and Chinese) colonial administrators ( French : Gouverneurs généraux de l'Indochine française ) had historically been responsible for the territory of French Indochina , an area equivalent to modern-day Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , and

1653-626: The colonial period and is still the official name of the city today. At the end of the First Indochina War , in June 1954, the French Army Groupe Mobile 100 was ordered to fall back from An Khê to Pleiku and then to reopen Route Coloniale 14 between Pleiku and Buôn Ma Thuột . This led to the last battle of the war: the Battle of Mang Yang Pass . Pleiku was strategically important during

1710-421: The converted population, there are about 504,984 people. Pleiku city is divided into 22 commune-level administrative units, including 14 wards: Chi Lang , Dien Hong , Dong Da , Hoa Lu , Hoi Phu , Hoi Thuong , Ia Kring , Phu Dong , Tay Son , Thang Loi , Thong Nhat , Tra Ba , Yen Do , Yen The and 8 communes: An Phu , Bien Ho , Chu A , Dien Phu , Gao , Ia Kenh , Tan Son , Tra Da . The city

1767-867: The country such as the Hmong , Cham , or Mường . The Vietnamese are one of the four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Mường , Thổ , and Chứt people . They are related to the Gin people, a minority ethnic group in China. According to Churchman (2010), all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese such as Viet (related to ancient Chinese geographical imagination), Kinh (related to medieval administrative designation), or Keeu and Kæw (derived from Jiāo 交, ancient Chinese toponym for Northern Vietnam, Old Chinese *kraw ) by Kra-Dai speaking peoples, are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination. Most of

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1824-546: The ethnic origin of the Kinh people. The Vietic languages are traditionally assumed to have been originated Northern Vietnam , around the Red River Delta. Archaeogenetics demonstrate that prior to the Dong Son period , the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from the Phùng Nguyên culture 's Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as

1881-518: The first major presence of the Vietnamese in France and the Western world. When Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954, a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government also migrated to France. During the partition of Vietnam into North and South , a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France, along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France, which

1938-522: The first official use of the name Plei-Kou in writing. The word Plơi means "village" in Jarai , while Kơdưr can mean either "north" or "upper". Therefore, the name Pleiku can be translated as "upper village" or "village in the north". The word Derr is likely a Jarai word that was added to the name Pleiku by the French to distinguish it from other villages in the area. The name Pleiku has been used since

1995-445: The implementation of economic reforms such as the Đổi Mới policies in the late 20th century. Later, North Vietnam's Soviet-style social integrational and ethnic classification tried to build an image of diversity under the harmony of socialism, promoting the idea of the Vietnamese nation as a 'great single family' comprised by many different ethnic groups, and Vietnamese ethnic chauvinism was officially discouraged. Several studies show

2052-434: The inhabitants of Đại Việt "tattooed their foreheads, crossed feet, black teeth, bare feet and blacken clothing." The early 11th-century Cham inscription of Chiên Đàn, My Son , erected by king of Champa Harivarman IV (r. 1074–1080), mentions that he had offered Khmer (Kmīra/Kmir) and Viet (Yvan) prisoners as slaves to various local gods and temples of the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon. Successive Vietnamese royal families from

2109-513: The long-term rival Champa in 1471, then launched an unsuccessful invasion against the Laotian and Lan Na kingdoms in the 1480s. With the death of Thánh Tông in 1497, the Đại Việt kingdom swiftly declined. Climate extremes, failing crops, regionalism and factionism tore the Vietnamese apart. From 1533 to 1790s, four powerful Vietnamese families – Mạc, Lê, Trịnh and Nguyễn – each ruled on their own domains. In northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài–outer realm),

2166-565: The main centre of defense of the entire highland region of the Republic of Vietnam . This was obvious to both sides; the United States established an armed presence very early in the conflict at Camp Holloway , and the Việt Cộng attack on this base in early 1965 was one of the key escalating events that brought U.S. troops into the conflict. On 15 June 1972, Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z , operating

2223-504: The most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as in parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam. In the 1930s, clusters of Vietic-speaking communities discovered in the hills of eastern Laos were believed to be the earliest inhabitants of that region. According to the Vietnamese legend The Tale of

2280-600: The mountains, which historians believe that was the separation between the Mường and the Vietnamese took at the end of Tang rule in Vietnam. In 938, the Vietnamese leader Ngô Quyền who was a native of Thanh Hóa , led Viet forces defeated the Chinese Southern Han armada at Bạch Đằng River and proclaimed himself king, became the first Viet king of polity that now could be perceived as "Vietnamese". Ngô Quyền died in 944 and his kingdom collapsed into chaos and disturbances between twelve warlords and chiefs. In 968,

2337-481: The nation but also had far-reaching consequences for the Vietnamese people. The war, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, resulted in significant social, economic, and political upheavals, shaping the modern history of Vietnam and its people. Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the post-war era brought economic hardships and strained social dynamics, prompting resilient efforts at reconstruction, reconciliation, and

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2394-459: The new Vietnamese intelligentsia's discourse. Ethnic tensions sparked by Vietnamese ethnonationalism peaked during the late 1940s at the beginning phase of the First Indochina War (1946–1954), which resulted in violence between Khmer and Vietnamese in the Mekong Delta . The mid-20th century marked a pivotal turning point with the Vietnam War , a conflict that not only left an indelible impact on

2451-533: The practice of riverine agriculture and in particular, the cultivation of wet rice. Some linguists (James Chamberlain, Joachim Schliesinger) have suggested that Vietic-speaking people migrated from the North Central Region of Vietnam to the Red River Delta , which had originally been inhabited by Tai speakers . However, Michael Churchman found no records of population shifts in Jiaozhi (centered around

2508-427: The president, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , ordered the hasty evacuation of Pleiku. The military operation to attempt the withdrawal of ARVN forces, down the poorly maintained tertiary road LTL-7B through Ayun Pa to Tuy Hòa , led to a catastrophe in which over 100,000 evacuees from Pleiku and Kon Tum were killed or left stranded without support. Pleiku is located in the center of Gia Lai province and borders: Pleiku

2565-667: The proto-Vietnamese in Chinese annals was the Lạc (Chinese: Luo), Lạc Việt , or the Dongsonian, an ancient tribal confederacy of perhaps polyglot Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai speakers occupied the Red River Delta . The Lạc developed the metallurgical Đông Sơn culture and the Văn Lang chiefdom , ruled by the semi-mythical Hùng kings . To the south of the Dongsonians was the Sa Huỳnh culture of

2622-532: The regime largely fled to Vietnam. During French colonialism , Vietnam was regarded as the most important colony in Asia by the French colonial powers, and the Vietnamese had a higher social standing than other ethnic groups in French Indochina. As a result, educated Vietnamese were often trained to be placed in colonial government positions in the other Asian French colonies of Laos and Cambodia rather than locals of

2679-476: The region from southern China. One hypothesis suggests that the forerunners of the ethnic Kinh descended from a subset of Proto-Austroasiatic people who are believed to have originated around the modern borders of southern China, either around Yunnan , Lingnan , or the Yangtze River , as well as mainland Southeast Asia . These proto-Austroasiatics also diverged into Monic speakers, who settled further to

2736-454: The respective colonies. There was also a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France during this period, primarily consisting of members of the elite class. A large number of Vietnamese also migrated to France as workers, especially during World War I and World War II , when France recruited soldiers and locals of its colonies to help with war efforts in metropolitan France. The wave of migrants to France during World War I formed

2793-588: The rest are other ethnic groups, mainly the Gia Rai and Ba Na ethnic groups (12.5%). The number of people of working age is about 328,240 people, accounting for 65% of the population. The natural population growth rate decreased rapidly, reaching 1.12% in 2008. Ethnic minorities live mainly in villages such as Plei Op village (Hoa Lu ward), Kep village (Dong Da ward), Brúk Ngol village (Yen The ward), and some other villages. The entire urban area has 62,829 households with 274,048 people with permanent residence. Including

2850-517: The sixteenth century, groups of Vietnamese migrated to Cambodia and China for commerce and political purposes. Descendants of Vietnamese migrants in China form the Gin ethnic group in the country and primarily reside in and around Guangxi Province . Vietnamese form the largest ethnic minority group in Cambodia, at 5% of the population. Under the Khmer Rouge , they were heavily persecuted and survivors of

2907-891: The time, the Austroasiatic-speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical social self-designation inherent in the modern Vietnamese first-person pronoun ta (us, we, I) to differentiate themselves with other groups. In the older colloquial usage, ta corresponded to "ours" as opposed to "theirs", and during colonial time they were " nước ta " (our country) and " tiếng ta " (our language) in contrast to " nước tây " (western countries) and " tiếng tây " (western languages). The term " Việt " (Yue) ( Chinese : 越 ; pinyin : Yuè ; Cantonese Yale : Yuht ; Wade–Giles : Yüeh ; Vietnamese : Việt ) in Early Middle Chinese

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2964-481: The west, and the Khmeric speakers, who migrated further south. The Munda of northeastern India were another subset of proto-Austroasiatics who likely diverged earlier than the aforementioned groups, given the linguistic distance in basic vocabulary of the languages. Most archaeologists, linguists, and other specialists, such as Sinologists and crop experts, believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BC, bringing with them

3021-546: The year 2010 published by the Pew–Templeton Global Religious Futures Project: Originally from northern Vietnam and southern China, the Vietnamese have expanded south and conquered much of the land belonging to the former Champa Kingdom and Khmer Empire over the centuries. They are the dominant ethnic group in most provinces of Vietnam, and constitute a small percentage of the population in neighbouring Cambodia . Beginning around

3078-619: The Đinh, Early Lê, Lý dynasties and ( Hoa )/Chinese ancestry Trần and Hồ dynasties ruled the kingdom peacefully from 968 to 1407. Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (r. 1009–1028) relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Đại La , the center of the Red River Delta in 1010. They practiced elitist marriage alliances between clans and nobles in the country. Mahayana Buddhism became state religion, Vietnamese music instruments, dancing and religious worshipping were influenced by both Cham, Indian and Chinese styles, while Confucianism slowly gained attention and influence. The earliest surviving corpus and text in

3135-402: Was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam. Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984. The fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War prompted the start of the Vietnamese diaspora, which saw millions of Vietnamese fleeing the country from

3192-476: Was assassinated, and Queen Dương Vân Nga married with Dinh's general Lê Hoàn , appointed him as Emperor. Disturbances in Đại Việt attracted attention from the neighbouring Chinese Song dynasty and Champa Kingdom, but they were defeated by Lê Hoàn. A Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants (Yuon) in Angkor . Chinese writers Song Hao, Fan Chengda and Zhou Qufei all reported that

3249-503: Was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty ( c.  1200 BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue , a term later used for peoples further south. Between

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