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67-637: See text Platanus ( / ˈ p l æ t ə n ə s / PLAT -ən-əss ) is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere . They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae . All mature members of Platanus are tall, reaching 30–50 m (98–164 ft) in height. The type species of the genus is the Oriental plane Platanus orientalis . All except for P. kerrii are deciduous , and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitats in

134-558: A frequent motif featured in Classical Chinese poetry as an embodiment of sorrowful sentiments due to its autumnal shedding of leaves. The legendary Dry Tree first recorded by Marco Polo was possibly a platanus. According to the legend, it marked the site of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III . The German camouflage pattern Platanenmuster ("plane tree pattern"), designed in 1937–1942 by Johann Georg Otto Schick,

201-654: A junior synonym of P. lindeniana ANA clade part of the P. racemosa species aggregate PNA-E clade J.-F.Leroy in a strict sense synonymous with P. mexicana var. interior Nixon & Poole, restricted to Guanajuato , Hidalgo , Querétaro and San Luis Potosí , and of hybrid origin s.str: 1–3 ANA clade syn Platanus occidentalis var. lindeniana part of the P. mexicana species aggregate, synonymous with P. mexicana var. mexicana according Nixon & Poole ANA clade junior synonym of P. lindeniana or distinct species ANA clade ANA clade ANA clade ANA clade PNA-E clade PNA-E clade part of

268-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

335-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

402-458: A place, and have led to initial suspicion of an attack with an irritant gas. After one such mass attack which affected schoolchildren in classrooms with open windows densely surrounded by plane tees, children had to be admitted to hospital, where they were treated and recovered without ill effects. It was found that the symptoms were due to the fine star-shaped trichomes (hairs) on all parts of platanus trees, which are broken off by strong wind after

469-627: A prolonged dry period. The dust created causes direct irritation and scratchiness in the eyes, throat, and nose, but not the runny nose and itching eyes and nose caused by an allergy . The school incident took place after a dry period, with a fairly high temperature of 29 °C (84 °F), and wind blowing at 50 km/h (31 mph). Protection against platanus cough is provided by avoiding contact and wearing protective glasses and masks under weather conditions promoting release of trichomes. When cleaning in an urban environment, sweeping up fallen leaves and branches can release hairs; cleaning by suction

536-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

603-506: A species has been established in this manner, specialist taxonomists may work on the subject and make certain types of changes in the light of new information. In modern practice it is greatly preferred that the collector of the specimens immediately passes them to specialists for naming; it is rarely possible for non-specialists to tell whether their specimens are of new species or not, and in modern times not many publications or their referees would accept an amateur description. In any event,

670-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

737-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

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804-436: Is an abbreviation of " secundum ", meaning "following" or "in accordance with".) Such an author citation is different from the citation of the nomenclatural "author citation" or "authority citation" . In biological taxonomy the author citation following the name of a taxon simply identifies the author who originally published the name and applied it to the type , the specimen or specimens that one refers to in case of doubt about

871-592: Is an anthropogenic hybrid ( cultivar ) between the North American P. occidentalis sensu stricto (ANA clade) and the Mediterranean P. orientalis (PNA-E clade). Widely used as a park tree across the Northern Hemisphere, it frequently backcrosses with both its parents. The following are named species of Platanus ; not all are accepted by all authorities: part of P. mexicana species aggregate, probably

938-428: Is considered invalid and may be used in place of the author designation of a taxon in such a case (for instance, "Tricholoma amethystinum sensu auct." is an erroneous name for a mushroom which should really be " Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke"). A related usage is in a concept-author citation (" sec . Smith", or " sensu Smith"), indicating that the intended meaning is the one defined by that author. (Here " sec ."

1005-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1072-409: Is in use to indicate the sense of a particular context, such as "Nonmonophyletic groups are ... nonnatural (sensu cladistics) in that ..." or "... computation of a cladogram (sensu phenetics) ..." Also the expression sensu auctorum (abbreviation: sensu auct. ) is used to mean "in the sense of certain authors", who can be designated or described. It normally refers to a sense which

1139-454: Is particularly popular for this purpose. The American plane is cultivated sometimes for timber and investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop. The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental tree, and also has a number of minor medicinal uses. Most significant aspects of cultural history apply to Platanus orientalis in the Old World. The tree is an important part of

1206-447: Is preferred. It is not recommended that trees in cities be felled, as they are beneficial; in particular the platanus trichomes act as biofilters for air pollutants. Where there are urban concentrations presenting a risk, seasonal spraying of trees with a solution of apple pectin can prevent the star hair from breaking off. The principal use of these trees is as ornamental trees, especially in urban areas and by roadsides. The London plane

1273-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1340-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1407-516: Is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage. Sensu is the ablative case of the noun sensus , here meaning "sense". It is often accompanied by an adjective (in the same case). Three such phrases are: Søren Kierkegaard uses the phrase sensu eminenti to mean "in the pre-eminent [or most important or significant] sense". When appropriate, comparative and superlative adjectives may also be used to convey

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1474-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1541-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1608-420: The P. racemosa species aggregate PNA-E clade (syn. P. × acerifolia ( Aiton ) Willd. , P. hybrida Brot. ) hybrid of P. occidentalis and P. orientalis interlineage hybrid Planes are susceptible to plane anthracnose ( Apiognomonia veneta ), a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The most severe infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. P. occidentalis and

1675-476: The larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phyllonorycter platani and Setaceous Hebrew Character . In the 21st century a disease, commonly known as Massaria disease, has attacked plane trees across Europe. It is caused by the fungus Splanchnonema platani , and causes large lesions on the upper sides of branches. There have been cases of "platanus cough", symptoms of shortness of breath, coughing, and irritated eyes, which may affect several people in

1742-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1809-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1876-400: The polyphyletic taxon because the members were long believed to form a "true" taxon and the standard literature still refers to them together. Alternatively a taxon might include members simply because they form a group that is convenient to work with in practice. In this example, we can know from additional sources that we are dealing with the latter case: by adding other groups of plants to

1943-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2010-407: The broader APG circumscription the family Malvaceae s.l. includes Malvaceae s.s. and also the families Bombacaceae , Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae ." Here the circumscription is broader, stripped of some of its constraints by saying sensu lato ; that is what speaking more broadly amounts to. Discarding such constraints might be for historical reasons, for example when people usually speak of

2077-448: The definition of a species. Given that an author (such as Linnaeus, for example) was the first to supply a definite type specimen and to describe it, it is to be hoped that his description would stand the tests of time and criticism, but even if it does not, then as far as practical the name that he had assigned will apply. It still will apply in preference to any subsequent names or descriptions that anyone proposes, whether his description

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2144-424: The entire family of plants under the name Malvaceae ( strictly speaking ), over 1000 species, including the closest relatives of cotton and hibiscus , all descend from a shared ancestor, specifically, that they, and no other extant plant taxa , share a notional most recent common ancestor (MRCA). If this is correct, that ancestor might have been a single species of plant. Conversely the assertion also means that

2211-480: The family Malvaceae s.l. , including those related to cacao , cola , durian , and jute , the APG circumscription omits some of the criteria by which the new members previously had been excluded. The s.l. group remains monophyletic. "The 'clearly non-monophyletic' series Cyrtostylis sensu A.S. George has been virtually dismantled..." This remark specifies Alex George 's particular description of that series. It

2278-421: The family includes all surviving species descended from that ancestor. Other species of plants that some people might ( broadly speaking or s.l. ) have included in the family would not have shared that MRCA (or ipso facto they too would have been members of the family Malvaceae s.s. In short, this circumscription s.s. includes all and only plants that have descended from that particular ancestral stock. "In

2345-399: The female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006). Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with

2412-411: The fields. In geology for example, in which the concept of ancestry is looser and less pervasive than in biology, one finds usages such as: Sensu is used in the taxonomy of living creatures to specify which circumscription of a given taxon is meant, where more than one circumscription can be defined. "The family Malvaceae s.s. is cladistically monophyletic ." This means that the members of

2479-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

2546-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

2613-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

2680-427: The literary scenery of Plato's dialogue Phaedrus . Because of Plato , the tree also played an important role in the scenery of Cicero's De Oratore . The trees also provided the shade under which Aristotle and Plato's famed philosophical schools were held. Handel 's opera Serse has a famous aria , " Ombra mai fu ", which the title character sings in praise of his favorite plane tree. The plane tree has been

2747-414: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Sensu stricto Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology , geology , linguistics , semiotics , and law . Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression

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2814-536: The meaning of "more" or "most". Thus sensu stricto becomes sensu strictiore ("in the stricter sense" or "more strictly speaking") and sensu strictissimo ("in the strictest possible sense" or "most strictly speaking"). Current definitions of the plant kingdom ( Plantae ) offer a biological example of when such phrases might be used. One definition of Plantae is that it consists of all green plants (comprising green algae and land plants ), all red algae and all glaucophyte algae . A stricter definition excludes

2881-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

2948-399: The name ). Some North American species are called sycamores (especially Platanus occidentalis ), although the term is also used for several unrelated species of trees . The genus name Platanus comes from Ancient Greek πλάτανος , which referred to Platanus orientalis . The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose heads); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at the base, and

3015-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

3082-550: The other American species are the most susceptible, with P. orientalis the most resistant. The hybrid London plane is intermediate in resistance. Ceratocystis platani , a wilt disease , has become a significant problem in recent years in much of Europe. The North American species are mostly resistant to the disease, with which they probably coevolved, while the Old World species are highly sensitive. Other diseases such as powdery mildew occur frequently, but are of lesser importance. Platanus species are used as food plants by

3149-908: The others; recent studies in Mexico have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus Platanus , evidence from both chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences suggests that the P. racemosa species complex in Western North America (including P. racemosa , P. gentryi , P. wrightii ) is more closely related to the Eurasian P. orientalis than it is to the other North American species ( P. mexicana sensu lato , including up to four species: P. chiapaensis, P. lindeniana, P. [×] mexicana sensu stricto , P. oaxacana; P. occidentalis s.l. with two [sub]species: P. occidentalis, P. palmeri ; P. rzedowskii ). The two groups form genetically and morphologically distinct evolutionary lineages ( sister clades ), informally called

3216-418: The person who finally classifies and describes a species has the task of taxonomic circumscription . Circumscription means in essence that anyone competent in the matter can tell which creatures are included in the species described, and which are excluded . It is in this process of species description that the question of the sense arises, because that is where the worker produces and argues their view of

3283-424: The petals are 3–7 and are spatulate . Male and female flowers are separate, but borne on the same plant ( monoecious ). The number of heads in one cluster ( inflorescence ) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has 3–8 stamens ; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels . Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen. After being pollinated,

3350-421: The point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion . The leaves are simple and alternate. In the subgenus Platanus they have a palmate outline. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around

3417-448: The proper circumscription. Equally, or perhaps even more strongly, the arguments for deciding questions concerning higher taxa such as families or orders , require very difficult circumscription, where changing the sense applied could totally upset an entire scheme of classification, either constructively or disastrously. Note that the principles of circumscription apply in various ways in non-biological senses. In biological taxonomy

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3484-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

3551-424: The red and glaucophyte algae; the group defined in this way could be called Plantae in sensu stricto . An even stricter definition excludes green algae, leaving only land plants; the group defined in this way could be called Plantae in sensu strictiore . Conversely, where convenient, some authors derive expressions such as " sensu non strictissimo ", meaning "not in the narrowest possible sense". A similar form

3618-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

3685-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

3752-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

3819-520: The splitting of an ancestral lineage into two ( Tree of Life metaphor) but also evolutionary anastomoses : hybridization and introgression. The fossil record of leaves and fruit identifiable to Platanus begins in the Paleocene . Despite the geographic separation between North America and Old World, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London plane, which

3886-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

3953-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

4020-401: The usual assumption is that circumscription reflects the shared ancestry perceived as most likely in the light of the currently available information; in geology or legal contexts far wider and more arbitrary ranges of logical circumscription commonly apply, not necessarily formally uniformly. However, the usage of expressions incorporating sensu remains functionally similarly intelligible among

4087-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

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4154-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

4221-473: The wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London plane ( Platanus × hispanica ) has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions, and has been widely planted in London and elsewhere across the temperate world. They are often known in English as planes or plane trees . A formerly used name that is now rare is plantain tree (not to be confused with other, unrelated, species with

4288-409: The young stem bud in its axil. The axillary bud is exposed only after the leaf falls off. The mature bark peels off or exfoliates easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. On old trunks, bark may not flake off, but thickens and cracks instead. There are two subgenera, subgenus Castaneophyllum containing the anomalous P. kerrii , and subgenus Platanus , with all

4355-449: The “ANA clade” (Atlantic North American lineage) and “PNA-E clade” (Pacific North American-European lineage). Both lineages have been affected by reticulate evolutionary processes in the past (ancient or recent hybridization and introgression ): The genus Platanus exemplarily illustrates the concept of a Coral of Life , a species network. Its modern-day species are not only the product of evolutionary dichotomies ( cladogenesis ),

4422-499: Was correct or not, and whether he had correctly identified its biological affinities or not. This does not always happen of course; all sorts of errors occur in practice. For example, a collector might scoop a netful of small fish and describe them as a new species; it then might turn out that he had failed to notice that there were several (possibly unrelated) species in the net. It then is not clear what he had named, so his name can hardly be taken seriously, either s.s. or s.l . After

4489-485: Was the first dotted camouflage pattern. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

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