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39-657: The territory covered by Plan Nord includes all of Quebec north of the 49th parallel and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The 1,200,000 km (463,000 sq mi) area includes the Nord-du-Québec region as well as the northern part of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and most of Côte-Nord . A large part of the territory is governed by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and the Northeastern Quebec Agreement signed in

78-570: A European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in the year 1534 . Cartier named the shores of the St. Lawrence River "The Country of Canadas", after an indigenous word meaning "village" or "settlement", thus naming the world's second largest country. Basque whalers from Saint-Jean-de-Luz sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1530 and began whaling at Red Bay . They established their base on

117-547: A distance of approximately 70 km inland from the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The two branches combine at Newcastle where the river becomes navigable to ocean-going vessels. The estuarine portion of the Miramichi River downriver from Newcastle in the city of Miramichi flows through a drowned river valley. Sea level rise in Miramichi Bay has flooded the mouth of the Miramichi River with saltwater . The estuary comprises

156-511: A huge influence on the 20th century environmental movement and shed light on issues in small areas such as Miramichi, New Brunswick. The emergence of the environmental movement in New Brunswick catalyzed involvement from a variety of different social groups to target the issue. Local media outlets, scientists, outdoors enthusiasts and members of the general public got involved. Eventually the federal government placed restrictions on DDT spraying in

195-681: A river located in the east-central part of New Brunswick , Canada. The river drains into Miramichi Bay in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The name may have been derived from the Montagnais words "Maissimeu Assi" (meaning Mi'kmaq Land), and it is today the namesake of the Miramichi Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority . The Miramichi River watershed drains a territory comprising one-quarter of New Brunswick's territory, measuring approximately 13,000 km of which 300 km

234-572: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gulf of Saint Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence fringes the shores of the provinces of Quebec , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Newfoundland and Labrador , in Canada , plus the islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon , possessions of France , in North America . The Gulf of St. Lawrence connects the Great Lakes to

273-469: Is about 290 m (950 ft) deep and about 1,250 km (780 mi) long from the Continental Shelf to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River . Deep waters with temperatures between 2 and 6.5 °C (36 and 44 °F) enter the Gulf at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation. Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in

312-462: Is an anadromous fish, that is, one that is hatched and grows briefly in freshwater and then migrates to salt water while immature to grow to maturity, before returning to fresh water to spawn and complete their life cycle. The Miramichi River still maintains a reasonably healthy, self-sustaining run of Atlantic salmon, as well as lesser runs of other anadromous fish such as American shad , smelt , herring and sea-run brook trout . About one-half of

351-494: Is an estuarine environment on the inner part of Miramichi Bay . The watershed roughly corresponds to Northumberland County , but also includes sections of Victoria County , Carleton County , and York County and smaller parts of Gloucester County and Sunbury County . The Miramichi River meander length measures approximately 250 km and comprises two important branches, the Southwest Miramichi River and

390-514: Is established as follows: The five provinces bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence have several provincial parks with protected coasts. Download coordinates as: The Laurentian Channel is a feature of the floor of the Gulf that was formed during previous ice ages , when the Continental Shelf was eroded by the St. Lawrence River during the periods when the sea level plunged. The Laurentian Channel

429-600: The Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River . The secrets of the Saint-Laurent , marine weather guide 2013, of 100 pages, provides information on a multitude of facets of the great river in all seasons. In winter, the St. Lawrence River is an immense ice factory. The machine starts up in December with the formation of ice cubes between Montreal and Quebec City . The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards

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468-796: The Migratory Birds Convention Act on Bonaventure Island , on the Bird Rocks of the Magdalen Islands , and on the Percé Rock . These migratory bird sanctuaries are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service . The Federal Government of Canada manages 37 National Parks of Canada , overview of the parks touching the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve , in Côte-Nord , Forillon National Park on

507-710: The Northwest Miramichi River , each having their respective tributaries. Nearly every bend in the river, from Push and Be Damned Rapids to the Turnip Patch has a distinctive name, reflecting the importance of the river to fishermen, canoeists, and lumbermen. Tides reach upriver in the Miramichi system to Sunny Corner on the Northwest Miramichi and to Renous-Quarryville on the Southwest Miramichi —

546-549: The Strait of Belle Isle and worked closely with the Iroquois in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1579 the English government closed all English ports to Spanish oil imports. As a result, a third of Basque whale oil could not be sold. Basque whaling collapsed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and never recovered. Miramichi River The Miramichi River / ˌ m ɪr ə m ɪ ˈ ʃ iː / is

585-514: The 1970s in the context of the James Bay Project . The Plan Nord territory is 320,000 km (120,000 sq mi) of boreal forest, drawing protests from Innu First Nations members. While protecting some part of the territory, 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi), the agreement has a clause that allows the protected areas to become available for mining and gas exploitation if such resources are found. This Quebec -related article

624-659: The Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the Gulf take the following straits : Since its appearance on maps, there has been no consensus on the demarcation of the St Lawrence River from the Gulf, nor whether it is hydrographically a gulf or an estuary . According to Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2023, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence planning area covers most of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion, an area with some of

663-674: The Federal Bureau of Statistics gives detailed annual statistics for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon , Harrington Harbor , Natashquan , Havre-Saint-Pierre , Mingan , Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la -Madeleine). The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation. The first documented voyage by

702-529: The Gulf include the Chaleur Bay , Fortune Bay , Miramichi Bay , St. George's Bay , Bay St. George , Bay of Islands , and Northumberland Strait . According to Commission of Toponymy Quebec, the St. Lawrence River becomes the gulf at Pointe des Monts on the Côte-Nord and Matane Bas-Saint-Laurent or Sainte-Anne-des-Monts La Haute-Gaspésie , the Estuary is upstream, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, much wider, downstream. Large marine mammals travel in all

741-473: The Gulf of St. Lawrence, itself an estuary and the largest on the planet. The estuary is a highly dynamic environment, ranging from the high outflows of freshwater during the spring freshet , to the low outflow and rising saltwater content during the summer period, to fall ocean storms and nor'easters that reshape the barrier islands and the old river channel that forms the navigation channel for ocean-going ships heading to ports at Chatham and Newcastle , to

780-663: The Miramichi Highlands, an extension of the Appalachian Mountains , the tributaries of the Miramichi River flow eastward into the New Brunswick Lowland, which dominates the eastern and central part of the province along the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Erosion has created the "Miramichi River valley" (also shortened to just " Miramichi Valley "), through which the Northwest and Southwest Miramichi rivers flow. Throughout

819-521: The Miramichi River salmon fishing waters are controlled by private clubs and outfitters, with "public water" that is available to all very limited. Further, all non-resident anglers must hire a registered guide to fish for Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick. Guides can be inquired for in the village of Doaktown and through Dept. of Natural Resources offices. The Miramichi River has a significant environmental history which has brought negative attention to

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858-481: The Miramichi area. Assuming the DDT would only harm the budworms, planes kept their spraying jets on over the entire region including over the major waterways. This chemical spraying project adversely affected the river as well as the living things within it, particularly the wild salmon. Soon after the spraying project, mass quantities of dead salmon washed up onto the riverbeds of the Miramichi River. Approximately only 1/3rd of

897-507: The Province of New Brunswick prior to fishing, as special licences, salmon "tags" and permits are required, and certain sections of tributaries and the main river are closed to fishing from time to time to protect salmon brood stocks. The annual salmon runs start in mid-June and continue through late October, when spawning commences in earnest. It is believed that distinct runs of salmon destined for specific tributaries occur at different times of

936-541: The St. Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic . Almost all of Quebec's ports are located along the St. Lawrence River seaway, from its source to its gulf, to the Atlantic Ocean . There are dozens and dozens of shelters, harbors, natural ports , large and small along the gulf up to the source of the St. Lawrence River, we can add village or individual wharf , without forgetting the large international maritime transport ports . In its annual report on maritime traffic in Canada,

975-462: The course of both branches to Newcastle, New Brunswick, they are framed by heavily forested low hills. The highest peaks in the Miramichi River watershed, include Big Bald Mountain and the Christmas Mountains , extending to 750 m above sea level . Soils in the Miramichi River watershed are typically acidic with shallow topsoil, lending to poor suitability for agriculture. The shorelines of

1014-761: The demarcation point between the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula and Quebec , to the east by Saint-Pierre and Newfoundland , to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island , and to the west by the Gaspé Peninsula , New Brunswick , and Quebec. As for significant islands the Gulf of St. Lawrence contains Anticosti Island , Prince Edward Island , Îles-de-la-Madeleine archipelago , Cape Breton Island , Saint Pierre Island , and Miquelon-Langlade . Half of

1053-437: The eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula , Prince Edward Island National Park on the northern shore of the island, Kouchibouguac National Park on the northeastern coast of New Brunswick , Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island , Gros Morne National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland . In Quebec, since March 31, 2024, the network of protected areas extends over 274,431 km2 and

1092-536: The estuarine portion of the Miramichi River exposes newer rocks belonging to the Carboniferous period and underlay the sandy topsoil, however some coastal land is low lying and suffers poor drainage. Sandstone rocks are visible along the river banks. The Miramichi River and its tributaries originally supported one of the largest populations of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in North America. The Atlantic salmon

1131-612: The estuary, it reaches the east of Les Méchins at the end of December. Ice covers the entire gulf in January and February. Ice helps navigation because it prevents the formation of waves and therefore spray, ice has the advantage of preventing the icing process of ships. At Baie-Trinité, the Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse , a National historic site of Canada , was built in 1829-1830 on a point that ancient geographers, since Samuel de Champlain (1567-1655) himself, classified as

1170-451: The hatchlings and 1/6th of the already established salmon population survived. The spraying affected the salmon indirectly as well by eliminating the insect population which the fish depended on as a food source. Combating the spruce budworm problem by spraying DDT ultimately altered the entire ecosystem of the Miramichi River. This event was documented in a famous environmental text, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson , in 1962. Silent Spring had

1209-418: The inner portion of Miramichi Bay and is protected from ocean storms in the Gulf of St. Lawrence by barrier islands . The estuary is significant in that it is a highly productive ecosystem , despite its relatively small size. The estuary receives the freshwater discharge from the Miramichi River and its tributaries, mixing with organic materials from the surrounding shorelines and the saltwater inundation from

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1248-403: The province of New Brunswick. Known as one of the greatest salmon streams in North America, this waterway is frequented for both recreational and subsistence fishing. In the early 1950s the Miramichi area began having a spruce budworm problem which was affecting the trees purposed for the local pulp and paper industry. To combat the issue, a solution of the chemical DDT was sprayed aerially over

1287-1713: The seas of the earth, the research and observations of these giants concern fishermen and shipping industry , exercise a fascination and a keen interest for laymen and, subjects of endless studies for scientists from Quebec, Canada and around the world. Thirteen species of cetaceans frequent the waters of the estuary and the gulf of the St. Lawrence River. 1. Hyperoodon ampullatus . — Hypéroodon boreal, Hypéroodon arctique. — (Northern Bottlenose Whale). 2. Delphinapterus leucas . — Béluga, Bélouga, Baleine blanche, Dauphin blanc, Marsouin blanc. — (Beluga Whale). 3. Physeter macrocephalus . — Grand cachalot, Cachalot, Cachalot macrocéphale. — (Sperm whale). 4. Lagenorhynchus acutus . — Lagénorhynque à flancs blancs, Dauphin à flancs blancs. — (Atlantic white-sided dolphin). 5. Lagenorhynchus albirostris . — Dauphin à nez blanc, Dauphin à bec blanc, Lagénorhynque à bec blanc. — (White-beaked dolphin). 6. Orcinus orca . — Orque, Épaulard. — (Killer Whale). 7. Globicephala melas . — Globicéphale commun, Globicéphale noir, Dauphin pilote. — (Long-Finned Pilot Whale). 8. Phocoena Phocoena . — Marsouin commun, Cochon de mer, Dieu des mers. — (Harbour Porpoise). 9. Eubalaena glacialis . — Baleine franche de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine noire de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine de Biscaye. — (North Atlantic Right Whale). 10. Balaenoptera acutorostrata . — Petit rorqual. — (Minke whale). 11. Balaenoptera musculus . — Baleine bleue, Rorqual bleu. — (Blue whale). 12. Megaptera novaeangliae . — Rorqual à bosse, Baleine à bosse. — (Humpback whale). 13. Balaenoptera physalus . — Rorqual commun. — (Fin whale). Around Anticosti Island and to flow into

1326-687: The signing of the Canada–Quebec Collaborative Agreement to Establish a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Quebec in March 2018. St. Paul Island in Nova Scotia off the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island, is known as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" because of its many shipwrecks . Access to this island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard . In 1919 the first Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBS) in Canada were established under

1365-514: The sport catch of Atlantic salmon in North America are landed on the Miramichi River and its tributaries currently. Atlantic salmon fishing is restricted to fly fishing only and all large salmon caught must be released alive to protect the spawning population. Since this fishery is highly regulated, all anglers should contact the New Brunswick Dept. of Natural Resources to obtain the specific rules and regulations for each river and tributary in

1404-518: The ten provinces of Canada adjoin the Gulf: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador , and Quebec. Besides the St. Lawrence River itself, significant streams emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence include the Miramichi River , Natashquan River , Romaine River , Restigouche River , Margaree River , Humber River , Mingan River and others. Branches of

1443-654: The warmest surface waters in Atlantic Canada during summer and the largest amount of sea ice during winter. The planning area is approximately 240,000 km². According to Encyclopedia Britannica , the name of Gulf St. Lawrence in a hydrologic context is not accurate, a gulf has to be considered more as a sea bordering the North American continent than as simply a river mouth . The International Hydrographic Organization 1953 defines it as follows: Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area , create following

1482-453: The winter covering of sea ice that encases the entire estuary. The inner bay measures only 4 m deep on average, with the navigation channel measuring only 6–10 m, resulting in significant warming of estuarine waters during the summer months. The diurnal tide cycle ranges only 1 m on average. Important tributaries include: Miramichi River Rising in the Silurian and Ordovician rocks of

1521-566: The year, with those fish headed for the upper reaches of the watershed entering the river earlier than those that spawn in the lower tributaries. Popular salmon flies on the Miramichi River include the Black Bear series, the Cosseboom series, Butterfly, Oriole, and the Blackville Special. Deerhair flies such as the "Buck Bug" or the "Green Machine" are also quite successful. Major portions of

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