Misplaced Pages

#637362

64-577: The Pink Chaddi Campaign (or Pink Underwear Campaign) is a nonviolent protest movement launched by Consortium of Pub-Going, Loose and Forward Women in February 2009, in response to notable incidences of violent ultra-conservative and right-wing vigilantism ; against perceived violations of Hindu culture by women, who were attacked at a pub in Mangalore . The campaign was a brainchild of Nisha Susan, an employee of Tehelka political magazine. The campaign

128-554: A bombing at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham killed four young girls attending Sunday School and damaged the church. It was later proven that a Ku Klux Klan chapter was responsible. Bevel proposed organizing the Alabama Voting Rights Project, and co-wrote the project proposal with his wife Diane Nash. They moved to Alabama to implement the project along with Birmingham student activist James Orange . At

192-484: A state of emergency was declared and protests paused after a brutal crackdown was launched against protesters, including doctors and bloggers. Nearly 3,000 people have been arrested, and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody. Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on 1 June, and several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties, including a march on 9 March 2012 attended by over 100,000. Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of

256-829: A critical role in fifty of sixty-seven transitions from authoritarianism . The " Singing revolution " (1989–1991) in Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , led to the three Baltic countries ' restoration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Recently, nonviolent resistance has led to the Rose Revolution in Georgia . Research shows that nonviolent campaigns diffuse spatially. Information on nonviolent resistance in one country could significantly affect nonviolent activism in other countries. Many movements which promote philosophies of nonviolence or pacifism have pragmatically adopted

320-725: A firebombing of a bus and beatings with police complicity in Birmingham, Alabama , CORE suspended the rides. Diane Nash, the Nashville Student Movement 's chairman, urged the group to continue the Freedom Rides, and called for college volunteers from Fisk and other universities across the South. Bevel selected the student teams for the buses. He and the others were arrested after they arrived in Jackson, Mississippi and tried to desegregate

384-587: A group men attacked a group of women in Mangalore, India. The attack was an isolated incident and allegedly carried out by members of the Shri Rama Sene. Later that month, Muthalik announced an action plan to target couples found dating on 14 February, Valentine's Day. He said "Our activists will go around with a priest , a turmeric stub and a mangalsutra on 14 February. If we come across couples being together in public and expressing their love, we will take them to

448-810: A quality education. They agreed to continue until they had achieved these goals, and to ask for funding from the SCLC only if the group was involved in organizing a movement. Bevel soon became SCLC's director of direct action and director of nonviolent education to augment King's positions as SCLC's Chairman and spokesperson. In 1963, SCLC agreed to assist its co-founder, Fred Shuttlesworth , and others in their work on desegregating retail businesses and jobs in Birmingham, Alabama , where discussion and negotiations with city officials had yielded few results. Weeks of demonstrations and marches resulted in King, Ralph Abernathy , and Shuttlesworth being arrested and jailed. King wanted to fill

512-873: A rally in Central Park, the United Nations Anti-Vietnam War March became the largest demonstration in American history to that date. During his speech to the crowd that day, Bevel called for a larger march in Washington D.C., a plan that evolved into the October 1967 March on the Pentagon . This rally was attended by tens of thousands of peace activists who followed the growing counterculture movement . Although he opposed King's and SCLC's participation in it, Bevel, along with King and Ralph Abernathy , helped lead

576-456: The 1966 Chicago open housing movement . He suggested that SCLC call for and join a March on Washington in 1963 and strategized the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches which contributed to Congressional passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act . Prior to his time with SCLC, Bevel worked in the Nashville Student Movement , which conducted the 1960 Nashville Lunch-Counter Sit-Ins , the 1961 Open Theater Movement, and recruited students to continue

640-587: The Anti Defamation League the new KKK ?" When Bevel introduced LaRouche at a convention of the 1996 National African American Leadership Summit , both men were booed off the stage. A fight broke out between LaRouche supporters and black nationalists. In May 2007, Bevel was arrested in Alabama on a charge of incest committed sometime between October 1992 and October 1994 in Loudoun County, Virginia . At

704-599: The International Day of Non-Violence . Other prominent advocates include Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Henry David Thoreau , Etienne de la Boétie , Charles Stewart Parnell , Te Whiti o Rongomai , Tohu Kākahi , Leo Tolstoy , Alice Paul , Martin Luther King Jr. , Daniel Berrigan , Philip Berrigan , James Bevel , Václav Havel , Andrei Sakharov , Lech Wałęsa , Gene Sharp , Nelson Mandela , Jose Rizal , and many others. From 1966 to 1999, nonviolent civic resistance played

SECTION 10

#1732855420638

768-661: The Jeans Revolution in Belarus, the fight of the Cuban dissidents , and internationally the Extinction Rebellion and School Strike for Climate . Although nonviolent movements can maintain broader public legitimacy by refraining from violence, some segments of society may perceive protest movements as being more violent than they really are when they disagree with the social goals of the movement. A great deal of work has addressed

832-647: The Memphis sanitation strike by organizing the protest and work stoppage. Due to the violence that ensued during the strike in which 60 people were injured and one was killed, Bevel was among those whom the city of Memphis filed a formal complaint against in the District Court. In 1968 Dr. King objected to Bevel and other SCLC organizers' opposition to proceeding with King's planned Poor People's Campaign . Historian Taylor Branch quotes King in At Canaan's Edge: America in

896-552: The Nashville Sit-In Movement organized by Nash, whom he would later marry, to desegregate the city's lunch counters. After the success of this action, and with the aid of SCLC's Ella Baker , activist students from Nashville and across the South developed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). While working on SNCC's commitment to desegregate theaters, Bevel successfully directed

960-753: The 1961 Freedom Rides after they were attacked. He helped with initiating and directing the 1961 and 1962 voting rights movement in Mississippi . In 1967, Bevel was chairman of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam . He initiated the 1967 March on the United Nations as part of the anti-war movement. His last major action was as co-initiator of the 1995 Day of Atonement/Million Man March in Washington, D.C. For his work, Bevel has been called

1024-677: The 1961 Nashville Open Theater Movement. The Open Theater Movement, led by Bevel, had success in Nashville, the only city in the country where SCLC activists had organized such an action. In this same period, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) had organized the 1961 Freedom Rides through the Deep South to challenge southern state laws and practices that interstate buses and their facilities remain segregated despite federal laws for equal treatment. After buses and riders were severely attacked, including

1088-599: The 1980s, Bevel supported Ronald Reagan as president. In 1986, Bevel, Chicago alderman Danny K. Davis , singer-songwriter Kristin Lems , and others participated in an unsuccessful project of creating a summit in Chicago for Gorbachev and Reagan to bring peace and resolution to the ongoing Cold War. In 1989, Bevel and Abernathy organized the National Committee Against Religious Bigotry and Racism. This

1152-450: The Alabama Voting Rights Project. In 1966, Bevel chose Chicago as the site of SCLC's long-awaited Northern Campaign. He worked to create tenant unions and build grassroots action to "end" slums. From previous discussions with King, and from work of American Friends Service Committee activist Bill Moyer , Bevel organized, and directed the Chicago open housing movement . Housing in the area

1216-511: The King Years, 1965–1968 (2006) as saying that " Andrew Young had given in to doubt, Bevel to brains, and Jackson to ambition", and said that the movement had made them and now they were using the movement to promote themselves. "He confronted Bevel, who had been a mentor to Jackson and Young, as 'a genius who flummoxed his own heart'. 'You don't like to work on anything that isn't your own idea,' King said, 'Bevel, I think you owe me one.'" Bevel

1280-472: The Selma Voting Rights Movement, with James Bevel as its director. The Movement began to stage regular marches to the county courthouse, which had limited hours for blacks to register as voters. Some protesters were jailed, but the movement kept the pressure on. On February 16, 1965, Jimmie Lee Jackson , his mother, and grandfather took part in a nighttime march led by C. T. Vivian to protest

1344-701: The War in Vietnam . Bevel was influential in gaining King's support for the anti-war movement, and with King agreeing to participate as a speaker, Bevel agreed to lead the antiwar effort. He renamed the organization the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, recruited members of many diverse groups, and organized the April 15, 1967 march from Central Park to the United Nations Building in New York City. Originally planned as

SECTION 20

#1732855420638

1408-504: The age of 72, in Springfield, Virginia . Bevel's attorney requested that the Court of Appeals of Virginia abate the conviction on account of Bevel's death. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court to determine whether there was good cause not to abate the conviction. The trial court found that abating the conviction would deny the victim the closure that she sought and denied

1472-504: The appeal, the Court affirmed the dismissal of his appeal as moot. In 1961, Bevel married activist Diane Nash after he completed his seminary studies. They worked together on civil rights, and had a daughter and son together. They divorced after seven years. He married two other women in the following decades, and had told the court during his incest case that he had 16 children born of seven women. Actor and rapper Common portrays Bevel in

1536-406: The capital have continued to occur almost daily. More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising. Nonviolent resistance is often but wrongly taken as synonymous with civil disobedience . Each of these terms—nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience—has different connotations and commitments. Berel Lang argues against the conflation of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience on

1600-668: The children and asked them to prepare to take to the highways for a march on Washington, with the goal of questioning the President about his plans to end legal segregation in America. Hearing of this plan, and in response to the city's violent treatment of the students, the Kennedy administration asked SCLC's leaders what they wanted in a comprehensive civil rights bill. Kennedy's staff, who already were drafted one, came to an agreement on its contents with SCLC's leadership. Bevel then called off plans for

1664-650: The children's march. On August 28, 1963, SCLC participated in what became known as the March on Washington , an event organized by labor leader A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin , who had planned an earlier 1941 March . Bevel and Nash did not attend, and instead watched Dr. King's " I Have a Dream " speech on television. Three months after the March on Washington, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became president. In September 1963,

1728-515: The collected petitions and left the state the following summer. In 1992, Bevel ran on LaRouche's ticket as the vice presidential candidate . At the time, he was living and working in Leesburg, Virginia , near LaRouche's headquarters. LaRouche, characterized as a perennial candidate , was serving a prison sentence for mail fraud and tax evasion . He engaged in LaRouche seminars on issues including "Is

1792-433: The early 1960s, meeting with violence in Alabama. In late 1963 Bevel, Nash, and Orange also worked with local grassroots organizations to educate blacks and support them in trying to gain registration as voters, but made little progress. They invited King and other SCLC leaders to Selma to develop larger protests and actions, and work alongside Bevel's and Nash's Alabama Project. Together the groups became collectively known as

1856-470: The extent and intensity of the violence is limited by the non-revolutionary intentions of the persons engaging in civil disobedience. Lang argues the violent resistance by citizens being forcibly relocated to detentions, short of the use of lethal violence against representatives of the state, could plausibly count as civil disobedience but could not count as nonviolent resistance. James Bevel James Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008)

1920-668: The factors that lead to violent mobilization, but less attention has been paid to understanding why disputes become violent or nonviolent, comparing these two as strategic choices relative to conventional politics. In 2010, A "White Intifada" took hold in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Activities included weekly peaceful protests by Palestinian activists accompanied by Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem and Israeli academics and students against settlers and security forces. The EU, through its foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton has criticised Israel for convicting an organiser of

1984-510: The first march reached the end of the Edmund Pettus Bridge and passed out of the city, they were attacked by county police and Alabama State Troopers. The large group were bludgeoned and tear-gassed in what became known as " Bloody Sunday ". SNCC Chairman John Lewis and Amelia Boynton were both injured. In March 1965 protesters made a symbolic march, inspired by a fiery speech by Bevel at Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, where much organizing

Pink Chaddi Campaign - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-463: The following days. A few reports were also critical of the campaign accusing it of trivialising an important issue like attack on women. There was also political reaction to the campaign as supporters of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) objected to use of pictures of RSS members on the campaign blog. RSS had criticised the Mangalore attack and favoured ban on the Sri Ram Sena. The blog owner removed

2112-415: The grounds that the necessary conditions for an act instancing civil disobedience are: (1) that the act violates the law, (2) that the act is performed intentionally, and (3) that the actor anticipates and willingly accepts punitive measures made on the part of the state against him in retaliation for the act. Since acts of nonviolent political resistance need not satisfy any of these criteria, Lang argues that

2176-472: The jails with protesters, but it was becoming more difficult to find adults to march. They were severely penalized for missing work and were trying to support their families. Bevel suggested recruiting students in the campaign. King was initially reluctant, but agreed. Bevel spent weeks developing strategy, recruiting and educating students in the philosophy and techniques of nonviolence. Their meetings occurred at Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church , and it

2240-413: The judge sentenced him, based on the jury's recommendation, to 15 years in prison and fined him $ 50,000. After the verdict, Bevel claimed that the charges were part of a conspiracy to destroy his reputation, and said that he might appeal. He received an appeal bond on November 4, 2008, and was released from jail three days later, after a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Six weeks later he died of cancer, at

2304-560: The leader of the "Citizens Fact-Finding Commission to Investigate Human Rights Violations of Children in Nebraska", a group organized by the Schiller Institute . The commission was associated with conspiracy theorist Lyndon LaRouche , and sought to persuade the state legislature to reopen its two-year investigation into the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations . Bevel never submitted

2368-491: The march. By the time they entered Montgomery 54 miles away, the marchers were thousands strong. Even before the final march occurred, President Lyndon Johnson had gone on national television to address a joint session of Congress , appealing for passage of his administration-backed comprehensive Voting Rights Act . In 1965 SCLC gave its highest honor, the Rosa Parks Award , to James Bevel and Diane Nash for their work on

2432-589: The methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or political goals. They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: information warfare , picketing , marches , vigils , leafletting, samizdat , magnitizdat , satyagraha , protest art , protest music and poetry, community education and consciousness raising , lobbying , tax resistance , civil disobedience , boycotts or sanctions , legal/diplomatic wrestling, Underground Railroads , principled refusal of awards/honors, and general strikes . Current nonviolent resistance movements include:

2496-692: The military. Bevel also read several of Mohandas Gandhi 's books and newspapers while taking off-campus workshops on Gandhi's philosophy and nonviolent techniques taught by James Lawson of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Bevel also attended workshops at the Highlander Folk School taught by its founder, Myles Horton , who emphasized grassroots organizing. In 1960, along with James Lawson's and Myles Horton's students Bernard Lafayette , John Lewis , Diane Nash , C.T. Vivian and others, Bevel participated in

2560-523: The motion to abate. The Court of Appeals affirmed this judgment. Bevel's attorney appealed the denial of the abatement motion to the Supreme Court of Virginia . In an opinion issued November 4, 2011, the commonwealth's Supreme Court held that abatement of criminal convictions was not available in Virginia under the circumstances of Bevel's case. Because the executor of Bevel's estate had not sought to prosecute

2624-585: The nearest temple and conduct their marriage. On 9 February 2009, Home Minister P. Chidambaram said that "Sri Ram Sene is a threat to the country. The Centre is watching its activities with great concern". In the midst of the tension, a protest was started by a group of young women, called the "Pink Chaddi" campaign, where they urged a peaceful protest (described as Gandhian in the press) to all of India, by sending pink underwear ("Chaddi" in Hindi ) to Muthalik's office on Valentine's Day . The novel form of protest

Pink Chaddi Campaign - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-480: The one count charged and maintained his innocence. During his four-day trial in 2008, the accusing daughter testified that she was repeatedly molested by him, beginning when she was six years old. During the trial, prosecutors presented key evidence: a 2005 police-sting telephone call recorded by the Leesburg police without Bevel's knowledge. During that 90-minute call, Bevel's daughter asked him why he had sex with her

2752-417: The one time in 1993, and she asked him why he wanted her to use a vaginal douche afterward. Bevel said that he had no interest in getting her pregnant. At trial, Bevel denied committing the sexual act and his recorded statement was used against him. On April 10, 2008, after a three-hour deliberation, the jury convicted Bevel of incest. His bond was revoked and he was taken into custody. On October 15, 2008,

2816-408: The peaceful movement and said that she was deeply concerned about the arrest of Abdullah Abu Rahmeh. There have been two fatalities among protesters and an American peace activist suffered brain damage after being hit by a tear gas canister. On 14 March, Saudi -led GCC forces were requested by the government and entered the country, which the opposition called an "occupation". The following day,

2880-485: The pictures of RSS members following this objection. A counter-campaign calling itself "The Pink Condom Campaign" was started by some unknown activists a few days before Valentine's Day. As an additional precaution, Muthalik and 140 others of the Sri Ram Sena were held in preventive custody on Valentine's Eve. Nonviolent protest Mahatma Gandhi is the most popular figure related to this type of protest; United Nations celebrates Gandhi's birthday, October 2, as

2944-554: The related jailing of activist James Orange in Marion, Alabama . The street lights were turned off by Alabama State Troopers who attacked the protesters. In the melee, Jackson was shot in the stomach while defending his mother from an attack. A young man, he died a few days later. Bevel and others were grieved and outraged. He suggested a march from Selma to Montgomery , the capital, to protest Jackson's death and press Governor George Wallace to support voting rights for African Americans. As

3008-549: The story, and photographs of the force used against schoolchildren generated public outrage against the city and its officials. During what was later called the Birmingham Children's Crusade , President John F. Kennedy asked King to stop using children in the campaign. King asked Bevel to refrain from recruiting students, and Bevel instead said that he would organize the children to march to Washington D.C. to meet with Kennedy about segregation, and King agreed. Bevel went to

3072-472: The strategist and architect of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and, with Dr. King, half of the first-tier team that formulated many of the strategies and actions to gain federal legislation and social changes during the 1960s civil rights era. In 2005, Bevel was accused of incest by one of his daughters and abuse by three others. He was tried in April 2008, convicted of incest, sentenced to 15 years in prison, and fined $ 50,000. After serving seven months, he

3136-446: The time, Bevel was living in Leesburg, Virginia , and working with LaRouche's group, whose international headquarters was a few blocks from Bevel's apartment. The accuser was one of his daughters, who was 13–15 years old at the time and lived with him. At a family reunion, three other daughters had also alleged that Bevel sexually abused them. Virginia had no statute of limitations for the offense of incest. Bevel pleaded not guilty to

3200-440: The turn of the 20th century, southern state legislatures had passed new constitutions and laws that effectively disenfranchised most blacks. Practices such as requiring payment of poll taxes and literacy tests administered in a discriminatory way by white officials maintained the exclusion of blacks from the political system in the 1960s. SNCC had been conducting a Voting Rights Project (headed by Prathia Hall and Worth Long) since

3264-502: The two categories of action cannot be identified with one another. Furthermore, civil disobedience is a form of political action which necessarily aims at reform, rather than revolution. Its efforts are typically directed at the disputing of particular laws or groups of laws while conceding the authority of the government responsible for them. In contrast, political acts of nonviolent resistance can have revolutionary ends. According to Lang, civil disobedience need not be nonviolent, although

SECTION 50

#1732855420638

3328-1058: The waiting rooms in the bus terminal. Eventually, the Freedom Riders reached their goal of New Orleans, Louisiana , generating nationwide coverage of the violence to maintain Jim Crow and white supremacy in the South. While in the Jackson jail, Bevel and Bernard Lafayette initiated the Mississippi Voting Rights Movement. They, Nash, and others stayed in Mississippi to work on grassroots organizing. Activists encountered severe violence at that time and retreated to regroup. Later efforts in Mississippi developed as Freedom Summer in 1964, when extensive voter education and registration efforts took place. Lafayette and his wife, Colia Lidell, also opened an SNCC project in Selma, Alabama , to assist

3392-599: The work of local organizers such as Amelia Boynton . In 1962, Bevel was invited to meet in Atlanta with Martin Luther King Jr , a minister who was head of the SCLC. At that meeting, which had been suggested by James Lawson , Bevel and King agreed to work together on an equal basis, with neither having veto power over the other, on projects under the auspices of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). They agreed to work until they had ended segregation , obtained voting rights, and ensured that all American children had

3456-468: Was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States . As a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and then as its director of direct action and nonviolent education, Bevel initiated, strategized, and developed SCLC's three major successes of the era: the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade , the 1965 Selma voting rights movement , and

3520-506: Was assassinated, Bevel made a bizarre claim that James Earl Ray was not the killer and that he had evidence that Ray was innocent . Bevel would not reveal the evidence , and Ray was convicted of the crime. SCLC's remaining board of directors removed Bevel from his leadership positions in 1969. After leaving the SCLC the year prior, Bevel created the Making of the Man Clinic in 1970. In

3584-580: Was conceived particularly in protest against a threat by Pramod Muthalik of the Sri Ram Sena (also spelled as Sri Ram Sene and Sriram Sena ), a Hindu extremist group based in Mangalore. Muthalik threatened to marry off and take other action on any young couples found together on Valentine's Day . Valentine's Day is traditionally not observed in India, as it is celebrated in Western cultures. On 24th January 2009

3648-534: Was done. They were under an injunction by the state, so stayed within the city limits. Organizers appealed to the federal court against an injunction by the state against marching in order to complete their planned march to the capital. Judge Frank Johnson approved a public march. Following the nationwide publicity generated by Jackson's death and the previous attack on peaceful marchers, hundreds of religious, labor and civic leaders, many celebrities, and activists and citizens of many ethnicities traveled to Selma to join

3712-730: Was educated at segregated local schools in both Mississippi and Cleveland. After high school he served in the U.S. Navy for a time and pursued a career as a singer . Feeling an inner call to become a minister, he attended the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee from 1957 to 1961 and became a Baptist preacher. He joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . While at seminary, Bevel reread Leo Tolstoy 's 1894 book The Kingdom of God Is Within You , which had previously inspired his decision to leave

3776-616: Was financially backed by the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon , which appeared to be trying to improve its controversial image by allying with such respected leaders. A year earlier, Bevel had denounced the deprogramming of a Moon follower and called for the protection of religious freedom . He also supported Unification Church members in their protest against news media use of the word " Moonie ", which they considered offensive. Bevel moved to Omaha, Nebraska , in November 1990 as

3840-669: Was freed awaiting an appeal; he died of pancreatic cancer in December 2008 and was buried in Eutaw, Alabama . Bevel was born in 1936 in Itta Bena, Mississippi , the son of Illie and Dennis Bevel. He was one of 17 children and grew up in rural LeFlore County of the Mississippi Delta and in Cleveland , Ohio . He worked on a cotton plantation for a time as a youth and later in a steel mill . He

3904-506: Was from there that Bevel directed the students, 50 at a time, to peacefully walk to Birmingham's City Hall to talk to Mayor Art Hanes about segregation in the city. Almost 1,000 students were arrested on the first day. The following day, when more students arrived at the church and started to walk to city hall, Eugene "Bull" Connor , City Commissioner of Public Safety, ordered that German Shepherd dogs and high-pressure fire hoses be used to stop them. The national and international media covered

SECTION 60

#1732855420638

3968-429: Was in the parking lot of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis and witnessed King's assassination on April 4, 1968. He reminded SCLC's executive board and staff that evening that King had left "marching orders" that, if anything should happen to him, he intended for Abernathy to take his place as SCLC's chairman. Bevel continued to oppose the Poor People's Campaign, but served as its director of nonviolent education. After King

4032-464: Was initiated by Nisha Susan, Mihira Sood, Jasmeen Patheja and Isha Manchanda As the protest grew, underwear started pouring in from locations all over India in solidarity for the "Love Sena". Over 500 pink chaddis were couriered on Friday. Other cities collected hundreds of such chaddis and decided to courier them directly. The Pink Chaddi Campaign received widespread media coverage, and the Facebook group saw numbers of members growing exponentially in

4096-419: Was segregated in a de facto way, enforced by covenants and real estate practices. This movement ended within a Summit Conference that included Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley . As the Chicago movement neared its conclusion A. J. Muste , David Dellinger , representatives of North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh , and others asked Bevel to take over the directorship of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End

#637362