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57-507: Between 170–200 million years ago, the Atlantic coastal plain began to form. Over millions of years, the rising and falling of the coastline deposited minerals underground, culminating with the end of the last ice age about 12,000 years ago, when plants and trees began growing in what is now New Jersey . Around 10,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Lenape people first inhabited

114-635: A 95-page long senior thesis titled, "Proportional Representation in Municipal Government". He then attended Harvard Law School , where he graduated with his LL.B. in 1951. Byrne then worked as a private attorney, first for the Newark -based law firm of John W. McGeehan, Jr., and later for the East Orange firm of Teltser and Greenberg. In October 1955, Byrne was appointed an assistant counsel to Governor Robert B. Meyner . The following year, he became

171-520: A comprehensive management plan (CMP), which became effective on January 14, 1981. The Pinelands Commission set a one year period from the effective date, with $ 600,000 provided by the New Jersey Legislature from 1980–1982, for municipalities and counties to conform to the standards of the CMP. In July 1981, New Hanover Township became the first municipality to have its master plan approved by

228-628: A depth of 100 meters. The continental shelf off the Atlantic Ocean ranges in width from less than 1 km off Florida to more than 420 km off Maine. The average width is about 135 km. The Coastal Plain of the United States includes all or portions of the states of Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Maryland , Massachusetts , Mississippi , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas and Virginia . From

285-499: A large majority of woodlands and wildlife areas in the state by restricting development. Byrne was born and raised in West Orange, New Jersey . He was the fourth child among five of Irish American Catholic parents Francis A. Byrne (1886–1974), a local public safety commissioner, and Genevieve Brennan Byrne (1888–1969). In 1942, Byrne graduated from West Orange High School in West Orange, New Jersey , where he as president of

342-674: A lung infection at the age of 93. His funeral was held on January 8 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn , New Jersey. Archbishop Joseph W. Tobin , then-Governor Chris Christie and Governor-elect Phil Murphy , former Governors Thomas Kean , Donald DiFrancesco , Jim McGreevey , Richard Codey and Jon Corzine and U. S. Representative Bill Pascrell were in attendance. Byrne's remains were cremated and his ashes were interred in Princeton Cemetery . From 1981 to 1996,

399-713: A senior partner at Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan, Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein in Roseland , New Jersey (now Carella, Byrne, Cecchi, Brody and Agnello, P.C.). Additionally, Byrne and his successor as governor, Thomas Kean , co-wrote a weekly column in The Star-Ledger , containing their "dialogue" on state and national public affairs and politics. He has also taught courses at Princeton University and Rutgers University . Despite not supporting all of his policies, Byrne said that Governor Chris Christie should run for president in 2016 , calling Christie "the best candidate that

456-1052: Is administered by the Pinelands Commission, an independent body consisting of 15 members. One member is appointed by the Secretary of the Interior ; seven are appointed by the Governor of New Jersey subject to the approval of the New Jersey Senate ; one member is appointed by the respective governing bodies of the seven counties in the Pinelands National Reserve: Atlantic , Burlington , Camden , Cape May , Cumberland , Gloucester and Ocean counties. Commission terms are three years in length and include no official compensation. The commission meets monthly, as do most of its sub-committees. Its mission statement indicates its role "is to preserve, protect, and enhance

513-750: Is an endemic plant community found in most of the Atlantic coastal plain, ranging from Virginia to northern Florida. These woodland savannas are reliant on sandy soils and are fire dependent, lest hardwoods start to dominate. Alongside longleaf pine , typically associated flora includes turkey oak and wiregrass . The Florida longleaf pine sandhill extends the longleaf pine forests into central Florida, with South Florida slash pine flatwoods , Florida sand pine scrub and Florida dry prairie stretching into southern Florida. Longleaf pine woodlands also stretch further west, to eastern Texas. These consist of East Gulf and West Gulf longleaf pine flatwoods , bisected by

570-463: Is now identified as a global biodiversity hotspot, with over 1500 endemic plant species, and ~70% habitat loss. This endemism is particularly high in the longleaf pine savannas and woodlands , along with the other herbaceous and fire dependent ecosystems of the ecoregion. Despite intermittent flooding, certain refugia have remained continuously terrestrial since at least the late Cretaceous (85-80mya), contributing to endemism. Generally speaking, despite

627-892: The 2010 census . Included in the Pinelands National Reserve are 29 villages located in 16 municipalities, with 19 of the villages located in forest areas. Within the Reserve is the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer , which contains over 17 trillion gallons of potable water. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Pinelands National Reserve has two climate zones; warm summer humid continental ( Dfb ) in northern, central and western sections with humid subtropical ( Cfa ) in eastern and southern sections. Average annual snowfall totals increase from southeast to northwest and range from 15-22 inches (38–56 cm). According to

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684-501: The 95th Congress " in his signing statement . The National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 created the Pinelands National Reserve, which consisted of 1,100,000 acres (450,000 ha) of land in 56  South Jersey municipalities . It was the "largest tract of wild land along the Middle Atlantic Seaboard", according to President Carter's briefing on a September 20, 1978 trip the president took to Atlantic City . Upon

741-590: The Board of Public Utilities Commissioners. In 1970, Byrne was appointed by Governor William T. Cahill to the Superior Court . He served as the assignment judge for Morris , Sussex , and Warren Counties starting in 1972. In April 1973, Byrne resigned from the Superior court to run for governor. Byrne defeated Ann Klein and Ralph DeRose in the 1973 Democratic primary to win the party's nomination for governor. In

798-629: The Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford was named Brendan Byrne Arena. It hosted the New Jersey Devils , New Jersey Nets , and Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball . The arena was then renamed Continental Airlines Arena, followed by IZOD Center. The Brendan T. Byrne State Forest , formerly Lebanon State Forest, in New Lisbon is named for him. In 2006, Rutgers University 's Center on

855-519: The Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic coastal plains. The Atlantic Plain is generally gently dipping undeformed Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments, with the sedimentary wedge thickening toward the sea, reaching a maximum thickness of about 3 kilometers (10,000 ft) in the vicinity of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina . Despite being previously overlooked in research, the Atlantic Coastal Plain

912-599: The Mississippi Alluvial Plain . To the north, the Atlantic Coastal Plain also broaches into the mesic hardwood forests of the Middle Atlantic coastal forests , followed by the northern Atlantic coastal pine barrens . The southernmost Atlantic Plain contains the only Neotropical ecoregion of the continental USA, being the Everglades and Florida mangroves . The following species are largely endemic to

969-752: The Pinelands Protection Act , which passed in June 1979. The state Pinelands Area omitted 162,000 acres (66,000 ha) of land east of the Garden State Parkway and near the Delaware Bay. On August 8, 1980, the Pinelands Commission approved the Protection Area, an area of unbroken forest covering 39% of the National Reserve. For the remainder of the reserve, the Pinelands Commission created

1026-732: The 1960s. In 1964, the Pinelands Regional Planning Board proposed building a "supersonic jetport" in Ocean County to alleviate flight traffic in the New York metro . This project would develop a satellite city of about 250,000 people, and would cover about 50 sq mi (130 km) in ecologically sensitive parts of the Pine Barrens. The proposed airport generated public opposition and united conservation efforts among farmers, hunters, and environmentalists, who believed that

1083-464: The 1973 campaign that a personal income tax would not be necessary for "the foreseeable future", he eventually "muscled through" the unpopular income tax, New Jersey's first, in 1976; it earned him the nickname "One-Term Byrne". Byrne faced ten opponents in the 1977 Democratic primary, including future governor James Florio . However, Byrne obtained the party's nomination, and went on to defeat his Republican opponent, State Senator Raymond Bateman , in

1140-425: The 47th Governor of New Jersey from 1974 to 1982. Byrne began his career as a private attorney in Newark and East Orange . In 1959, Governor Robert B. Meyner appointed Byrne to serve as Essex County Prosecutor; he served in that role until 1968. In the late 1960s, an FBI wiretap recorded local mobsters calling Byrne "the man who couldn't be bought" in reference to his high ethical standards. The publication of

1197-752: The American Governor of the Eagleton Institute of Politics established the Brendan T. Byrne Archive, an online database containing various resources from the Byrne administration, including original documents and video interviews with Brendan Byrne and members of his administration. In 2011, Byrne was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame along with Queen Latifah , John Travolta , and ten others. In 2014, Byrne's former chief counsel Donald Linky published

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1254-624: The CMP; the New Jersey Appellate Court ruled on June 16 on behalf of the Pinelands Commission. A subsequent appeal by the county failed. By December 1983, 70% of the municipalities within the Pinelands National Reserve had revised local master plans and met approval by the Pinelands Commission; by the same time, four out of seven counties developed master plans to focus growth in selected areas. In that same time period, 85% of all approved requests for property development occurred in regional growth areas. The Pinelands National Reserve

1311-555: The Heimlich at Nero's Grille in April 2016, worked as a legislative staffer in the U.S. House of Representatives before moving into NGO foreign policy work. Jean and Brendan Byrne divorced in 1993 after 40 years of marriage. She died in 2015 of babesiosis , aged 88. Byrne married Ruth Zinn, who was also divorced, in 1994. On February 16, 2010, while vacationing in London with his wife, Byrne

1368-541: The November general election, Byrne won by beating the Republican nominee Congressman Charles Sandman in a landslide . Sandman had defeated the incumbent Governor Cahill in the primary. Byrne's landslide margin of victory was so vast that it allowed Democrats to capture control both chambers of the state legislature with supermajorities. On January 15, 1974, Byrne was sworn in as the 47th governor of New Jersey. Some of

1425-587: The Pine Barrens. During the 17th century, the area was explored and settled by the Swedish , Dutch , and the English, eventually becoming a part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Settlers in the region used the area's cedar , oak , and pitch trees, as well as local tar and turpentine, for sawmill , gristmill , and shipbuilding industry. The earliest efforts to protect the New Jersey Pine Barrens started in

1482-460: The Pinelands Commission. In January 1982, after the one year approval period ended, the Pinelands Commission worked with the remaining municipalities and counties updating their master plans. For the towns that refused to comply, the commission announced it would implement the CMP, thus overseeing the local development approval process. In June 1982, Atlantic County sued the Pinelands Commission on behalf of Galloway Township , which wanted to opt out of

1539-734: The Pinelands, which became attached to the omnibus bill in an amendment, sponsored by Congressmen Forsythe, Hughes, and James Florio . The bill passed in the United States Senate on October 27, 1977. A similar bill passed in the House of Representatives on July 12, 1978. After further changes passed by both houses, United States President Jimmy Carter signed the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 on November 10, considering it "the most significant conservation legislation to pass

1596-470: The Pinelands. The main point of disagreement was the role of federal oversight. On February 24, 1977, Senator Frank Church (D- ID ) sponsored the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 as an Omnibus bill , which included legislation for the Pinelands National Reserve. New Jersey Representatives Edwin B. Forsythe and William J. Hughes proposed bills H.R. 9539 and H.R. 9539 to preserve

1653-600: The Preservation Area on November 21, which consisted of towns, farmlands, and other areas. The plan became effective under state law on January 14, 1981, and two days later, Interior Secretary Cecil D. Andrus approved of the Comprehensive Management Plan. In the same year, Rutgers University established the Rutgers Division of Pinelands Research to support local ecological research. In 1983,

1710-596: The Republicans have" and complimented his "charm". On June 27, 1953, he married Jean Featherly , with whom he had seven children. Byrne's son, Tom Byrne, was the New Jersey Democratic State Committee chair in the 1990s and was a prospective candidate for the U.S. Senate race in 2000 , before withdrawing in favor of eventual winner Jon Corzine , who later became governor . Brendan's oldest granddaughter, Meaghan, who also saved Brendan's life with

1767-640: The U.S. physiographic divisions and stretches over 2,200 miles (3,500 km) in length from Cape Cod to the Mexican border and southward an additional 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the Yucatán Peninsula . The central and southern Atlantic Coast is characterized by barrier and drowned valley coasts. The coastal Atlantic plain features nearly continuous barriers interrupted by inlets , large embayments with drowned river valleys , and extensive wetlands and marshes . The Atlantic plain slopes gently seaward from

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1824-532: The USDA, there are three plant hardiness zones ; 6b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -5 to 0 °F (-21 to -18 °C) in interior sections away from the coast, 7a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 0 to 5 °F (-18 to -15 °C) north of Great Bay near the coast to south of Great Bay just inland from the coast, and 7b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 5 to 10 °F (-15 to -12 °C) south of Great Bay near

1881-572: The USGS physiographic classification system, the Atlantic Plain division comprises two provinces and six sections. The Coastal Plain province is differentiated from the Continental Shelf province simply based on the portion of the land mass above and below sea level. The lands adjacent to the Atlantic coastline are made up of sandy beaches, marshlands, bays, and barrier islands. It is the flattest of

1938-565: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) designated the Pinelands as a biosphere reserve , labeling it jointly as the South Atlantic Coastal Plain Biosphere Reserve /Pinelands National Reserve . In 1988, UNESCO redesignated it as a singular biosphere reserve . The text of the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 directed for the planning entity to develop

1995-590: The coast. The Pinelands feature the largest areas of forests along the East Coast of the United States between northern Maine and the Florida Everglades . There are 580 native species of plants, 54 of which are threatened or endangered. The Pinelands Reserve hosts 299 species of birds, 91 fish, 59 reptiles and amphibians, and 39 mammals. In 2015, a new lichen species, Lecanora layana ,

2052-547: The comment propelled Byrne to popularity in an era when corruption was a major concern in state and national politics. He left his office as prosecutor to serve as President of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities from 1968 to 1970, then as a Superior Court judge. In 1973 , using "the man who couldn't be bought" as a campaign slogan, Byrne ran for governor of New Jersey . He won the Democratic primary with support from

2109-530: The debate club and senior class president. He briefly enrolled at Seton Hall University , but left the university in March of the following year to join the U.S. Army . During World War II , Byrne served in the U.S. Army Air Forces as a navigator on a B-17 , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and four Air Medals . By the time of his discharge from active service in 1945, he had achieved

2166-433: The general election on November 8, 1977. This despite the fact that in early 1977, three-quarters of voters disapproved of his job performance and in polls taken in the summer, he trailed Bateman by 17 points. Byrne and Bateman debated nine times and Byrne used the governorship to his advantage, signing bills and appearing with cabinet members all over the state, benefiting from a visit by President Carter and turning what

2223-523: The governor's acting executive secretary. In 1958, Byrne was appointed the deputy attorney general responsible for the Essex County Prosecutor's Office. The following year, Governor Meyner appointed him as the Essex County prosecutor. Governor Hughes reappointed Byrne to this same office in 1964 following the end of his first five-year term. From 1968 to 1970, Byrne served as the president of

2280-468: The high diversity of soils, the soil is nutrient poor. This is primarily due to an abundance of well-drained soils, creating a primarily xeric character to the floral makeup of the Atlantic Plain. However, waterlogged soils are also notable, with wetlands and hammocks being important ecological features. The Eastern woodlands are the original, predominant ecosystem of the Atlantic coastal plain. The Atlantic coastal plain upland longleaf pine woodland

2337-462: The inland highlands in a series of terraces. This gentle slope continues far into the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico , forming the continental shelf. The relief at the land-sea interface is so low that the boundary between them is often blurry and indistinct, especially along stretches of the Louisiana bayous and the Florida Everglades . The Atlantic Ocean has a broad, flat continental shelf that reaches

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2394-514: The land. The bill also directed for the Interior Secretary to request the state of New Jersey to establish "a planning entity to a comprehensive management plan for the Pinelands National Reserve." In accordance with the law, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne issued an executive order on February 8, 1979, creating the Pinelands Commission. This was affirmed by the New Jersey legislature in

2451-475: The most part, of layers of sand and clay which are not yet hardened into sandstone and shale. The Coastal Plain features nearly continuous barrier islands interrupted by inlets, large embayments with drowned river valleys, and extensive wetlands and marshes. The Coastal Plain slopes gently seaward from the inland highlands in a series of terraces. The province's average elevation is less than 900 meters above sea level and extends some 50 to 100 kilometers inland from

2508-479: The natural and cultural resources of the Pinelands National Reserve, and to encourage compatible economic and other human activities consistent with that purpose." As legislated by the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978, the Pinelands National Reserve consisted of about 1,140,000 acres (461,000 hectares) of pine-oak forest. The territory crosses seven counties and encompasses all or parts of 56  municipalities , with about 870,000 people as of

2565-521: The northeast, it begins on Cape Cod, Massachusetts and stretches to the southwest to South Padre Island, Texas . This is approximately 1,900 miles (3,100 km). This province consists of the following physiographic sections: the Embayed, Sea Island , Floridian , East Gulf Coastal Plain , Mississippi Alluvial Plain , and the West Gulf Coastal Plain . The rocks in the province consist, for

2622-507: The ocean. The coastal plain is normally wet, including many rivers, marsh , and swampland . It is composed primarily of sedimentary rock and unlithified sediments and is primarily used for agriculture . The Atlantic Coastal Plain includes the Carolina Sandhills region as well as the Embayed and Sea Island physiographic provinces. The Atlantic Coastal Plain is sometimes subdivided into northern and southern regions, specifically

2679-578: The party nomination but won the Democratic primary with a small plurality of the vote. Despite expectations he would lose the general election to Raymond Bateman , Byrne came from behind to win a second term. During his time as governor, Byrne oversaw the opening of the first gambling casinos in Atlantic City and established the New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate . He also preserved

2736-782: The passage of the Pinelands Protection Act, expansion of major highways, including the Atlantic City Expressway and Interstate 287 , upgrades to sewage systems, further development of the Meadowlands Sports Complex , and casino-hotel development in Atlantic City . He is one of only two Democrats, also including incumbent Phil Murphy, to be elected governor twice in the past fifty years. The other Governors elected to two terms ( Thomas Kean , Christie Whitman , and Chris Christie ) have all been Republicans . After leaving office in 1982, Governor Byrne became

2793-429: The passage of the bill, the Pinelands National Reserve became the country's first National Reserve. The act authorized $ 23 million for land acquisition of critically important ecological areas. Congress noted the need for local, state, and federal government, along with the private sector, to collectively manage and preserve the water and land resources of the Pinelands, without large-scale direct federal acquisition of

2850-448: The policies enacted by the first Byrne administration include: the implementation of New Jersey's first state income tax, the establishment of spending limits on local governments, county governments, school districts, and the state, the establishment of both the Department of the Public Advocate and the Department of Energy, and the implementation of public financing for future gubernatorial general elections. Although Byrne claimed during

2907-462: The powerful Hudson County political machine and carried the general election. His landslide victory, until then the largest in the state's history, was seen as a reaction against a bribery scandal in state government and the Watergate scandal . During his first term, Byrne signed the state's first income tax , which broke a campaign promise and was initially highly unpopular across party lines. In 1977 , he faced several prominent challengers for

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2964-436: The rank of lieutenant. After the end of World War II, Byrne attended Princeton University for two years, where he studied at the university's School of Public and International Affairs . Due to World War II, he spent only two years on campus, finishing his undergraduate thesis while enrolled at Harvard Law School . He graduated from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs in 1949 after completing

3021-431: The region was vulnerable to the spread of urban sprawl of the northeastern United States . Due to the large size of the forest, as well as 300 years of human development, the area could not be protected and preserved in its entirety. The United States Department of the Interior worked with officials from New Jersey, as well as the state's Senate and Congressional delegation, to develop a development management plan for

3078-425: The region. Amphibian diversity is especially notable in the Atlantic Plain. Some of these species' ranges may extend into the longleaf pine woodlands and savannas of the Gulf Plain. 32°N 83°W  /  32°N 83°W  / 32; -83 Brendan Byrne Brendan Thomas Byrne (April 1, 1924 – January 4, 2018) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who served as

3135-399: Was discovered in the Pinelands National Reserve. According to the text of the act passed by Congress, the ecological diversity "provides significant ecological, natural, cultural, recreational, educational, agricultural, and public health benefits." Atlantic coastal plain The Atlantic Plain is one of eight distinct physiographic divisions of the contiguous United States . Using

3192-484: Was his biggest weakness, the income tax, into a strength. Shortly before the 1977 gubernatorial election, New Jersey homeowners began receiving rebate checks (funded by state income tax revenues) to offset their property taxes, while Bateman's plan—replacing the state income tax with an increased sales tax—was widely criticized. Until 2021 , Byrne was the last Democrat to win re-election as Governor in New Jersey. During his second term, Byrne focused on policies such as:

3249-440: Was punched in the face by a mentally ill man near Waterloo tube station . The attacker was subsequently restrained by a London Underground station supervisor who came to Byrne's aid until the police arrived. Byrne, who had taken part in a staged charity boxing match with Muhammad Ali in 1979, joked, "At least I didn't fall down at Waterloo, as when I fought Ali." Byrne died on January 4, 2018, in Livingston, New Jersey , of

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