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55-478: The following 26 villages are administrative parts of Pelhřimov: Benátky, Houserovka, Janovice and Ostrovec, Lešov, Nemojov and Radňov, and Vlásenice-Drbohlavy form three exclaves of the municipal territory. The name Pelhřimov is derived from the personal name Pelhřim (in Latin Peregrinus), meaning "Pelhřim's (court)". In Latin, the word peregrinus literally means 'stranger'. According to legend, Pelhřimov

110-460: A mansard roof was rebuilt under a project by the architect Pavel Janák in the Cubist style in 1913–1914. The Burgrave's House No. 17 was reconstructed after the fire in 1561. It features Renaissance, Neoclassical and Empire elements. The façade is decorated with sgraffiti . Today, there is an art gallery and a museum of bugaboos in its premises. In the middle of the square is a fountain with

165-595: A bakery founded in 1990, is producing baked goods and flour and employs almost 300 people. ZZN Pelhřimov, a part of the Agrofert conglomerate, produces fodder for farm animals and employs more than 250 people. The Poutník Brewery has been brewing beer in the town since 1552. Pelhřimov lies at the intersection of two primary roads: the I/19, which connects Pelhřimov with Plzeň , and the I/34 from České Budějovice to Svitavy . Pelhřimov

220-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

275-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

330-408: A larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave

385-509: A major producer of brushes; Rimowa , a manufacturer of luggages; a branch of Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth , a company that makes art supplies and office equipment; and FIA ProTeam, a manufacturer of painting tools. The food industry mainly processes crops produced in the region. Škrobárny Pelhřimov is a potato starch factory that was founded in 1871. A local branch of the dairy company Madeta has been producing boxed milk in Pelhřimov since 1942. Adélka,

440-575: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Agrofert Agrofert is a Czech conglomerate holding company headquartered in Prague , Czech Republic . It operates agriculture , food , chemical , construction , logistics , forestry , energy and mass media industries in the European Union and China with over 250 subsidiary companies. Most of them are owned directly by AGROFERT, a.s.,

495-677: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

550-522: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

605-521: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

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660-465: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

715-470: Is a contour line in the southeastern part, at 700 m (2,300 ft) above sea level. The municipal territory is located in the valley of the small river Bělá, which flows through the built-up area. Typical for the territory is a large number of small fishponds. The earliest settlement was probably founded in first half of the 13th century near the Church of Saint Vitus. The first written mention of Pelhřimov

770-490: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

825-870: Is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

880-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

935-514: Is documented in 1325 and is the oldest sacral building in Pelhřimov. The former parish church was originally built in the Gothic style, which is still evident in the presbytery. After many reconstructions, it contains Gothic, Renaissance and mainly Baroque elements. Nowadays the church is used as an exhibition and concert hall. The Chapel of the Holy Cross was originally built in 1671 as a small replica of

990-516: Is from 1289, when it was raided by Vítek of Hluboká. In 1290, King Wenceslaus II granted Bishop Tobiáš of Bechyně a concession to renovate the town and fortify it. The town was first settled mainly by German colonists. Gradually Czechs established themselves as the majority. In the Hussite Wars , Pelhřimov sided with the Hussites . The favourable position of the town, on the borderline of the domain of

1045-522: Is located on the Jihlava – Tábor railway line. There are two railway stations: Pelhřimov and Vlásenice . During the National Revival , various patriotic associations were formed in Pelhřimov and managed to maintain their continuity to this day. Záboj, a local choir company, was founded in 1862. In 1865, a local branch of Sokol gymnastic organization was established. The library was founded in 1846 and

1100-478: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

1155-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

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1210-475: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

1265-627: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . It was extended to a church in 1750 and a tower was added. In 1865, the town council decided to demolish the structure and build a new church. The new chapel was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1883–1886. The pilgrimage Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows was built in the Baroque style in 1710–1714, after several seemingly miraculous healings happenned here. The crypt of

1320-509: The Rosenberg family and of the Lords of Kunštát, was important after the upheavals ended and the reconciliation of the lords began. In 1446–1450, Pelhřimov was chosen as the venue of land diets (parliaments or deliberative councils), which were attended by King George of Poděbrady . Silver mining in the vicinity of Křemešník helped the expansion of Pelhřimov. The crafts flourished in the town. In 1434

1375-591: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

1430-725: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

1485-464: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

1540-605: The Golden Czech Hands exposition. The local football club FK Maraton Pelhřimov plays in the fifth-tier football league. Ice hockey club, HC Lední Medvědi Pelhřimov, plays in the fourth-tier ice hockey league. Floorball club Spartak Pelhřimov plays in the third-tier floorball league. The sports complex in Nádražní street includes a football stadium with an athletic track, an ice hockey stadium, indoor sports halls and swimming pools. Both indoor and outdoor tennis courts are located in

1595-597: The Rieger amateur theatre group was formed in 1894. The Vesmír Cinema was built in 1962. Since 1991, the town hosts an annual International Festival of Records and Curiosities. The Dobrý den Agency, which organizes the festival, also maintains the Czech Database of Records and publishes Czech Book of Records , a national equivalent of Guinness World Records . The agency operates the Museum of Records and Curiosities Pelhřimov and

1650-520: The Upper (Rynárec) Gatehouse were built in the 16th century as parts of the fortification system. The Lower Gatehouse is a 36 metres (118 ft)-high five-storeyed construction that today houses the Museum of Records and Curiosities. The Church of Saint Bartholomew is one of the main landmarks of the town. It was built in Gothic style in the late 13th or the early 14th century. Since 1589, the church exterior shell has been adorned with sgraffiti. The interior of

1705-631: The biggest companies in the Czech Republic . Agricultural companies of the conglomerate manage 386,1 square miles of land in the Czech Republic. (Majority of the land is rented, that means 1,26 % of Czech land or 2,84 % of Czech arable land.) Andrej Babiš has directed the conglomerate until January 2014 and owned it until 2017, he was forced to transfer ownership of company to two trust funds AB private trust I and AB private trust II controlled by his family and lawyers in order to comply with

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1760-429: The chapel used to be a burial place for members of burgher families. The town cemetery was transferred here from the Church of St. Vitus in 1787 and until 1906, it served as a cemetery chapel. Pelhřimov is twinned with: Enclave and exclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of

1815-486: The church is mostly Baroque. On the main altar there are statues of saints Bartholomew , Adalbert , Procopius , Vitus and Wenceslaus . The Way of the Cross paintings in the church were designed by František Bílek and painted by Viktor Foerster . A tower with a viewing gallery at a height of 30 metres (98 ft) was added to the church in 1576. Today it is open to the public as a lookout tower. The Church of Saint Vitus

1870-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

1925-439: The design by the architect Max Fleischer. The synagogue was demolished in 1967. Pelhřimov is a regional industrial centre, represented especially by the food industry, engineering and consumer goods manufacture. The largest local company is Agrostroj, which manufactures agricultural machinery. It was founded in 1896 and employs more than 1,500 people. Other manufacturing companies based in the town are Spojené kartáčovny (SPOKAR),

1980-524: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

2035-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

2090-407: The minor part of the portfolio consists of companies in which the maternal company has substantial influence. The companies of AGROFERT, a.s. operate mostly in central Europe: in the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Germany and Hungary . Furthermore, it operates in another 18 countries and 4 continents. In 2012 the consolidated turnover of the company reached 132.5 billion Kč. AGROFERT, a.s. is one of

2145-604: The national revival. Patriotic associations, theatre and singing ensembles were founded. The salt house from 1707 was reconstructed as the National House and is today the Pelhřimov Theatre. In the second half of the 19th century, the industrialization occurred. It was represented especially by brush-making, hosiery and the production of agricultural implements. A neo-Gothic synagogue was built in 1890 in Růžová street according to

2200-541: The new conflict of interest legislation passed by the Parliament . In 2017 the conglomerate employed 33 thousand people, 22 thousand of them in CR. Agrofert was founded by Czech state company Petrimex (where Andrej Babiš worked as salesman), on January 25, 1993, and in its current form on July 1, 2000. The company was founded in 1993 by Petrimex . Andrej Babiš was its CEO until January 2014 when he became Finance Minister of

2255-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

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2310-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

2365-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

2420-447: The statue of St. James the Great . The fountain was first mentioned in 1546 and the present-day appearance is from 1828. The Renaissance castle from 1550 replaced an old manor house. Its oldest part is a Gothic bastion, incorporated into the castle after the fire in 1561. One of the three preserved town gates is also part of the castle. Significant reconstructions were made after the castle

2475-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

2530-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

2585-653: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

2640-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

2695-484: The town park Městské sady. Indoor and outdoor beach volleyball facilities are located in Táborská street. There are five primary schools in the town. The secondary schools are: a gymnasium with a business academy, a vocational school and secondary school of the hotel management, and a secondary technical school with a secondary vocational school. The historic town centre is formed by Masaryk Square with adjacent streets. It

2750-514: The town was acquired by the Lords Trčka of Lípa. They sold the estate in 1550 to Adam Říčanský of Říčany, who had built a castle adjacent to the town walls. The Lords of Říčany resided in the castle until 1572, when the town bought its freedom. In 1596, Emperor Rudolf II promoted Pelhřimov to a royal town. The repressions that followed the Bohemian Revolt interrupted the promising expansion of

2805-454: The town. The town was then severely damaged by a large fire in 1646, which destroyed most of the town's buildings. Another devastating fire ravaged the town in 1766. The burgher houses were uniformly reconstructed in the Renaissance - Baroque style and so the fires helped the town to maintain its homogeneity. During the 19th century, the town has experienced cultural development as a result of

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2860-452: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

2915-481: Was damaged by fires in 1682 and 1766. Since then, the castle has undergone only minor decorative alterations. Since 1908, it houses the Vysočina Museum Pelhřimov. Its exhibitions focuses on regional history and ethnography, town jail and torture instruments, and work of local artists Josef Šejnosta (sculptor and medalist) and his son Zdeněk Šejnosta (sculptor and restorer). The Lower (Jihlava) Gatehouse and

2970-476: Was founded by Bishop Pelhřim (Peregrinus) of Wartenberg around 1225. Pelhřimov's municipal territory of about 95 km (37 sq mi) is one of the largest for a town in the Czech Republic. The town is located about 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of Jihlava , approximately halfway between Prague and Brno . Pelhřimov lies in the Křemešník Highlands . The highest point of the municipal territory

3025-594: Was surrounded by stone walls. Parts of the walls survided to this day. The town square is lined by well-preserved valuable Baroque and Renaissance houses with arcades and decorated gables, and contains also Art Nouveau buildings. The Šrejnar's House was built in the Renaissance style in 1614. It houses a tourist information centre and the Memorial Hall of the Lipský Family. The Fára's House with Baroque façade and

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