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140-848: The site was claimed to contain evidence for the disputed Younger Dryas impact hypothesis . Most of the stone artifacts found in Pilauco are made of volcanic rock such as dacite , rhyodacite and rhyolite from the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex immediately east in the Andes . Yet these rocks were imported by humans to the site as nearby rivers have not transported it. In a 2007-2008 paleontological investigation 648 complete and fractured bones, 37 teeth, 11 coprolites, 348 wood pieces, 126 seeds, 28 skin and hair fragments were found. Further, 71 sediment samples were collected for analysis. This Los Lagos Region location article

280-531: A Tunguska -sized or larger airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam, a Middle Bronze Age city located in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea around 1650 BCE. Image forensics expert Elisabeth Bik discovered evidence for digital alteration of images used as evidence for the claim that the village of Tall el-Hammam was engulfed by an airburst. CRG members initially denied tampering with the photos but eventually published

420-433: A common primordial origin into the diverse forms observed in the fossil record and present today. Evolutionary theory remains the only explanation that fully accounts for all the observations, measurements, data, and evidence discovered in the fields of biology , ecology , anatomy , physiology , zoology , paleontology , molecular biology , genetics , anthropology , and others. As such, young Earth creationism

560-510: A " hyperbaric biosphere " intended to reproduce the atmospheric conditions before the Flood which could grow dinosaurs. The proprietor Carl Baugh says that these conditions made creatures grow larger and live longer, so that humans of that time were giants. As the term "dinosaur" was coined by Richard Owen in 1842, the Bible does not use the word "dinosaur". Some creationist organizations propose that

700-417: A 24-hour day or a long or unspecified time; but argue that, whenever the latter interpretation is used, it includes a preposition defining the long or unspecified period. In the specific context of Genesis 1 , since the days are both numbered and are referred to as "evening and morning", this can mean only normal-length days. Further, they argue that the 24-hour day is the only interpretation that makes sense of

840-582: A cautionary tale for researchers, the scientific community, the press, and the broader public." as "none of the original YD impact signatures have been subsequently corroborated by independent tests. Of the 12 original lines of evidence, seven have so far proven to be non-reproducible. The remaining signatures instead seem to represent either (1) non-catastrophic mechanisms, and/or (2) terrestrial rather than extraterrestrial or impact-related sources. In all of these cases, sparse but ubiquitous materials seem to have been misreported and misinterpreted as singular peaks at

980-456: A cedar"; the behemoth is described as ranking "first among the works of God" and as impossible to capture (vs. 24). Biblical scholars have alternatively identified the behemoth as either an elephant, a hippopotamus , or a bull, but some creationists have identified the behemoth with sauropod dinosaurs, often specifically the Brachiosaurus according to their interpretation of the verse "He

1120-559: A correction in which they admitted to inappropriate image manipulation. Five of the paper's 53 images received retouching to remove labels and arrows present in other published versions of the photos, which Bik believed to be a possible conflict with Scientific Reports' image submission guidelines but was not in itself a disproval of the Tall el-Hammam airburst theory. Subsequent concerns that have been brought up in PubPeer have not yet been addressed by

1260-402: A day-age theory of indefinite 'days'. He subscribed to the latter theory (indefinite days) and found support from the side of Yale professor James Dwight Dana , one of the fathers of mineralogy , who wrote a paper consisting of four articles named 'Science and the Bible' on the topic. As many biblical scholars reinterpreted Genesis 1 in the light of Lyell's geological results with the support of

1400-724: A hundredfold spike in the concentration of platinum in Greenland ice cores roughly dated to 12,890  YBP . This anomaly was attributed to a small local iron meteorite fall without any widespread consequences. A refutation of the YDIH, by Holliday and others, showed that the Pt spike was not evidence to support the YDIH because it occurred 20 years after the YDB. In 2016, Holiday and others reported on further analysis of Younger Dryas boundary sediments at nine sites found no evidence of an extraterrestrial impact at

1540-457: A large platinum anomaly, consistent with findings from other sites. A large soot anomaly was also found in cores from the site. In 2020, a group led by Andrew M. T. Moore found high concentrations of iridium, platinum, nickel, and cobalt at the Younger Dryas boundary in material from Tell Abu Hureyra . They concluded that the evidence supports the impact hypothesis. However, samples from

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1680-472: A metaphorical interpretation of the Genesis creation account. Since the mid-20th century, young Earth creationists—starting with Henry Morris (1918–2006)—have developed and promoted a pseudoscientific explanation called creation science as a basis for a religious belief in a supernatural, geologically recent creation, in response to the scientific acceptance of Charles Darwin 's Theory of Evolution , which

1820-461: A model suggesting that fragments of a comet—initially 50 to 100 kilometers in diameter—could have been responsible for such an impact, and that the Taurid complex is formed of the remaining debris. In 2011, Pinter and others challenged the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis on the basis that most of the conclusions could not be reproduced and were a misinterpretation of data. Skepticism increased when it

1960-555: A more complete discussion. As a position that developed out of the explicitly anti-intellectual side of the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy in the early parts of the twentieth century, there is no single unified nor consistent consensus on how creationism as a belief system ought to reconcile its adherents' acceptance of biblical inerrancy with empirical facts of the Universe. Although young Earth creationism

2100-462: A number of renowned (Christian) scientific scholars, Developmentalism, a form of theistic evolution based on Darwin's Natural selection, grew in acceptance. This 19th century trend was contested. The scriptural geologists and later the founders of the Victoria Institute opposed the decline of support for a biblically literal young Earth. The rise of fundamentalist Christianity early in

2240-586: A paper by Bunch and others reported the discovery of scoria like objects (SLO) and stated that they were consistent with an extraterrestrial impact or airburst. Post-publication review of this paper suggests that at least some of these SLOs are anthropogenic. Another group of scientists reported evidence supporting a modified version of the hypothesis—involving a fragmented comet or asteroid—was found in lake bed cores dating to 12,900  YBP from Lake Cuitzeo in Guanajuato , Mexico. It included nanodiamonds (including

2380-459: A platinum/palladium ratio inconsistent with a terrestrial origin, as well as an overabundance of soot and a decrease in fungal spores associated with the dung of large herbivores, suggesting large-scale regional wildfires and at least a local decrease in ice age megafauna. In 2019, Thackery and others reported that a ~10 ppb platinum (Pt) enrichment in peat deposits at Wonderkrater in South Africa

2520-406: A possible connection to the Younger Dryas. However, in 2022 the crater was dated to around 58 million years ago, the late Paleocene , using Argon–argon dating combined with uranium–lead dating of shocked zircon crystals . A number of other hypotheses have been put forward about the cause of the Younger Dryas climate event. The most widely accepted explanation is that it began because of

2660-621: A previously unidentified pre-18,000 BP South American population suffered a major disruption at the Younger Dryas onset, resulting in a significant loss of lineages and a Y chromosome bottleneck. A 2018 paper reported the discovery of an impact crater under the Hiawatha Glacier in Greenland of unknown age. Kurt Kjær, the lead author of the paper, speculated that it might date to the Pleistocene (2.58 million to 11,700 years ago), and mentioned

2800-644: A publication "indicating that the study does not provide data to support the claims of an airburst event or that such an event led to the decline of the Hopewell culture." Proponents believe that certain microscopic debris is evidence of impact and that "black mats" of sediment are evidence of widespread fires. They contend that extinction of megafauna was synchronous with associated effects on prehistoric human societies. They say that their observations and interpretations cannot be adequately explained by volcanic, anthropogenic, or other natural processes. They argue that there

2940-734: A significant reduction or shutdown of the North Atlantic "Conveyor" – which circulates warm tropical waters northward – as the consequence of deglaciation in North America. Geological evidence for such an event is not fully secure, but recent work has identified a pathway along the Mackenzie River that would have spilled fresh water from Lake Agassiz into the Arctic and thence into the Atlantic. The global climate would then have become locked into

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3080-439: A similar question in 2019, 40 percent of US adults held the view that "God created [human beings] in their present form within roughly the past 10,000 years." Among the biggest young Earth creationist organizations are Answers in Genesis , Institute for Creation Research and Creation Ministries International . Young Earth creationists have claimed that their view has its earliest roots in ancient Judaism, citing, for example,

3220-508: A sound scientific basis... then the entire evolutionary cosmology, at least in its present neo-Darwinian form, will collapse. This in turn would mean that every anti-Christian system and movement (communism, racism, humanism , libertarianism , behaviorism , and all the rest) would be deprived of their pseudo-intellectual foundation", "It [evolution] has served effectively as the pseudo-scientific basis of atheism , agnosticism, socialism, fascism, and numerous faulty and dangerous philosophies over

3360-529: A strong stand on the age of the Earth, special creation, or even the identity of the designer. Young Earth creationists disagree with the methodological naturalism that is part of the scientific method . Instead, they assert the actions of God as described in the Bible occurred as written and therefore only scientific evidence that points to the Bible being correct can be accepted. See Creation–evolution controversy for

3500-485: A subsequent book, America Before: The Key to Earth's Lost Civilization (2019), in which he claimed that the Younger Dryas catastrophe had wiped out all traces of a sophisticated Ice Age civilization in North America. In 2017, a debate was held on the Joe Rogan Experience between proponents Graham Hancock, Randall Carlson, and Malcolm A. LeCompte and opponents Michael Shermer and Marc J. Defant. The week that

3640-406: A subsequent paper described three approaches to population dynamics in the Younger Dryas in North America, and concluded that there had been a significant decline and/or reorganisation in human population early in this period. The same paper also shows an apparent resurgence in population and/or settlements in the later Younger Dryas. A 2022 study by an independent group presents genomic evidence that

3780-471: A young Earth creationist viewpoint. Langdon Gilkey writes: ... no distinction is made between scientific theories on the one hand and philosophical or religious theories on the other, between scientific questions and the sorts of questions religious beliefs seek to answer... It is, therefore, no surprise that in their theological works, as opposed to their creation science writings, creationists regard evolution and all other theories associated with it, as

3920-416: Is "plagued by self contradictions, logical fallacies, basic misunderstandings, misidentified impact evidence, abandoned claims, irreproducible results, questionable protocols, lack of disclosure, secretiveness, failed predictions, contaminated samples, pseudoscientific arguments, physically impossible mechanisms, and misrepresentations". In July 2023 Holliday and others published a comprehensive refutation of

4060-667: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to archaeology in Chile is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Younger Dryas impact hypothesis The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH) proposes that the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cool period ( stadial ) at the end of the Last Glacial Period , around 12,900 years ago was the result of some kind of cosmic event with specific details varying between publications. The hypothesis

4200-529: Is a form of creationism which holds as a central tenet that the Earth and its lifeforms were created by supernatural acts of the Abrahamic God between about 6,000 and 10,000 years ago. In its most widespread version, YEC is based on the religious belief in the inerrancy of certain literal interpretations of the Book of Genesis . Its primary adherents are Christians and Jews who believe that God created

4340-406: Is a synchronous Younger Dryas boundary layer that should be used as a local, or even global stratigraphic marker . Archaeologist Stuart J Fiedel has remarked that "The bolide and its effects have been characterized inconsistently from one paper to the next, which makes this hypothesis difficult to refute." In 2011, a review of the evidence led researchers to state "The YD impact hypothesis provides

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4480-560: Is dismissed by the academic and the scientific communities. One 1987 estimate found that "700 scientists ... (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) ... give credence to creation-science". An expert in the evolution-creationism controversy, professor and author Brian Alters , states that "99.9% of scientists accept evolution". A 1991 Gallup poll found that about 5 per cent of American scientists (including those with training outside biology) identified themselves as creationists. For their part, young Earth creationists say that

4620-610: Is higher in the U.S. than in most of the rest of the Western world . A 2012 Gallup survey reported that 46 per cent of Americans believed in the creationist view that God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years, a statistic which has remained essentially the same since 1982; for those with a postgraduate education, only 25 per cent believed in the creationist viewpoint. About one third of Americans believed that humans evolved with God's guidance and 15 per cent said humans evolved , but that God had no part in

4760-458: Is known as Megalania ( Varanus priscus ). However, Megalania was a gigantic species of monitor lizard , and not a dinosaur, as its discoverer, Richard Owen , realized that the skeletal remains were that of a lizard , and not an archosaur . Some creationists believe that Mokele-mbembe , a cryptid said to dwell deep in the Congo rainforest, may be a living sauropod, though the scientific consensus

4900-462: Is next." The credibility and motivations of individual CRG researchers have been questioned by critics of the impact hypothesis, including their specific claims for evidence in support of the YDIH and/or the effects of meteor air bursts or impact events on ancient settlements, people, and environments. Doubts have been raised about several of the CRG's other claims.; for example a 2021 paper suggested that

5040-590: Is one of the most stridently literalist positions taken among professed creationists, there are also examples of biblical literalist adherents to both geocentrism and a flat Earth . Conflicts between different kinds of creationists are rather common, but three in particular are of particular relevance to YEC: Old Earth Creationism , Gap creationism , and the Omphalos hypothesis . Young Earth creationists reject old Earth creationism and day-age creationism on textual and theological grounds. In addition, they claim that

5180-562: Is possible given the geological evidence for much longer timescales. The Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College has identified two major types of YEC belief systems: Young Earth creationists regard the Bible as a historically accurate, factually inerrant record of natural history. As Henry Morris, a leading young Earth creationist, explained it, "Christians who flirt with less-than-literal readings of biblical texts are also flirting with theological disaster." According to Morris, Christians must "either ... believe God's Word all

5320-439: Is that this is extremely unlikely. In a 2019 issue of Skeptical Inquirer science author Philip J. Senter details many 16th and 17th century hoaxes who constructed composite dragons which Senter calls the "Piltdown Men of Creationism" stating that many young Earth creationists believe these hoaxes even though "the fakes don't even resemble the very animals the creationist authors claim they are". Other more recent hoaxes such as

5460-527: Is the chief of the ways of God" implying that the behemoth is the largest animal God created. The leviathan is another creature referred to in the Bible's Old Testament that some creationists argue is actually a dinosaur. Alternatively, more mainstream scholars have identified the Leviathan ( Job 41 ) with the Nile crocodile or, because Ugarit texts describe it as having seven heads, a purely mythical beast similar to

5600-456: Is the southernmost site where evidence of the Younger Dryas impacts has been reported. This has been interpreted as evidence that a strewn field from the Younger Dryas impact event may have affected at least 30% of Earth's radius. Also in 2019, CR Moore and others reported analysis of age-dated sediments from a long-lived pond in South Carolina showed not just an overabundance of platinum but

5740-535: Is widely rejected by relevant experts. It is influenced by creationism , and has been compared to cold fusion by its critics due to the lack of reproducibility of results. It is an alternative to the long-standing and widely accepted explanation that the Younger Dryas was caused by a significant reduction in, or shutdown of the North Atlantic Conveyor due to a sudden influx of freshwater from Lake Agassiz and deglaciation in North America. In 2007,

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5880-670: The Cardiff Giant , the Silverbell artifacts , the Burdick tracks and the Acámbaro figures are still being cited as proof of a young earth even though some of the hoaxers confessed. Young Earth creationists according to Senter are quick to point out the embarrassing forgeries that some scientists believed for years, such as the Piltdown Man . Senter continues "But it is also somewhat hypocritical, for

6020-629: The Early Modern Period (1500–1800) referenced an Earth that was few thousands of years old. For example William Shakespeare : ...The poor world is almost 6,000 years old. Beginning in the 18th century, support for a young Earth declined among scientists and philosophers as new knowledge including discoveries of the Scientific Revolution and philosophies of the Age of Enlightenment . In particular, discoveries in geology required an Earth that

6160-584: The Great Flood on the shape of the Earth. Although not an accredited geologist, Price's writings, which were based on reading geological texts and documents rather than field or laboratory work, provide an explicitly fundamentalist perspective on geology. The book attracted a small following, with its advocates almost all being Lutheran pastors and Seventh-day Adventists in North America. Price became popular with fundamentalists for his opposition to evolution, though they continued to believe in an ancient Earth. In

6300-524: The Hebrew word tanniyn (תנין, pronounced [tanˈnin] ), mentioned nearly thirty times in the Old Testament , should be considered a synonym. In English translations, tanniyn has been translated as "sea monster" or "serpent", but most often it is translated as "dragon". Additionally, in the Book of Job , a " behemoth " ( Job 40:15–24 ) is described as a creature that "moves his tail like

6440-894: The Lernaean Hydra . A subset of adherents of the pseudoscience of cryptozoology promote young Earth creationism, particularly in the context of so-called "living dinosaurs". Science writer Sharon A. Hill observes that the young Earth creationist segment of cryptozoology is "well-funded and able to conduct expeditions with a goal of finding a living dinosaur that they think would invalidate evolution." Anthropologist Jeb J. Card says that "Creationists have embraced cryptozoology and some cryptozoological expeditions are funded by and conducted by creationists hoping to disprove evolution." Young Earth creationists occasionally claim that dinosaurs survived in Australia, and that Aboriginal legends of reptilian monsters are evidence of this, referring to what

6580-593: The Sabbath command in Exodus 20:8–11. YECs argue that it is a glaring exegetical fallacy to take a meaning from one context (yom referring to a long period of time in Genesis 1) and apply it to a completely different one ( yom referring to normal-length days in Exodus 20). Hebrew scholars reject the rule that yôm with a number or an "evening and morning" construct can only refer to 24-hour days. Hugh Ross has pointed out that

6720-570: The jet stream shifted northward in response to the melting of the North American ice sheet, which brought more rain to the North Atlantic, which freshened the ocean surface enough to slow the thermohaline circulation . Another proposed cause has been volcanic activity. However, this has been challenged recently due to improved dating of the most likely suspect, the Laacher See volcano. In 2021, research by Frederick Reinig et al. precisely dated

6860-533: The 1950s, Price's work came under severe criticism, particularly by Bernard Ramm in his book The Christian View of Science and Scripture . Together with J. Laurence Kulp , a geologist and in fellowship with the Plymouth Brethren , and other scientists, Ramm influenced Christian organizations such as the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) in not supporting flood geology . Price's work

7000-546: The 19th century suggesting 20,000 BC. The Protestant reformation hermeneutic inclined some of the Reformers, including John Calvin and Martin Luther , and later Protestants toward a literal reading of the Bible as translated. This means they believed that the "days" referred to in Genesis correspond to ordinary days, in contrast to reading the "days" as standing in for a longer period of time. Famous poets and playwrights of

7140-405: The 20th century brought rejection of evolution among fundamentalists who explained an ancient Earth through belief in the gap or in the day-age interpretation of Genesis . In 1923, George McCready Price , a Seventh-day Adventist , wrote The New Geology , a book partly inspired by the book Patriarchs and Prophets in which Seventh-day Adventist prophet Ellen G. White described the impact of

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7280-533: The Atlantic Conveyor and triggered the Younger Dryas instance of abrupt climate change which contributed to extinctions of late Pleistocene megafauna , and resulted in the disappearance of the Clovis culture . The Comet research group (CRG), dedicated to investigating the YDIH, was established in 2016. Their stated mission is to "find evidence about comet impacts and raise awareness about them before your city

7420-462: The Bible is the actual word of God and should be interpreted literally, a statistic which had fallen slightly from the late 1970s. Some 54 per cent of those who attended church weekly and 46 per cent of those with a high school education or less took the Bible literally. The common belief of young Earth creationists is that the Earth and life were created in six 24-hour periods, 6,000–10,000 years ago. However, there are different approaches to how this

7560-466: The CRG, including discrepancies between claimed blast wave direction compared to what the images show, unavailability of original image data to independent researchers, lack of supporting evidence for conclusions, inappropriate reliance on young Earth creationist literature, misinformation about the Tunguska explosion, and another uncorrected example of an inappropriately altered image. On February 15, 2023,

7700-683: The Controversy ) alongside or in replacement of the theory of evolution. Young Earth creationism has not had as large an impact in the less literalist circles of Christianity. Some churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches , accede to the possibility of theistic evolution ; though some individual church members support young Earth creationism and do so without those churches' explicit condemnation. Adherence to young Earth creationism and rejection of evolution

7840-481: The Earth in six literal days. This is in contrast with old Earth creationism (OEC), which holds literal interpretations of Genesis that are compatible with the scientifically determined ages of the Earth and universe, and theistic evolution , which posits that the scientific principles of evolution , the Big Bang , abiogenesis , solar nebular theory , age of the universe , and age of Earth are compatible with

7980-429: The Earth was deteriorating from a primal state, he maintained that the Earth was infinitely old. Hutton stated that: the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now … No powers are to be employed that are not natural to the globe, no action to be admitted except those of which we know the principle. Hutton's main line of argument was that the tremendous displacements and changes he

8120-540: The Reverends William Buckland , Adam Sedgwick and other early geologists had abandoned their earlier ideas of catastrophism related to a biblical flood and confined their explanations to local floods. By the 1830s, the scientific consensus had abandoned a young Earth as a serious hypothesis. John H. Mears was one of several scholars proposing Biblical interpretations ranging from a series of long or indefinite periods interspersed with moments of creation to

8260-545: The United States held the view that "God created humans in their present form at some time within the last 10,000 years or so" when asked for their views on the origin and development of human beings, which Gallup noted was the lowest level in 35 years. It was suggested that the level of support could be lower when poll results are adjusted after comparison with other polls with questions that more specifically account for uncertainty and ambivalence. Gallup found that, when asking

8400-454: The United States inclined to the view that "God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years" when asked for their views on the origin and development of human beings, which Gallup noted was the lowest level in 35 years. Reasons for the higher rejection of evolution in the U.S. include the abundance of fundamentalist Christians compared to Europe. A 2011 Gallup survey reported that 30 per cent of Americans said

8540-588: The YDB and not all were attributed to an ET event. The evidence given by proponents of a bolide or meteorite impact event includes "black mats", or strata of organic-rich soil that have been identified at about 50 archaeological sites across North America. Using statistical analysis and modeling, James P. Kennett and others concluded that widely separated organic-rich layers, including black mats , were deposited synchronously across multiple continents as an identifiable Younger Dryas boundary layer . In 2019, Jorgeson and others tested this conclusion with

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8680-504: The YDIH that collected and summarized many of the positions from opponents to YDIH publications mentioned in the above history. Sections in this article refute the areas of evidence regarding Hypothetical impact markers , "Black mats," Extinction of megafauna , Impact on human societies , the Hiawatha crater . Also criticized were fundamental assumptions, flawed sampling, inadequate dating, Pseudoarchaeological divined date of

8820-736: The YDIH, "Terrestrial Evidence of a Nuclear Catastrophe in Paleoindian Times" in Mammoth Trumpet, a newsletter of the Center for the Study of the First Americans. They proposed that "the entire Great Lakes region (and beyond) was subjected to a particle bombardment and a catastrophic nuclear radiation..." They argue that this cataclysm generated a shock wave that gouged out the Carolina Bays and reset

8960-562: The YDIH. In March 2023 Mark Boslough published a commentary in Skeptic magazine with conclusion that many attributes of the series are pseudoscience. An extensive series of articles was published in Mammoth Trumpet , the magazine for Texas A&M University 's Center for the Study of the First Americans, featuring conversations with many YDIH proponents and opponents: Young Earth creationist Young Earth creationism ( YEC )

9100-578: The YEC literature is replete with cases in which its own authors have fallen for taxidermic 'dragon' hoaxes". Young Earth creationism is most famous for an opposition to the theory of evolution , but believers also are on record opposing many measurements, facts, and principles in the fields of physics and chemistry , dating methods including radiometric dating , geology , astronomy , cosmology , and paleontology . Young Earth creationists do not accept any explanation for natural phenomena which deviates from

9240-594: The Younger Dryas Impact were reported by Wolbach and others and Lynch. However, these claims of extraordinary fires are disputed by Holliday and others with a response by Wolbach. In 2019, Pino and others reported evidence in sediment layers with charcoal and pollen assemblages both indicating major disturbances at Pilauco Bajo , Chile in sediments dated to 12,800 BP. This included rare metallic spherules, melt glass and nanodiamonds thought to have been produced during airbursts or impacts . Pilauco Bajo

9380-548: The Younger Dryas boundary. Also that year, Daulton and others reported an analysis of nanodiamond evidence failed to uncover lonsdaleite or a spike in nanodiamond concentration at the YDB . In 2017, C R Moore and others reported a Pt anomaly at eleven continental sites dated to the Younger Dryas, which is linked with the Greenland Platinum anomaly. In 2018, dealing with an "extraordinary biomass-burning episode" associated with

9520-651: The Younger Dryas cold period about 12,900  BP calibrated (10,900  C uncalibrated) years ago. In May 2007, at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Acapulco , Firestone, West, and around twenty other scientists made their first formal presentation of the hypothesis/ Later that year, the group published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) that suggested

9660-464: The Younger Dryas comet destroyed the earth in a time cycle and that it was responsible for the Noahide flood myth . He inferred that this myth was widespread elsewhere on earth by comparing it with the flood mythology of other peoples . These claims were criticized as inaccurate by independent reviewers, including Jason Colavito , Michael Shermer , and Marc J. Defant. Hancock expanded on his claims in

9800-509: The Younger Dryas cool climatic episode." The impact hypothesis has been the subject of documentaries, including Mammoth Mystery on National Geographic Explorer (2007), Journey to 10,000 BC on the History Channel (2008), Survival Earth on Channel 4 (2008), and Megabeasts' Sudden Death on PBS Nova (2009). Graham Hancock argued in his 2015 book Magicians of the Gods that

9940-503: The age and some of whom reject it. Several early Jewish scholars, including Philo , followed an allegorical interpretation of Genesis. The most accepted and popular date of creation among young Earth creationists is 4004 BC because this specific date appears in the Ussher chronology . This chronology was included in many Bibles from 1701 onwards, including the authorized King James Version . The youngest ever recorded date of creation within

10080-485: The age of the Earth into the millions of years – still much younger than commonly accepted by modern scientists, but much older than the young Earth of less than 10,000 years in which Biblical literalists believed. Hutton's ideas, called uniformitarianism or gradualism , were popularized by Sir Charles Lyell in the early 19th century. The energetic advocacy and rhetoric of Lyell led to the public and scientific communities largely accepting an ancient Earth. By this time,

10220-600: The authors concluded that they also did not show unique evidence for a bolide impact. An independent group of researchers reported much lower concentrations of platinum group metals in the purported boundary layer (by a factor of 30 for iridium). The original authors argued that these concentrations were still >300% (a factor of 3) above background in 2 of their samples. Another group was unable to confirm prior claims of magnetic particles and microspherules in 2009, Other studies involving YDIH proponents found concentrations of magnetic spherules but not all were associated with

10360-903: The basic premise of the YDIH that human populations were diminished, and individual species of late Pleistocene megafauna became extinct or were diminished due to catastrophe. Another example is that of extensive wildfires claimed by some YDIH proponents that has been refuted by experts.   "Evidence and arguments purported to support the YDIH involve flawed methodologies, inappropriate assumptions, questionable conclusions, misstatements of fact, misleading information, unsupported claims, irreproducible observations, logical fallacies, and selected omission of contrary information." Proponents have reported materials including nanodiamonds , metallic microspherules, carbon spherules, magnetic spherules , iridium , platinum , platinum/ palladium ratios, charcoal, soot, and fullerenes enriched with helium-3 that they interpret as evidence for an impact event that marks

10500-606: The beginning of the Younger Dryas. One of the most widely publicized discoveries (nanodiamonds in Greenland) has never been verified and is disputed. Some scientists have asserted that the carbon spherules originated as fungal structures and/or insect fecal pellets, and contained modern contaminants and that the claimed nanodiamonds are actually misidentified graphene and graphene/ graphane oxide aggregates. A patent application by Allen West and James Kennett in 2009 for methods of forming nanodiamonds based on research in support of

10640-433: The commentary on Genesis by Ibn Ezra (c. 1089–1164). That said, Shai Cherry of Vanderbilt University notes that modern Jewish theologians have generally rejected such literal interpretations of the written text, and that even Jewish commentators who oppose some aspects of science generally accept scientific evidence that the Earth is much older. Some controversy has arisen among Ultra-Orthodox Jews, some of whom accept

10780-565: The data from the Greenland ice cores was closed." The idea that a comet struck North America at the end of the last ice age was first proposed as a speculative premise by the American congressman and pseudohistorian Ignatius Donnelly in 1883, who suggested it formed the Great Lakes and caused a sudden extreme cold period, which devastated animal and human populations. In 2001, Richard Firestone and William Topping published their first version of

10920-631: The date of the hypothetical extraterrestrial impact, possibly from anthropogenic activities, including hunting. A group in the Netherlands examined carbon-14 dates for charcoal particles that showed wildfires occurred well after the proposed impact date, and the glass-like carbon was produced by wildfires and no lonsdaleite was found. Research at the Atacama Desert in Chile showed that silicate surface glasses were formed during at least two distinct periods at

11060-560: The dinosaurs with him in the ark, and that they only began to disappear as a result of a different post-flood environment. The Creation Museum in Kentucky portrays humans and dinosaurs coexisting before the Flood while the California roadside attraction Cabazon Dinosaurs describes dinosaurs as being created the same day as Adam and Eve. The Creation Evidence Museum in Glen Rose, Texas , has

11200-447: The earliest reference to this rule dates back to young Earth creationist literature in the 1970s and that no reference to it exists independent of the young Earth movement. The "gap theory" acknowledges a vast age for the universe, including the Earth and solar system, while asserting that life was created recently in six 24-hour days by divine fiat. Genesis 1 is thus interpreted literally, with an indefinite "gap" of time inserted between

11340-619: The early part of the Bølling–Allerød. Clovis people appeared in North America between 13.4 and 12.8 ka, broadly coincident with the sharp increase in biomass burning at 13.2 ka, and then rapidly spread out across the continent." Radiocarbon dating , microscopy of paleobotanical samples, and analytical pyrolysis of fluvial sediments in Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island by another group found no evidence of lonsdaleite or impact-induced fires. Research published in 2012 has shown that

11480-606: The end of the Pleistocene were not synchronous. The extinctions in South America appear to have occurred at least 400 years after the extinctions in North America. The extinction of woolly mammoths in Siberia also appears to have occurred later than in North America. A greater disparity in extinction timings is apparent in island megafaunal extinctions that lagged nearby continental extinctions by thousands of years; examples include

11620-553: The end of the Pleistocene, separated by several hundred years. A study of Paleoindian demography found no evidence of a population decline among the Paleoindians at 12,900 ± 100 BP, which was inconsistent with predictions of an impact event, suggesting that the hypothesis would probably need to be revised. A critique of this paper concluded that these results were an insensitive, low-fidelity population proxy incapable of detecting demographic change. The authors of

11760-540: The eruption to 200 ± 21 years before the onset of the Younger Dryas, therefore ruling it out as a culprit. The same study also concluded that the onset took place synchronously over the entire North Atlantic and Central European region. A press release from the University of Mainz stated, "Due to the new dating, the European archives now have to be temporally adapted. At the same time, a previously existing temporal difference to

11900-469: The expectations for its synchroneity, and the synchronous global deposition of the hypothesized Younger Dryas boundary layer to be extremely unlikely. Marlon et al. suggest that wildfires were a consequence of rapid climate change. "The changes in woody biomass, fire frequency, and biomass burning are not coincident with changes in CO2, although increasing CO2 may have contributed to woody biomass production during

12040-439: The first YDIH paper speculated that a comet airburst over North America created a Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) layer; however, inconsistencies have been identified in other published results. Authors have not yet responded to requests for clarification and have never made their raw data available. Some YDIH proponents have also proposed that this event triggered extensive biomass burning, a brief impact winter that destabilized

12180-422: The first two verses. (Some gap theorists insert a "primordial creation" and Lucifer 's rebellion into the gap.) Young Earth creationist organizations argue that the gap theory is unscriptural, unscientific, and not necessary, in its various forms. Many young Earth creationists distinguish their own hypotheses from the "Omphalos hypothesis", today more commonly referred to as the apparent age concept, put forth by

12320-406: The flood described in Genesis 6–9 did occur, was global in extent, and submerged all dry land on Earth. Some young Earth creationists go further and advocate a kind of flood geology which relies on the appropriation of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century arguments in favor of catastrophism made by such scientists as Georges Cuvier and Richard Kirwan . This approach which was replaced by

12460-472: The following editor’s note was posted on this paper, "Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues." On August 30, 2023, a paper authored by a CRG member and leading YDIH advocate was retracted by Scientific Reports . The journal's Retraction Note cited

12600-403: The genealogy. Differences of opinion exist regarding whether the genealogies should be taken as complete or abbreviated, hence the 6,000 to 10,000 year range usually quoted for the Earth's age. In contrast, Old Earth Creationists tend to interpret the genealogies as incomplete, and usually interpret the days of Genesis 1 figuratively as long periods of time. Young Earth creationists believe that

12740-412: The hexagonal form called lonsdaleite ), carbon spherules, and magnetic spherules. Multiple hypotheses were examined to account for these observations, though none were believed to be terrestrial. Lonsdaleite occurs naturally in asteroids and cosmic dust and as a result of extraterrestrial impacts on Earth. Lonsdaleite has also been made artificially in laboratories. In 2013, Petaev and others reported

12880-457: The historic Jewish or Christian traditions is 3616 BC, by Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen . Some proponents of young Earth creationism have proposed dates that are several thousands of years earlier by theorizing significant gaps in the genealogies in chapters 5 and 11 of the Book of Genesis, such as 6984 BC by Alfonso X of Castile , Harold Camping with 11,013 BC, and Christian Charles Josias Bunsen in

13020-425: The impact event may have led to an immediate decline in human populations in North America. Since this paper was considered too controversial for standard peer review, it was handled by a specially selected 'personal editor' who was friendly to the hypothesis. In 2008, C. Vance Haynes Jr. published data to support the synchronous nature of the black mats, emphasizing that independent analysis of other Clovis sites

13160-479: The impact event, pseudoscience (fringe) evidence and conjecture, issues with other YDIH claims, such as the Carolina bays, contradictory results when different groups have examined the same sample specimens, and unparalleled promotion of YDIH outside of scientific literature. The paper also responded to and critiqued assertions from Powell. The paper concludes that since "YDIH evolved directly from pseudoscience,

13300-532: The impact hypothesis also likely misidentified Copper and Copper oxides and appears to have since been abandoned. Iridium, magnetic minerals, microspherules, carbon, and nanodiamonds are all subject to differing interpretations as to their nature and origin, and may be explained in many cases by purely terrestrial or non-catastrophic factors. An analysis of a similar Younger Dryas boundary layer in Belgium yielded carbon crystalline structures such as nanodiamonds, but

13440-419: The initial publication in scientific literature was seriously plagued by poorly documented interpretations and baseless assertions." and lists 11 serious flaws that persist in YDIH. In a December 2023 article by CR Moore and others stated that "anomalous peak abundances of platinum and Fe-rich microspherules with high-temperature minerals have previously been demonstrated to be a chronostratigraphic marker for

13580-404: The intellectual source for and intellectual justification of everything that is to them evil and destructive in modern society. For them all that is spiritually healthy and creative has been for a century or more under attack by "that most complex of godless movements spawned by the pervasive and powerful system of evolutionary uniformitarianism", "If the system of flood geology can be established on

13720-506: The journal Science asserted that nanodiamonds were evidence for a swarm of carbonaceous chondrites or comet fragments from air burst(s) or impact(s) that set parts of North America on fire, caused the extinction of most of the megafauna in North America, and led to the demise of the Clovis culture A special debate-style session was convened at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting in which skeptics and supporters alternated in giving presentations. In 2010, astronomer William Napier published

13860-481: The judge could not conceive how "a loose knit group of independent thinkers in all the varied fields of science could, or would, so effectively censor new scientific thought". A 1985 study also found that only 18 out of 135,000 submissions to scientific journals advocated creationism. Morris' ideas had a considerable impact on creationism and fundamentalist Christianity. Armed with the backing of conservative organizations and individuals, his brand of "creation science"

14000-407: The lack of support for their beliefs by the scientific community is due to discrimination and censorship by professional science journals and professional science organizations. This viewpoint was explicitly rejected in the rulings from the 1981 United States District Court case McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education as no witness was able to produce any articles that had been refused publication and

14140-496: The long axes of these lakes are oblique to the prevailing wind direction. In 2006, The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes: How a Stone-Age Comet Changed the Course of World Culture , a trade book by Richard Firestone, Allen West and Simon Warwick-Smith, was published by Inner Traditions – Bear & Company and marketed in the category of Earth Changes . It proposed that a large meteor air burst or impact of one or more comets initiated

14280-406: The lower Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) dating to 12.8 ka," was found in sediments at Wakulla Springs, Florida. "The study confirms the utility of this YDB datum layer for intersequence correlation and for assessing relative ages of Paleoamerican artifacts, including those of likely Clovis, pre-Clovis, and post-Clovis age and their possible responses to environmental changes known to have occurred during

14420-400: The mid-nineteenth century almost entirely by uniformitarianism was adopted most famously by George McCready Price and this legacy is reflected in the most prominent YEC organizations today. YEC ideas to accommodate the massive amount of water necessary for a flood that was global in scale included inventing such constructs as an orbiting vapor canopy which would have collapsed and generated

14560-434: The naturalist and science writer Philip Henry Gosse . Omphalos was an unsuccessful mid-19th century attempt to reconcile creationism with geology. Gosse proposed that just as Adam had a navel ( omphalos is Greek for navel), evidence of a gestation he never experienced, so also the Earth was created ex nihilo complete with evidence of a prehistoric past that never actually occurred. The Omphalos hypothesis allows for

14700-480: The necessary extreme rainfall or a rapid movement of tectonic plates causing underground aquifers or tsunamis from underwater volcanic steam to inundate the planet. The young Earth creationist belief that the age of the Earth is 6,000 to 10,000 years old conflicts with the age of 4.54 billion years measured using independently cross-validated geochronological methods including radiometric dating . Creationists dispute these and all other methods which demonstrate

14840-436: The new state until freezing removed the fresh water "lid" from the North Atlantic. Although initially sceptical, Wallace Broecker —the scientist who proposed the conveyor shutdown hypothesis—eventually agreed with the idea of an extraterrestrial impact at the Younger Dryas boundary, and thought that it had acted as a trigger on top of a system that was already approaching instability. Another hypothesis suggests instead that

14980-462: The occasionally out-of-order sequence of fossils that are shown to be due to thrust faults made it impossible to prove any one fossil was older than any other. His "law" that fossils could be found in any order implied that strata could not be dated sequentially. He instead proposed that essentially all fossils were buried during the flood and thus inaugurated flood geology . In numerous books and articles he promoted this concept, focusing his attack on

15120-523: The onset of the YD. Throughout the arc of this hypothesis, recognized and expected impact markers were not found, leading to proposed YD impactors and impact processes that were novel, self-contradictory, rapidly changing, and sometimes defying the laws of physics." Additionally, a comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis was published in 2023, stating "There is no support for

15260-417: The past century. A 2006 joint statement of InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (IAP) by 68 national and international science academies enumerated the many scientific facts that young Earth creationism contradicts, in particular that the universe, the Earth, and life are billions of years old, that each has undergone continual change over those billions of years, and that life on Earth has evolved from

15400-481: The podcast was released, the network was reportedly averaging over 120 million downloads a month. A 2021 episode of the Science Channel series Ancient Unexplained Files had a segment on the evidence from Abu Hureyra; geoscientist Sian Proctor also described the impact hypothesis as a whole. In 2022 Graham Hancock presented in a Netflix series titled Ancient Apocalypse , with Episode 8 specifically covering

15540-566: The presence of full glacial pollen zones within the sediments filling some Carolina bays. The range of dates can be interpreted that Carolina bays were either created episodically over the last tens of thousands of years or were created at time over a hundred thousand years ago and have since been episodically modified. Recent work by the U.S. Geological Survey has interpreted the Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes that have been modified by eolian and lacustrine processes. Modern thermokarst lakes are common today around Barrow (Alaska), and

15680-489: The process. A 2009 poll by Harris Interactive found that 39 per cent of Americans agreed with the statement that "God created the universe, the earth, the sun, moon, stars, plants, animals, and the first two people within the past 10,000 years", yet only 18 per cent of the Americans polled agreed with the statement "The earth is less than 10,000 years old". A 2017 Gallup creationism survey found that 38 per cent of adults in

15820-478: The question of why large mammals should be preferentially exterminated over small mammals or other vertebrates. Additionally, some extant megafaunal species such as bison and brown bear seem to have been little affected by the extinction event, while the environmental devastation caused by a bolide impact would not be expected to discriminate. Also, it appears that there was a collapse in North American megafaunal population from 14,800 to 13,700 BP, well before

15960-615: The radiocarbon clock. Most geologists today interpret the Carolina bays as relict geomorphological features that developed via various eolian and lacustrine processes. Multiple lines of evidence, e.g. radiocarbon dating , optically stimulated luminescence dating, and palynology , indicate that the Carolina bays predate the start of the Holocene . Fossil pollen recovered from cores of undisturbed sediment taken from various Carolina bays in North Carolina by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead document

16100-473: The record of the rocks becomes a tremendous witness... to the holiness and justice and power of the living God of Creation!" This became the foundation of a new generation of young Earth creationist believers, who organized themselves around Morris' Institute for Creation Research . Sister organizations such as the Creation Research Society have sought to re-interpret geological formations within

16240-447: The results of physical anthropology and human evolution and instead insist that Adam and Eve were the universal ancestors of every human to have ever lived. Noah's flood as reported in the book of Genesis is said to have killed all humans on Earth with the exception of Noah and his sons and their wives, so young Earth creationists also argue that all humans alive today are descended from this single family. The literal belief that

16380-638: The rock strata which contain fossils of once-living creatures as subsequent to Adam's fall", attributing most to the flood. He added that humans and dinosaurs had lived together, quoting Clifford L. Burdick for the report that dinosaur tracks had supposedly been found overlapping a human track in the Paluxy River bed Glen Rose Formation . He was subsequently advised that he might have been misled, and Burdick wrote to Morris in September 1962 that "you kind of stuck your neck out in publishing those Glen Rose tracks." In

16520-467: The scientific data in geology and astronomy point to a young Earth, against the consensus of the general scientific community. Young Earth creationists generally hold that, when Genesis describes the creation of the Earth occurring over a period of days, this indicates normal-length 24-hour days, and cannot reasonably be interpreted otherwise. They agree that the Hebrew word for "day" ( yôm ) can refer to either

16660-488: The sequence of the geologic time scale as "the devil's counterfeit of the six days of Creation as recorded in the first chapter of Genesis." Today, many young Earth creationists still contend that the fossil record can be explained by the global flood. In The Genesis Flood (1961) Henry M. Morris reiterated Price's arguments, and wrote that because there had been no death before the Fall of Man, he felt "compelled to date all

16800-466: The simulation of radiocarbon ages. They accounted for measurement error, calibration uncertainty, "old wood" effects , and laboratory measurement biases, and compared against the dataset of radiocarbon ages for the Laacher See eruption. They found the Laacher See 14C dataset to be consistent with expectations of synchroneity. They found the Younger Dryas boundary layer 14C dataset to be inconsistent with

16940-719: The site no longer exist so these results cannot be confirmed. In 2022, a paper by geologist James L. Powell , a YDIH proponent, claimed that opponents had prematurely rejected YDIH, detailing the example of research published by Firestone and others in 2001 and the inability of a later study by Surovell and others in 2009 that was unable to reproduce these results leading a number of other scientists to reject YDIH. Powell argues that since then, many independent studies have reproduced that evidence at dozens of YD sites. A March 2023 article by planetary impact physicist Mark Boslough and YDIH opponent stated that "...the YDIH has never been accepted by experts in any related field" because it

17080-422: The so-called "black mats" are easily explained by typical earth processes in wetland environments. This study of black mats, that are common in prehistorical wetland deposits which represent shallow marshlands, that were from 6000 to 40,000 years ago in the southwestern USA and Atacama Desert in Chile, showed elevated concentrations of iridium and magnetic sediments, magnetic spherules and titanomagnetite grains. It

17220-533: The survival of woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island , Russia, until 3700 BP, and the survival of ground sloths in the Antilles , the Caribbean , until 4700 cal BP. The Australian megafaunal extinctions occurred approximately 30,000 years earlier than the hypothetical Younger Dryas event. The megafaunal extinction pattern observed in North America poses a problem for the bolide impact scenario since it raises

17360-444: The third printing of the book this section was removed. Following in this vein, many young Earth creationists, especially those associated with the more visible organizations, do not deny the existence of dinosaurs and other extinct animals present in the fossil record . Usually, they claim that the fossils represent the remains of animals that perished in the flood. A number of creationist organizations further propose that Noah took

17500-551: The timescale of geologic history in spite of the lack of scientific evidence that there are any inconsistencies or errors in the measurement of the Earth's age. Between 1997 and 2005, a team of scientists at the Institute for Creation Research conducted an eight-year research project entitled RATE (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth) to assess the validity and accuracy of radiometric dating techniques. While they concluded that there

17640-510: The type and size of bolide, lack of proper identification of lonsdaleite, confusing an extraterrestrial impact with other causes such as fire, and for inconsistent use of the carbon spherule "proxy". Naturally occurring lonsdaleite has also been identified in non-bolide diamond placer deposits in the Sakha Republic . There is evidence that the megafaunal extinctions that occurred across northern Eurasia, North America, and South America at

17780-500: The veracity of a plain reading of the Bible, whether it be the origins of biological diversity , the origins of life , the geological, atmospheric, and oceanic history of Earth , the origins of the Solar System and Earth , formation of the earliest chemical elements or the origins of the universe itself . This has led some young Earth creationists to criticize other creationist proposals such as intelligent design , for not taking

17920-435: The way, or not at all." Young Earth creationists consider the account of creation given in Genesis to be a factual record of the origin of the Earth and life, and that Bible-believing Christians must therefore regard Genesis 1–11 as historically accurate. Young Earth creationists interpret the text of Genesis as strictly literal. Young Earth creationists reject allegorical readings of Genesis and further argue that if there

18060-471: The world's linguistic variety originated with the tower of Babel is pseudoscientific , sometimes called pseudolinguistics, and it is contrary to what is known about the origin and history of languages . Young Earth creationists reject the geologic evidence that the stratigraphic sequence of fossils proves the Earth is billions of years old. In his Illogical Geology , expanded in 1913 as The Fundamentals of Geology , George McCready Price argued that

18200-411: Was associated with the YDB, although the age uncertainty range of the anomaly exceeded 2 thousand years. In 2019 research at White Pond near Elgin , South Carolina, conducted by CR Moore from the University of South Carolina and 16 colleagues, used a core to extract sediment samples from underneath the pond. The samples, dated by radiocarbon to the beginning of the Younger Dryas, were found to contain

18340-467: Was developed over the previous century. Contemporary YEC movements arose in protest to the scientific consensus , established by numerous scientific disciplines, which demonstrates that the age of the universe is around 13.8 billion years, the formation of the Earth and Solar System happened around 4.6 billion years ago, and the origin of life occurred roughly 4 billion years ago. A 2017 Gallup creationism survey found that 38 percent of adults in

18480-402: Was much older than thousands of years, and proposals such as Abraham Gottlob Werner 's Neptunism attempted to incorporate what was understood from geological investigations into a coherent description of the Earth's natural history. James Hutton , now regarded as the father of modern geology, went further and opened up the concept of deep time for scientific inquiry. Rather than assuming that

18620-408: Was not a literal Fall of Man , Noah's Ark , or Tower of Babel this would undermine core Christian doctrines like the birth and resurrection of Jesus Christ . The genealogies of Genesis record the line of descent from Adam through Noah to Abraham. Young Earth creationists interpret these genealogies literally, including the old ages of the men. For example, Methuselah lived 969 years according to

18760-524: Was overwhelming evidence for over 500 million years' worth of radioactive decay, they claimed to have found other scientific evidence to prove a young Earth. They therefore proposed that nuclear decay rates were accelerated by a factor of one billion during the Creation week and at the time of the Flood. However, when subjected to independent scrutiny by non-affiliated experts, their analyses were shown to be flawed. Young Earth creationists reject almost all of

18900-560: Was reported that one of the lead authors of the original paper had practiced geophysics without a license. Around that time, Daulton stated that no nanodiamonds were found and that the supposed carbon spherules could be fungus or insect feces and included modern contaminants as stated by Boslough and others and Roach. In response, in June ;2013 Wittke and others published a re-evaluation of spherules from eighteen sites worldwide that they interpret as supporting their hypothesis. In 2012,

19040-480: Was required to support the hypothesis. He was skeptical of the bolide impact as the cause of the Younger Dryas and associated megafauna extinction but concluded "... something major happened at 10,900  YBP ( C uncalibrated) that we have yet to understand." The first debate between proponents and skeptics was held at the 2008 Pecos Conference in Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2009, papers by Kerr and Kennett in

19180-435: Was seeing did not happen in a short period of time by means of catastrophe, but that the incremental processes of uplift and erosion happening on the Earth in the present day had caused them. As these processes were very gradual, the Earth needed to be ancient, in order to allow time for the changes to occur. While his ideas of Plutonism were hotly contested, scientific inquiries on competing ideas of catastrophism pushed back

19320-495: Was subsequently adapted and updated by Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb Jr. in their book The Genesis Flood in 1961. Morris and Whitcomb argued that the Earth was geologically recent and that the Great Flood had laid down most of the geological strata in the space of a single year, reviving pre-uniformitarian arguments. Given this history, they argued, "the last refuge of the case for evolution immediately vanishes away, and

19460-437: Was suggested that because these markers are found within or at the base of black mats, irrespective of age or location, they likely arise from processes common to wetland systems and not as a result of catastrophic bolide impacts. Researchers have also criticized the conclusions of various studies for incorrect age-dating of the sediments, contamination by modern carbon, inconsistent hypothesis that made it difficult to predict

19600-425: Was widely promoted throughout the United States and overseas, with his books being translated into at least ten different languages. The inauguration of so-called "young Earth creationism" as a religious position has, on occasion, impacted science education in the United States , where periodic controversies have raged over the appropriateness of teaching YEC doctrine and creation science in public schools (see Teach

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