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39-850: Mattioli was born in Siena to physician Francesco and his wife Lucrezia Buoninsegna. Although belonging to the city elite the family was economically stressed with thirteen children. His early studies are unknown but he may have studied in Venice, Siena, and Padua before he received his MD at the University of Padua in 1523, and subsequently practiced the profession in Siena, Rome , Trento and Gorizia , becoming personal physician of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria in Prague and Ambras Castle , and of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna . In 1527 he moved to Trent in

78-517: A History of physics museum. The university began teaching medicine around 1250. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body. Since 1595, Padua's famous anatomical theatre drew artists and scientists studying the human body during public dissections . It is the oldest surviving permanent anatomical theatre in Europe. Anatomist Andreas Vesalius held

117-483: A Doctor of Philosophy degree. The university became one of the universities of the Kingdom of Italy in 1873, and ever since has been one of the most prestigious in the country for its contributions to scientific and scholarly research: in the field of mathematics alone, its professors have included such figures as Gregorio Ricci Curbastro , Giuseppe Veronese , Francesco Severi and Tullio Levi Civita . The last years of

156-414: A German miner, that a certain 'materia pinguis' or 'fatty matter,' set into fermentation by heat, gave birth to fossil organic shapes. Yet Mattioli had come to the conclusion, from his own observations, that porous bodies, such as bones and shells, might be converted into stone, as being permeable to what he termed the 'lapidifying juice. Pietro Andrea Mattioli was a renowned botanist and physician, and this

195-666: A daughter of William I, Duke of Mantua , in 1582. Archduke Ferdinand died on 24 January 1595. Since his sons from the first marriage were not entitled to the inheritance, and the second produced only surviving daughters, Tyrol was reunified with the other Habsburg lands. His daughter from the Mantuan marriage to Anna Caterina (later Anna Juliana) became Empress Anna , consort of Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor , who received his Further Austrian inheritance. He and his first wife Philippine Welser were parents of four children: On 14 May 1582, Ferdinand married his niece Anna Caterina Gonzaga . She

234-459: A few years before 1222, more precisely in Vicenza . In reality, the first place where this group of students and professors from Bologna settled was at the University of Vicenza , where they were welcomed. Due to various vicissitudes the headquarters was permanently moved to Padua for various reasons. The first subjects to be taught were law and theology . The curriculum expanded rapidly, and by 1399

273-537: A turbulent history, and there was no teaching in 1237–1261, 1509–1517, 1848–1850. The Botanical Garden of Padova , established by the university in 1545, is one of the oldest gardens of its kind in the world. Its alleged title of oldest academic garden is in controversy because the Medici created one in Pisa in 1544. In addition to the garden, best visited in the spring and summer, the university also manages nine museums, including

312-518: Is an Italian public research university in Padua , Italy . It was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna , who previously settled in Vicenza , thus, it is the second-oldest university in Italy, as well as the world's fifth-oldest surviving university . The University of Padua was one of the most prominent universities in early modern Europe, known particularly for

351-451: Is an early variety of tomato , the first documented example of the vegetable being grown and eaten in Europe . In 1703 Charles Plumier named a plant genus Matthiola in honor of Mattioli. This name was adopted by Linnaeus in 1753. The genus was later placed in the plant family Rubiaceae . In 1812 William Townsend Aiton named a plant genus Mathiola , also in honor of Mattioli. This genus

390-695: Is attested to by his published works. As Mattioli held a post in the Imperial Court as physician to Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria , and the Emperor Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , this granted him immense influence. But some of his practice included the frequent testing of the effects of poisonous plants on prisoners in order to popularize his works--no doubt a common practice at the time. And Mattioli did not tolerate either rivals or corrections. The naturalists and physicians who dared to disagree or correct him did so at their peril. The list of some of

429-734: Is now placed in the Brassicaceae . Aiton's name was later conserved against the earlier name of Linnaeus, with the conserved spelling Matthiola . Mattioli described Dioscorides' use of mercury for curing syphilis. He also described the first case of cat allergy . His patient was so sensitive to cats that if he was sent into a room with a cat he reacted with agitation, sweating and pallor. Mattioli argued against Fracastoro's theory of fossils, as well as against his own conclusions, as described as follows in Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology : The system of scholastic disputations encouraged in

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468-680: The Asiago uplands; and the old Palazzo del Bo was fully restored (1938–1945). The vicissitudes of the Fascist period —political interference, the Race Laws, etc.—had a detrimental effect upon the development of the university, as did the devastation caused by the Second World War and—just a few decades later—the effect of the student protests of 1968–1969 (which the university was left to face without adequate help and support from central government). However,

507-613: The University of Milan and the University of Pisa under the Sapienza University of Rome . ARWU ranks the university in the 151st-200th range globally for 2023. The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings lists the university at 4th place in Italy and in the 201st-250th range worldwide. QS World University Rankings ranks the university 4th in Italy in 2024 and the best in Italy to study geology and geophysics , earth and sea sciences, biological sciences , psychology , anatomy and physiology . It also places

546-748: The medical botany of his time in his Discorsi ("Commentaries"). There were several later editions, also in Italian. In 1554 the first edition of the Commentarii appeared in Latin , accompanied by a Latin translation of Dioscorides' work that differed only little from the Latin translation that Jean Ruel had published in 1516, and that had served as the basis for Mattioli's Italian translation. The Commentarii were translated into French (Lyon, 1561), Czech (Prague, 1562), and German (Prague, 1563). In addition to identifying

585-551: The 2023 fiscal year. Of this, €545 million were contributions paid by the Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy , the European Union , local administrations like regions and provinces , and other entities. The remaining €232 million were classified as own revenues, of which €106 million came from tuition fees and €125 million from research-related income. The amount of tuition students pay depends on their major,

624-454: The 2023/24 academic year. The university is constantly ranked among the best Italian universities. For 2023, in U.S. News & World Report ' s World Best Global Universities Rankings , the University of Padua is ranked as the 1st place institution in Italy, taking 43rd place in Europe and the world's 115th. ARWU ranks the university in the Italian top 4, tied for 2nd place with

663-500: The Gymnasium Omnium Disciplinarum continued its work uninterrupted, and overall the second half of the twentieth century saw a sharp upturn in development—primarily due an interchange of ideas with international institutions of the highest standing (particularly in the fields of science and technology). In recent years, the university has been able to meet the problems posed by overcrowded facilities by re-deploying over

702-475: The Universities of the middle ages had unfortunately trained men to habits of indefinite argumentation, and they often preferred absurd and extravagant propositions, because greater skill was required to maintain them; the end and object of such intellectual combats being victory and not truth. ...Andrea Mattioli, for instance, an eminent botanist, the illustrator of Dioscorides , embraced the notion of Agricola ,

741-582: The University of Padua as 2nd place in Italy and 104th worldwide. Notable people who have attended the University of Padua include: The University of Padua offers a wide range of degrees, organized by Departments: Departments have been united in a limited number of Schools: [REDACTED] 45°24′24.2″N 11°52′38.7″E  /  45.406722°N 11.877417°E  / 45.406722; 11.877417 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria ( Linz , 14 June 1529 – 24 January 1595, Innsbruck )

780-409: The University of Padua at 219th in the world for 2024. Also, according to QS World University Rankings , the University of Padua is ranked 125th in the field of Medicine . The NTU ranking , which focuses on productivity and quality of scientific production, places the University of Padua as 82nd worldwide for 2022. The CWTS Leiden Ranking , based exclusively on bibliometric indicators, places

819-596: The Val di Non. In 1528 he was a court physician for Bernardo Cles and he then married a woman named Elizabeth and they had a son. In 1539 Cardinal Cles died and the position was taken by Bishop Cristoforo Madruzzo who dismissed Mattioli. In 1542 he moved o Gorizia where he began to work on the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides which was eventually published in Italian in 1544 by Nicolò de Bascarini in Venice. A careful student of botany , he described 100 new plants and coordinated

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858-611: The Veneto as a whole. In 1990, the Institute of Management Engineering was set up in Vicenza , after which the summer courses at Brixen (Bressanone) began once more, and in 1995 the Agripolis centre at Legnaro (for Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine) opened. Other sites of re-deployment are at Rovigo , Treviso , Feltre , Castelfranco Veneto , Conegliano , Chioggia and Asiago. Recent changes in state legislation have also opened

897-470: The chair of Surgery and Anatomy ( explicator chirurgiae ) and in 1543 published his anatomical discoveries in De Humani Corporis Fabrica . The book triggered great public interest in dissections and caused many other European cities to establish anatomical theatres. On 25 June 1678, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia , a Venetian noblewoman and mathematician, became the first woman to be awarded

936-546: The condition of secrecy. The children were to receive the name "of Austria" but would only be entitled to inherit if the House of Habsburg became totally extinct in the male line, and thus the marriage had many qualities of a morganatic marriage . The sons born of this marriage received the title Margrave of Burgau , an ancient Habsburg possession in Further Austria. The younger of the sons, who survived their father, later received

975-408: The fifteenth to the eighteenth century, the university was renowned for its research, particularly in the areas of medicine, astronomy, philosophy and law. At the time it was the most renowned school of medicine internationally. During this time, the university adopted the Latin motto : Universa universis patavina libertas (Paduan Freedom is Universal for Everyone). Nevertheless, the university had

1014-425: The financial situation of their household and if they take more time to graduate compared to the established length of their program. Tuition is also significantly lowered for non-EU citizens of certain developing countries. There are also scholarships and fee-waivers based on merit on other factors. Generally, most students who are graduating in time and are not from low income households will pay around €2,700/year for

1053-424: The future, establishing closer links of cooperation and exchange with all the world's major research universities. Since 2022, the University of Padua has been experiencing difficulties with the payments of scholarships for the "right to study", thus leaving 1955 students (207 of that international students) without any kind of accommodation and receiving stipends. The university foresaw a budget of €831 million for

1092-448: The institution had divided in two: a Universitas Iuristarum for civil law and Canon law , and a Universitas Artistarum which taught astronomy , dialectic , philosophy , grammar , medicine , and rhetoric . There was also a Universitas Theologorum, established in 1373 by Urban V. The student body was divided into groups known as "nations" which reflected their places of origin. The nations themselves fell into two groups: From

1131-466: The most important men of the day that were admonished, rebuked, or pursued by the Inquisition contains Wieland , Anguillara, Gesner , Lusitanus and others. This caused the long-term domination of Mattioli's version of De Materia Medica throughout the continent, especially in northern Europe. University of Padua The University of Padua ( Italian : Università degli Studi di Padova , UNIPD )

1170-521: The nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century saw a reversal of the centralisation process that had taken place in the sixteenth: scientific institutes were set up in what became veritable campuses; a new building to house the Arts and Philosophy faculty was built in another part of the city centre ( Palazzo del Liviano , designed by Giò Ponti ); the Astro-Physics Observatory was built on

1209-524: The plants originally described by Dioscorides, Mattioli added descriptions of some plants not in Dioscorides and not of any known medical use, thus marking a transition from the study of plants as a field of medicine to a study of interest in its own right. In addition, the woodcuts in Mattioli's work were of a high standard, allowing recognition of the plant even when the text was obscure. A noteworthy inclusion

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1248-474: The princely title of Fürst zu Burgau . After his father's death in 1564, Ferdinand became the ruler of Tyrol and other Further Austrian possessions under his father's will. However, he remained governor of Bohemia in Prague until 1567 according to the wishes of his brother Maximilian II. In his own lands, Ferdinand made sure that the Catholic Counter-Reformation would prevail. He also

1287-469: The rigor of its Aristotelean logic and science. Together with the University of Bologna , Padua had a central role in the italian renaissance, housing and educating a number of italian renaissance mathemathicians, amongst them Nicolaus Copernicus . Today, it is made up of 32 departments and eight schools. Padua is part a network of historical research universities known as the Coimbra Group . In 2021,

1326-440: The university had approximately 72,000 students including undergraduates, postgraduates, and doctoral students. The university is conventionally said to have been founded in 1222 when a large group of students and professors left the University of Bologna in search of more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). Although it is certain that schools of law and medicine with students from various nations existed near Padua for

1365-416: The way to greater autonomy for Italian universities, and in 1995 Padua adopted a new Statute that gave it greater independence. As the publications of innumerable conferences and congresses show, the modern-day University of Padua plays an important role in scholarly and scientific research at both a European and world level. True to its origins, this is the direction in which the university intends to move in

1404-510: Was a younger brother of Emperor Maximilian II . At the behest of his father, he was put in charge of the administration of Bohemia in 1547. He also led the campaign against the Turks in Hungary in 1556. In 1557, he was secretly married to Philippine Welser , daughter of a patrician from Augsburg , with whom he had several children. The marriage was only accepted by Emperor Ferdinand I in 1559 under

1443-566: Was instrumental in promoting the Renaissance in central Europe and was an avid collector of art. He accommodated his world-famous collections in a museum built specifically for that purpose, making Ambras Castle the oldest museum in the world, and as the only Renaissance Kunstkammer of its kind to have been preserved at its original location, the Chamber of Art and Curiosities at Ambras Castle represents an unrivalled cultural monument. The collection

1482-424: Was ruler of Further Austria and since 1564 Imperial count of Tyrol . The son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , he was married to Philippine Welser in his first marriage. In his second marriage to Anna Juliana Gonzaga , he was the father of Anna of Tyrol , future Holy Roman Empress . Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was the second son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary . He

1521-651: Was started during Ferdinand's time in Bohemia, and he subsequently moved it to Tyrol. In particular, the Chamber of Art and Curiosities, the gallery of portraits, and the collection of armor were very expensive, leading Ferdinand to incur a high level of debt. Part of the collections remained in Innsbruck, and part ultimately was moved to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna . After the death of his wife Philippine in 1580, he married his niece, Anna Caterina Gonzaga ,

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