Piazza Farnese is the main square of the Regola district of Rome , Italy .
71-465: The history and breadth of the square began in 16th century, when Cardinal Alessandro Farnese , future Paul III , bought several houses on the square to demolish them and create an appropriate space palazzo which he had designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger . The works began in 1514, were interrupted by the sack of Rome of 1527 , and resumed after the election of the cardinal to the papal throne with
142-553: A catarrh at 7:00 pm, opining that the pope had very little time to live. Paul III died on 10 November 1549 from a catarrh. It is said that he repented of his nepotism on his deathbed. Paul III's bronze tomb, executed by Guglielmo della Porta , is located in Saint Peter's Basilica. Stendhal 's novel La Chartreuse de Parme was inspired by an inauthentic Italian account of the dissolute youth of Alessandro Farnese. The character of Pope Paul III , played by Peter O'Toole in
213-415: A certain reputation for cruelty, ruthlessness and decadence. A particular scandal erupted in 1537, when he was accused of what became known as the " rape of Fano ", where he allegedly raped the young bishop of the city, Cosimo Gheri, while marching with his troops. Gheri subsequently died. In 1538 his son Ottavio married Margaret of Parma , an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V ; thus consolidating
284-573: A change of doctrine. Yet, even after the Regensburg Conference had proved fruitless, the Emperor insisted on a still larger council, with the final result being the Council of Trent , which was finally convoked on 15 March 1545, under the bull Laetare Hierusalem . Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September 1544), Emperor Charles V (1519 – 1556) began to put down Protestantism by force. Pending
355-528: A faithful devoted wife, tolerating Pier Luigi's excesses, brutality, and extravagances with dignity. Delays in the construction at the palace in Gradoli , meant the young couple had to lodge in the Castle at Valentano . The following year their first son Alessandro was born. Pier Luigi Farnese quickly became the stereotype of a mercenary soldier: wild and amoral. He had courage and daring and while strong and audacious
426-458: A great number of fortresses. In the consistory of 14 March 1537, the Pope also awarded his son the cities of Nepi and Ronciglione . Pier Luigi was tasked with repairing all the fortresses over which he was now feudal lord. The new Duke commissioned Antonio da Sangallo the Younger to create a new capital, which saw the construction of a citadel, ducal palace and mint. During his life Pier Luigi gained
497-457: A love of war and fortifications. His father was, however, keen to make Pier Luigi the true head of the Farnese family and so arranged a favourable marriage alliance with Gerolama (also known by the spelling Girolama ) Orsini , daughter of Lodovico, Count of Pitigliano . In 1513 the engagement contract was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding celebrated. Despite a loveless marriage, Gerolama remained
568-488: A mistress, Silvia Ruffini . Between about 1500 and 1510 she gave birth to at least four children: Costanza , Pier Luigi (who was later created Duke of Parma ), Paolo, and Ranuccio . In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated the two eldest sons so that they could inherit the Farnese family estates. On 23 June 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi, and also legitimated Ranuccio (the second son Paolo had already died). On 28 March 1509 Alessandro
639-601: The Aqueducts in Rome to Trastevere and also, bypassing the Tiber , to the Rule, and Gregory XV had granted 40 ounces to the Farnese for the feeding of the fountains, the family acquired the fountain of Piazza San Marco and commissioned Girolamo Rainaldi , around 1626, to draw the two fountains in which the two pools were located. The fountains were purely ornamental and surrounded by a gate. For
710-579: The Diet of Worms in 1545, the Emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III agreeing to aid in the projected war against the German Protestant princes and estates. This prompt acquiescence was probably grounded on personal motives: since the Emperor was preoccupied in Germany, the moment now seemed opportune for the Pope to acquire for his son Pier Luigi
781-550: The Levant and allowed them to settle with their families in Ancona , which had become part of the Papal States under his predecessor Clement VII – a decision which helped make Ancona a prosperous trading city for centuries to come. A Venetian travelling through Ancona in 1535 recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every nation and mostly Greeks and Turks." In the second half of
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#1732854735006852-544: The Papal States defeating pockets of resistance before arriving in triumph at Piacenza . Meanwhile, Paul III gradually recovered the family lands around Castro which had been split after the death of Ranuccio the Elder. To this he added the territory of Ronciglione . Pier Luigi was invested with the titles of "Montalto" which gave the right to export grain without paying taxes; and Paul accepted feudal rights over Canine, Gradoli , Valentano , Latera and Marta . He exchanged
923-509: The Papal States . Pier Luigi and his son, Ottavio , declared they would pay 9,000 golden ducati every year to the treasury of the Holy See, and, in exchange, they gave back the Duchies of Camerino and Nepi . Pier Luigi took possession of his new states on 23 September 1546. His tyrannical rule and his taxes gained him the enmities of the cities, which were used to the more sensible authority of
994-617: The Piazza del Campidoglio . On 27 September 1540, Paul III formally approved the establishment of the Society of Jesus in the papal bull , Regimini militantis Ecclesiae . Originally, Paul III restricted the fledgling order to only sixty members in the bull Iniunctum nobis , however, he lifted that restriction upon seeing just how effective they were in their missionary actions. In 1548, he permitted Saint Ignatius of Loyola to print his Spiritual Exercises . Similarly, in 1540, Paul III approved
1065-779: The Showtime series The Tudors , is loosely inspired by him. The young Alessandro Farnese is played by Diarmuid Noyes in the StudioCanal serial Borgia , and Cyron Melville in Showtime 's The Borgias . His image is portrayed in a parody of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover, placed inside of the Frank Zappa Mothers of Invention We're Only In It For the Money album. Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma Pier Luigi Farnese (19 November 1503 – 10 September 1547)
1136-730: The Society of Jesus . In 1542, a second stage in the process of Counter-Reformation was marked by the institution, or reorganization, of the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition . On another side, the Emperor was insisting that Rome should forward his designs towards a peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly, the Pope despatched Giovanni Morone (not yet a cardinal) as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms in 1540; and in 1541 Cardinal Gasparo Contarini took part in
1207-523: The protodeacon Innocenzo Cybo . The elevation to the cardinalate of his grandsons, Alessandro Farnese , aged fourteen, and Guido Ascanio Sforza , aged sixteen, displeased the reform party and drew a protest from the emperor, but this was forgiven when, shortly after, he introduced into the Sacred College Reginald Pole , Gasparo Contarini , Jacopo Sadoleto , and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, who became Pope Paul IV . The fourth pope during
1278-578: The "Magna Carta" for the human rights of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in its declaration that "the Indians were human beings and they were not to be robbed of their freedom or possessions". The subsequent implementing document Pastorale officium declared automatic excommunication for anyone who failed to abide by the new ruling. However, it met with strong opposition from the Council of The West Indies and
1349-591: The 16th century, the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope. Around this time, family complications arose. In order to vest his grandson Ottavio Farnese with the Duchy of Camerino , Paul forcibly wrested the same from the duke of Urbino (1540). He also incurred virtual war with his own subjects and vassals by
1420-453: The 6th Counts of Pitigliano . They had four children: He also had an illegitimate son, Orazio , who married Diane de France , illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France . Letters also exist from Pier Luigi's father, Paul III, reproaching him for taking male lovers when on an official mission to the court of the emperor; and another from the chancellor of the Florentine embassy detailing
1491-538: The City of Rome, written by Flaminio Vacca in 1594, No 23) the tanks came from the Baths of Caracalla . The first was found during the pontificate of Pope Paul II , and from these it was brought to Piazza San Marco, to adorn its Palazzo di Venezia . The second was found under Paul III and made by them here, adorning his palace. On the origin of the two granite tanks, however, the debate is long and unfinished After Pope Paul V had led
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#17328547350061562-462: The College of Cardinals . On the death of Clement VII in 1534, he was elected as Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534. Farnese, who did not fall within any of the factions, was considered a very good choice by the cardinals since his state of health denoted a short papacy which would give those cardinals time to select a proper candidate for a future conclave. On 3 November, Paul III was formally crowned by
1633-698: The Crown, which declared that it violated their patronato rights, and the Pope annulled the orders the following year with the document Non Indecens Videtur . Stogre (1992) notes that Sublimis Deus is not present in Denzinger , the authoritative compendium of official Catholic teachings, and Davis (1988) asserts it was annulled due to a dispute with the Spanish crown. However, the original bull continued to circulate and be quoted by las Casas and others who supported Indian rights. According to Falkowski (2002) Sublimis Deus had
1704-473: The Farnese family estates. On 23 June, 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi. In spite of the legitimations, his illegitimacy tormented Pier Luigi all his life, and doubtless contributed to the formation of his character. The nobility of Piacenza was frequently known to insult him as "the bastard son of the Pope." He was given a famous humanist tutor, Baldassarre Malosso di Casalmaggiore, nicknamed "Tranquillus," and quickly developed
1775-546: The League were captured. The Emperor declared the Augsburg Interim as a magnanimous compromise with the defeated schismatics. Although the Emperor had subdued the German Protestant armies, he had failed to support the Pope's territorial ambitions for his son Pier Luigi, and relations between them cooled. The situation came to a total rupture when the imperial vice-regent, Ferrante Gonzaga , forcibly expelled Pier Luigi. In 1547
1846-636: The New World and did not condemn the transatlantic slave trade stimulated by the Spanish monarchy and the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1545, Paul repealed an ancient law that allowed slaves to claim their freedom under the Emperor's statue on Rome's Capitoline Hill , in view of the number of homeless people and tramps in the city. The decree included those who had become Christians after their enslavement and those born to Christian slaves. The right of inhabitants of Rome to publicly buy and sell slaves of both sexes
1917-516: The Papal States), Alessandro Farnese was the second son of Pier Luigi I Farnese, Signore di Montalto (1435–1487) and his wife Giovanna Caetani, a member of the Caetani family which had also produced Pope Gelasius II and Pope Boniface VIII . The Farnese family had prospered over the centuries but it was Alessandro's ascendency to the papacy and his dedication to family interests which brought about
1988-443: The Pope's son was assassinated at Piacenza , and Paul III placed some of the blame on the emperor. In the same year, however, and after the death of Francis I of France (1515–47) deprived the Pope of a potential ally, the stress of circumstances compelled him to accept the ecclesiastical measures in the Emperor's Interim. With reference to the assassinated prince's inheritance, the restitution of which Paul III demanded ostensibly in
2059-517: The Popes. In addition, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor fostered discontent with the Duke, in part to further his aim of annexing Parma and Piacenza to the Duchy of Milan . Thus the governor of Milan, Ferrante Gonzaga , learning of the aims of the emperor, launched a plot against the Farnese, supported by the marquis Anguissola and Andrea Doria . Ferrante began to spy on Pier Luigi and sent reports continually to
2130-699: The Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation . He decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII of England in December 1538. His efforts in Parma led to the War of Parma two years after his death. In May–June 1537 Paul issued the bull Sublimis Deus (also known as Unigenitus and Veritas ipsa ), described by Prein (2008) as
2201-629: The Protestant princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip of Hesse ). Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April 1546, and was compelled by the Emperor to abdicate in February 1547. By the close of 1546, Charles V had subjugated South Germany. The victory at the Battle of Mühlberg , on 24 April 1547, established his imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany, and the two leaders of
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2272-775: The Protestants in Germany. He recognized new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuits , the Barnabites , and the Congregation of the Oratory . His efforts were distracted by nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family, including his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese . Paul III was a significant patron of artists including Michelangelo , and it is to him that Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated his heliocentric treatise. Born in 1468 at Canino , Latium (then part of
2343-571: The Roman countryside, taxing it without mercy and permitting a climate of theft and murder. Pope Clement, tired of this behaviour, eventually threatened him with excommunication, until Cardinal Alexander tried diplomatically to reconcile his son with the pope. In 1528 Pier Luigi, still under imperial pay, fought in Apulia against the French army and distinguished himself in the defence of Manfredonia . When his father
2414-668: The Rule of the Somaschi Fathers and on 9 June 1544 approved the Rule for the Ursulines in the bull Regimini Universalis . Throughout his papacy, Paul III elevated 71 cardinals in twelve consistories. Six of those whom he named, and later revealed publicly, were nominated " in pectore ". Among those whom he named were his three immediate successors, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (the future Pope Julius III), Marcello Cervini (the future Pope Marcellus II ), and Gian Pietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV ). Among those whom he named were
2485-513: The adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg . It was Contarini who proposed the famous formula "by faith alone are we justified," which did not, however, supersede the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of 27 May, and Luther declared that he could accept it only provided the opposers would admit that this formula constituted
2556-405: The anniversary of his papal coronation. However, the pope was severely depressed by the deceit of his own family and the fall of Parma to Emperor Charles V, and it is known that he had a very heated argument with his cardinal nephew, Alessandro Farnese , to the point that he grabbed his red beretta, tore it into shreds, and threw it down to the ground in his anger. He had worked himself up so much to
2627-602: The benefit of the people (and also of the animals), the fountain of the Mascherone was erected at the beginning of via Giulia . Off the square, there are eight streets and alleys, of which the most important is via di Monserrato . The most important buildings that overlook, beyond Palazzo Farnese , are the church and the convent of Santa Brigida , the palace of the Rooster of Roccagiovane, in front of Palazzo Farnese between Baullari and via della Corda, and Palazzo Mandosi Mignanelli on
2698-534: The cardinalate, however, he declined on the grounds of ill health and his age. In preparations for the 1542 consistory, Paul III intended to nominate Giovanni Guidiccioni , however, the latter died before the consistory took place. In that 1542 consistory, according to Conradus Eubel, the pope is said to have reserved an undefined number of other cardinals in pectore . During his papacy, Paul III canonized only two saints: Ginés de la Jara (1541) and Abraham of Smolensk (1549). On 3 November 1549, Paul III celebrated
2769-555: The city of Frascati for the fortress at Castro, and at bought Bisenzio from the diocese of Montefiascone. As a final act, Paul created a formal duchy out of the lands and bestowed it upon his son and heirs. The duchy was, however, to come under the direct control of the Holy See . The Duchy of Castro operated as a functioning State within the Patrimony of Saint Peter. It possessed rich forests full of game, fertile vineyards and fields, and
2840-698: The death of his son, Pope Paul met in consistory and had Ferrante accused of the murder - declaring that Ottavio would succeed his father as the new duke and the new Gonfalonier of the Church. Pier Luigi's body was brought back and buried in Piacenza; later the body was transported to Parma by his wife Gerolama Orsini and then to the family tomb on the island of Bisentina on Lake Bolsena . Pier Luigi Farnese had married Girolama Orsini , daughter of Luigi Orsini and wife and first cousin Giulia Conti and paternal granddaughter of
2911-576: The duchies of Parma and Piacenza . Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul III planned to overcome the reluctance of the cardinals by exchanging these papal duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi . The Emperor agreed, welcoming the prospect of 12,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, and considerable funds from the Pope. In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Archbishop of Cologne Hermann of Wied had converted to Protestantism in 1542. Emperor Charles began open warfare against
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2982-435: The early days of colonial rule, when hundreds and sometimes thousands of indigenous people were baptized every day. One interesting aspect of this bull is its discussion of how to deal with local practices, for example, polygamy. After their conversion, polygamous men had to marry their first wife, but if they could not remember which wife was the first, they then "could choose among the wives the one they preferred." Arguably
3053-420: The effect of revoking the bull of Alexander VI, Inter caetera , but still leaving the colonizers the duty of converting the native people. Father Gustavo Gutierrez describes it as "the most important papal document relating to the condition of native Indians and that it was addressed to all Christians". Maxwell (1975) notes that the bull did not change the traditional teaching that the enslavement of Indians
3124-533: The elderly Michelangelo to take supervision of the building of St. Peter's Basilica . Paul also commissioned Michelangelo to paint the 'Crucifixion of St. Peter' and the 'Conversion of St. Paul' (1542–50), his last frescoes, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican. Paul III's artistic and architectural commissions were numerous and varied. The Venetian artist Titian painted a portrait of the Pope in 1543, and in 1546
3195-677: The emperor in Madrid. Pier Luigi did not remain passive; on 4 June 1547 he arranged the marriage of his daughter, Vittoria, with Guidobaldo II della Rovere , the Duke of Urbino. He also continued to work hard on the fortifications of his lands. Charles, concerned about the progress of work in Parma, was persuaded to give free rein to Ferrante to organize a conspiracy against the duke. Marquis Pallavicini Cortemaggiore offered support; but Ferrante preferred to rely on his distant kinsman Louis Gonzaga , Lord of Castel Goffredo and Castiglione , and his brother Count Giovanni Anguissola, governor of Como. Anguissola
3266-471: The end, no results followed from the committee's recommendations. As a consequence of the extensive campaign against "idolatry" in England , culminating with the dismantling of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury , the Pope excommunicated Henry VIII on 17 December 1538 and issued an interdict. In 1534 a decision by Paul III favoured the activity of merchants of all nationalities and religions from
3337-404: The friendship between the Farnese and the imperial family. In 1543 another son, Orazio , was sent to France and eventually married Diane de France - an illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France . Finally in 1545 his third son, Ranuccio , was created a cardinal by Paul III. Paul III then went on to make Pier Luigi Duke of Parma and Piacenza , properties that had previously been a part of
3408-538: The hope of speeding things up, Pier Luigi took direct part in the negotiations while leading troops into the lands occupied by his Farnese relatives. Novara and its surrounding territory was finally established as a marquessate in favour of Pier Luigi, but had to wait until February 1538 until formal investiture could be made. In the meantime the office of Captain General of the Church had become vacant, and Paul nominated his son on 31 January 1537. Pier Luigi travelled through
3479-413: The imposition of burdensome taxes. Perugia , renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Paul's son, Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely on its surrender. The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished (1541). After this, the time seemed ripe for annihilating heresy. In 1540, the Church officially recognized the new society forming about Ignatius of Loyola , which became
3550-457: The likes of Reginald Pole , Rodrigo Luis de Borja y de Castre-Pinós (the great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI ), Ippolito II d'Este (the grandson of Pope Alexander VI), and Enrique de Borja y Aragón (the great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI). Paul III also named John Fisher as a cardinal, however, King Henry VIII had him executed after warning the pope not to nominate him. In 1535, Paul III intended to nominate Desiderius Erasmus to
3621-727: The most significant artistic work produced during Paul's reign was the Last Judgement by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican Palace . Although the work was commissioned by Paul III's predecessor, Pope Clement VII , following the latter's death in 1534 Paul renewed the commission and oversaw its completion in 1541. As a cardinal, Alessandro had begun construction of the Palazzo Farnese in central Rome, and its planned size and magnificence increased upon his election to
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#17328547350063692-624: The most significant increase in the family's wealth and power. Alessandro was given a humanist education at the University of Pisa and the court of Lorenzo de' Medici . Initially trained as an apostolic notary , he joined the Roman Curia in 1491 and in 1493 Pope Alexander VI appointed him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano . Alessandro's sister, Giulia , was reputedly a mistress of Alexander VI, and might have been instrumental in securing this appointment for her brother. For this reason, he
3763-478: The name of Paul III and, from 1546, under the direction of Michelangelo . The square was paved in 1545, with a brick as a sort of pertinence of the building, and there was placed for ornamental purposes, in axis with the entrance on the facade, one of the two Egyptian granite tanks present today. According to Moroni (and the news was in Flaminio Vacca, Memories of various antiquities found in different places in
3834-413: The name of the Church, the Pope's design was thwarted by the Emperor, who refused to surrender Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's heir in Parma, Ottavio Farnese. In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, Paul III, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died on 10 November 1549. Paul III proved unable to suppress
3905-411: The papacy. The palace was initially designed by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger , received further architectural refinement from Michelangelo , and was completed by Giacomo della Porta . Like other Farnese family buildings, the imposing palace proclaims the family's power and wealth, similarly to Alessandro's Villa Farnese at Caprarola. In 1546, after the death of Sangallo, Paul appointed
3976-475: The period of the Protestant Reformation , Paul III became the first to take active reform measures in response to Protestantism. Soon after his elevation, 2 June 1536, Paul III summoned a general council to meet at Mantua in the following May; but the opposition of the Protestant princes and the refusal of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua to assume the responsibility of maintaining order frustrated
4047-513: The point that he may have suffered a heart attack . On 6 November, the pope suddenly contracted a fever , retreating to the Quirinal Hill where he had hoped that the fresher air would help ease his malady. On 7 November, the agent of King Ferdinand I of Bohemia and Hungary, Diego Lasso, wrote that the pope's temperature had increased that morning, while the French ambassador in Rome reported to King Henry II of France that Paul III suffered from
4118-548: The project. Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project. In 1536, Paul III invited a committee of nine eminent prelates , distinguished by learning and piety alike, to report on the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. In 1537 they produced the celebrated Consilium de emendenda ecclesia , exposing gross abuses in the Roman Curia, the church administration, and public worship; and proffering bold proposals aimed at abolishing such abuses. The report
4189-521: The right, in the corner with Vicolo dei Venti. (The latter name is not derived from "winds" in the meteorological sense, but from a family that had houses there). Other buildings are 19th-century reconstructions of older buildings. [REDACTED] Media related to Piazza Farnese (Roma) at Wikimedia Commons Pope Paul III Artists Clergy Monarchs Popes Pope Paul III ( Latin : Paulus III ; Italian : Paolo III ; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese ,
4260-592: The well-known portrait of Paul III with his grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma . Both are now in the Capodimonte Museum , Naples . The military fortifications in Rome and the Papal States were strengthened during his reign. He had Michelangelo relocate the ancient bronze of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius to the Capitoline Hill , where it became the centerpiece to
4331-543: Was a rapist and the first Duke of Castro from 1537 to 1545 and the first Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1547. He was the illegitimate son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (who later became Pope Paul III ). He became a soldier and participated in the sack of Rome in 1527. Pier Luigi Alessandro Farnese, born in 1503, was the son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Silvia Ruffini. His father would be elected Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534. In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated Pier Luigi so that he could inherit
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#17328547350064402-431: Was able to convince Count Agostino Landi, Marquis Giovan Luigi Confalonieri, and Girolamo Alessandro Pallavicini to join him. After Anguissola and others had stabbed him to death, the conspirators hung his body from a window of his palace in Piacenza. Charles V's vicar Ferrante Gonzaga captured the Duchy soon after, although subsequent events led to the return of the duchy to Pier-Luigi's son, Ottavio in 1551. Following
4473-425: Was affirmed. Stogre (1992) asserts that the lifting of restrictions was due to a shortage of slaves in Rome. In 1548, Paul authorized the purchase and possession of Muslim slaves in the Papal states. Also in 1537, Paul issued the bull, Altitudo divini consilii . The bull discusses evangelization and conversion, including the real way to apply the sacraments, in particular baptism. This was especially important in
4544-413: Was also sufficiently brutal to offend many observers. Nor did he always fight on the traditional side of the papacy; reversing the pro-Guelph sentiments of the Farnese. In 1520, at the age of seventeen, he and his brother Ranuccio were already employed as mercenaries in the pay of the Republic of Venice . As a result, he served under the standard of Charles V — remaining with the emperor until 1527, he
4615-416: Was elevated to the papacy as Paul III in 1534, great festivities were celebrated at Valentano, after which Pier Luigi left for Rome. Paul's first action was to make Pier Luigi's eldest son, Alessandro Farnese , a cardinal. But Charles V only reluctantly allowed the granting of titles to Pier Luigi over the city of Novara , agreeing an annual pension on the condition that the news was not made public. In
4686-478: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church as the Protestant Reformation progressed. His pontificate initiated the Catholic Reformation with the Council of Trent in 1545, and witnessed wars of religion in which Emperor Charles V launched military campaigns against
4757-437: Was named Bishop of Parma - although he was not ordained a priest until 26 June 1519 and not consecrated a bishop until 2 July 1519. As Bishop of Parma, he came under the influence of his vicar-general, Bartolomeo Guidiccioni . This led to Alessandro breaking off the relationship with his mistress and committing himself to reform in his diocese. Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he was named Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Dean of
4828-402: Was permissible if they were considered "enemies of Christendom", as this would be considered by the Church as a "just war". He further argues that the Indian nations had every right to self-defence. Stark - 2003 - describes the bull as "magnificent" and believes that it was long forgotten due to the neglect of Protestant historians. Falola noted that the bull related to the native populations of
4899-472: Was present at the Sack of Rome of that year, in which he took part. While his brother Ranuccio withdrew to Castel Sant'Angelo to defend the Pope; Pier Luigi crossed the Tiber and quartered his men in the family palace, thus saving it from destruction. Critics accused the Farnese of backing both sides, but Pope Clement VII refused to condemn him. Finally when the plague hit the city, the imperial troops decided to withdraw. Pier Luigi withdrew from Rome into
4970-402: Was sometimes mockingly referred to as the "Borgia brother-in-law," just as Giulia was mocked as "the Bride of Christ." Much later (in 1535) the Venetian nobleman Soriano recorded that Alessandro was called cardinale Fregnese (Cardinal Pussy, or Cardinal Cunt) on account of the relationship between his sister and Alexander VI. As a young cleric, Alessandro lived a notably dissolute life, taking
5041-430: Was widely printed, and the Pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that Emperor Charles V would not rest until the problems were grappled with in earnest. But to the Protestants the report seemed far from thorough; Martin Luther had his edition (1538) prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with foxtails instead of brooms. In
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