34-508: Pholidosauridae is an extinct family of aquatic neosuchian mesoeucrocodylian crocodylomorphs . Fossils have been found in Europe ( Denmark , England , France , Germany , Spain and Sweden ), Africa ( Algeria , Niger , Mali , Morocco and Tunisia ), North America ( Canada and the United States ) and South America ( Brazil and Uruguay ). The pholidosaurids first appeared in
68-903: A paraphyletic traditional Pholidosauridae. In their analysis the " Elosuchus lineage" was found to be basal to the " Pholidosaurus lineage"+Dyrosauridae. They used the name Elosuchidae for the Elosuchus lineage and restricted Pholidosauridae to its type genus. The following cladogram simplified after their analysis. Theriosuchus pusillus Theriosuchus guimarotae Rugosuchus Bernissartia Eusuchia Stolokrosuchus Goniopholididae Thalattosuchia Sarcosuchus hartti Sarcosuchus imperator Vectisuchus Elosuchus Pholidosaurus schaumburgensis Congosaurus Guarinisuchus Dyrosaurus maghribensis Dyrosaurus phosphaticus [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
102-510: A complete record from the Cretaceous to the Paleocene. They are estimated to cover 10,000 square miles (26,000 km ) of sea floor but are limited on land to coastal environments. In honor of professor Roger, Owen named this new fossil Hyposaurus rogersii . The genus name is meant to describe the unique "hypapophyseal keel extended on the ventral surface of the centrum". This is an extension of
136-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
170-581: A new skull of a dyrosaurid crocodyliform, found in the Cerrejón Formation of northern Colombia. They used mandibular and cranial characteristics to map it onto a cladogram with Hyposaurus and other taxa. Analysis supports an African origin to Dyrosauridae, with dispersal and radiation in South America in the Late Cretaceous or very early Paleocene. This specimen of dyrosaurid is the smallest of
204-601: A pholidosaur, has since been shown to be a spinosaurid theropod dinosaur ( incertae sedis within Baryonychinae ; possibly a junior synonym of Baryonyx ). The Cenomanian Terminonaris was the Pholidosaurid species that appeared to be the most common during the Late Cretaceous . Pholidosauridae is usually considered to be most closely related to the Dyrosauridae . However, the relationship between these families
238-425: A third to ninth cervical vertebrae , and at least 16 dorsal, two sacral, and 45 caudal vertebrae have been reconstructed. The vertebrae are weakly amphicoelous, meaning both sides of the centrum are concave. The dorsal shield is made of two columns of paravertebral osteoderms and two lateral columns of accessory osteoderms. At least 12 horizontal rows of these make up the shield. The three main differences between
272-459: A third to ninth cervical vertebrae, and at least 16 dorsal, two sacral, and 45 caudal vertebrae have been reconstructed. The vertebrae are weakly amphicoelous, meaning both sides of the centrum are concave. The dorsal shield is made of two columns of paravertebral osteoderms and two lateral columns of accessory osteoderms. At least 12 horizontal rows of these make up the shield. Citing vague distinctions, Jove and colleagues, attempted to reclassify
306-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
340-616: Is evidence supporting presence of the genus Hyposaurus in Africa where the Dryosauridae originated. Dispersal into the New World is hypothesized to have taken place during the Late Cretaceous or Early Paleocene. Hastings proposed three independent dispersal events of the dyrosaurid clade. These findings show a clear Atlantic focus in fossil distribution. Hyposaurus is believed to have been
374-963: Is not fully understood. Pholidosauridae might be monophyletic , paraphyletic or even a polyphyletic in relation to Dyrosauridae. For example, Fortier, Perea & Schultz (2011) found the family to be monophyletic, and include to main lineages: the Elosuchus – Meridiosaurus lineage and the Pholidosaurus lineage. The cladogram below shows their phylogenetic analysis, which is based on an expanded version of Pol and Gasparini (2009) analysis. Alligatorium Theriosuchus pusillus Goniopholididae Bernissartia fagesii Eusuchia Thalattosuchia Pholidosaurus purbeckensis Sarcosuchus imperator Terminonaris robusta Oceanosuchus boecensis Elosuchus cherifiensis Meridiosaurus vallisparadisi Sokotosuchus ianwilsoni Dyrosaurus phosphaticus Hyposaurus rogersii Rhabdognathus de Andrade et al. (2011) recovered
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#1732851000913408-480: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
442-610: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Hyposaurus rogersii Hyposaurus is a genus of extinct marine dyrosaurid crocodyliform . Fossils have been found in Paleocene aged rocks of
476-629: The Iullemmeden Basin in West Africa, Campanian – Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous ) Shendi Formation of Sudan and Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) through Danian (Early Paleocene) strata in New Jersey , Alabama and South Carolina . Isolated teeth comparable to Hyposaurus have also been found in Thanetian (Late Paleocene) strata of Virginia. It was related to Dyrosaurus . The priority of
510-600: The Danian (earliest Paleocene age). It is a mesosuchian crocodyliform in the family Dyrosauridae. It is closely related to dyrosaurs and congosaurs (Schwarz-Wings). The earliest fossils were found in North America , and they were later discovered in Africa and South America . The genus is believed to have originated in Africa. Hyposaurus lived in a shallow, near shore marine environment and has many aquatic adaptations In 2009,
544-715: The Maastrichtian, among which one survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event . Before the publication of this study it was thought that the family became extinct during the Late Turonian stage of the Late Cretaceous . Sarcosuchus is one of the best known pholidosaurs. It is believed to have attained lengths of up to 9.5 m and weighed up to 4.3 metric tons. Related to Sarcosuchus , Chalawan thailandicus could have reached more than 10 m (33 ft) in length. One genus , Suchosaurus , once thought to be
578-480: The articular faces of the centrum are less concave than H. rogersii . The species was named Hyposaurus derbianus after professor Orville Derby , the director of the department of Geology at the National Museum of Brazil . In 2006, Schwarz and colleagues, described the postcranial skeletons of new specimens of Hyposaurus , focusing mostly on the vertebrae. From partial skeletons a proatlas , atlas , axis ,
612-610: The axial skeletons of Hyposaurus and modern crocodylians are the tall neural spines, vertically oriented thoracic ribs and osteoderm which lack external keels. This indicates that they also have a different epiaxial musculature (muscles above the axial skeleton). Along with the specialized osteoderm morphology, Hyposaurus probably had a specialized trunk bracing system which suggests that individuals with low body mass could have only high walked or galloped. Fossils of Hyposaurus have been found in North and South America and Africa. There
646-478: The disorganized phylogeny of crocodyliforms was treated and reliable diagnostic traits established, but remaining questions are unanswered. Owen first recognized the genus in 1849. This first fossil was two amphicoelous vertebrae, vertebrae with two concave sides of the centrum, discovered by Professor Henry Roger. It was found in the greensand beds in New Jersey. The different greensand beds of New Jersey represent
680-509: The family Dyrosauridae found to date, with Hyposaurus rogersii being a contender for the next smallest. In 2016, Salih and colleagues reported the first Hyposaurus fossil found in the Campanian to Maastrichtian Shendi Formation of Sudan. It was identified as a Hyposaurus based on the flat shape of the mandible (lower jawbone) and the elliptical shape of the mandibular symphysis (median line ridge of mandible). The African member occurs in
714-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
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#1732851000913748-533: The fossil finds of smaller dyrosaurid specimens in Pakistan in freshwater sediments. This Hyposaurus hypothesis has been debated as there is still a significant amount of variation among the Pakistani Dyrosaurid specimens. In 2006 Schwarz and colleagues, described the postcranial skeletons of new specimens of Hyposaurus , focusing mostly on the vertebrae. From partial skeletons, a proatlas, atlas, axis,
782-551: The fossil record during the Bathonian stage of the Middle Jurassic . Jouve & Jalil (2020) described postcranial material of a pholidosaurid from the Paleocene ( Danian ) of Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco), representing the most recent record of the family. The authors also reinterpreted putative Maastrichtian dyrosaurid Sabinosuchus as a pholidosaurid, and argued that at least two independent pholidosaurid lineages reached
816-413: The genus Hyposaurus based on diagnostic characteristics and sort of taxonomic troubles. Flattening of the mandibular symphysis , used previously to distinguish between species, is not confirmed and only can be used to distinguish between Hyposaurus and Congosaurus . Currently, width height ratio of teeth in different positions are being used to distinguish between species. The little variation between
850-550: The only amphicoelous crocodylian in North America. It lasted long enough to live alongside the modern procoelous crocodylians which most other amphicoelous crocodylians did not. Orthosuchus Protosuchus Hemiprotosuchus Gobiosuchus Shantungosuchus Sichuanosuchus Hsisosuchus Baurusuchus Sebecus Pelagosaurus Teleosauridae Metriorhynchidae Pholidosaurus Terminonaris Dyrosaurus Hyposaurus Hyposaurus
884-440: The pleural cavity is pushed towards the back side to produce a more horizontal stance while submerged in water. Hyposaurus foraged in their marine environments and used the protection of the water column. Buffetaut proposed Dyrosaurids laid their eggs on land and only after they have fully grown moved to coastal waters. Under this hypothesis, the young would live on land or in shallow fresh water environments. This could explain
918-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
952-427: The species H. rogersii has been debated, however there is no sound basis for the recognition of more than one species from North America. The other North American species (i.e. H. fraterculus , H. ferox and H. natator ) are therefore considered nomina vana (i.e. empty names). Hyposaurus is an extinct reptile whose fossils are found in marine sediments from the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous age) to
986-562: The species Hyposaurus wilsoni and Hyposaurus nopcsai , means one of the two is a nomen dubium ( Latin : "doubtful name"), although fossil evidence does suggest two species. The paper focuses on the at least 5 species of Hyposaurus or Congosaurus known from the Paleocene of the Iullemmeden Basin of Western Africa ( Mali , Niger , Nigeria ). The authors suggest using skull characteristics instead of mandibular characteristics for taxonomic distinctions because skulls are usually better preserved. A paper by Hastings and colleagues described
1020-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
1054-530: The vertebrae centrum which point down towards the belly, similar to a boat keel . The second fossil find was by Cope in 1886. This fossil was found in Brazil and comprises a left molar, quadratojugal bone , a lower jaw, many vertebrae from the middle to posterior parts of the column, a humerus , a coracoid bone, teeth, and several other bones. It had been hypothesized Hyposaurus was related to Teleosaurus and this fossil evidence allowed Cope to propose Hyposaurus
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1088-510: Was a mesosuchian crocodyliform reptile and a member of the family Dyrosauridae (Denton,. There is a disputed phylogeny with many interpretations. Some paleontologists interpret that Dyrosaurids, Congosaurus , and Acherontisuchus are sister taxa of Hyposaurus . Hyposaurus probably lived in marine environments, mostly in shallow water and in near-shore environments. Hyposaurus had many aquatic adaptations, including pelvic and tail propulsion and light scute armor . In addition, its tail
1122-408: Was long, both eyes were on the side of the head, and the snout was long with many uniform teeth. The feet were not paddle-formed, a trait rather similar to modern crocodiles. The short transverse process on the caudal vertebrae implies the tail did not move vertically, indicating that Hyposaurus was not a diving animal. Moreover, Dyrosaurids generally are hypothesized to have pitch correction where
1156-428: Was part of the family Teleosauridae . The differences between Hyposaurus and Teleosaurus are described as "the robust size and vertical direction" of the teeth of Hyposaurus , as well as Hyposaurus had hypapophyses on more dorsal vertebrae than Teleosaurus , which only has these on the first and second dorsal vertebrae. Cope remarks the characteristics of H. rogersii and his new specimen are very similar, but
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