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27-570: Phokeng gained its name from the Sesotho word for dew, Phoka , hence Place of dew . It is believed to have first been settled in the late 17th century. Phokeng is one of a number of BaTswana towns in the North West Province that were founded by Sotho - Tswana people who had been displaced by years of war in the late 18th and early 19th centuries – first the Difaqane wars caused by the invasion of

54-425: A "reserve". One of South Africa's most important African writers of the 20th century, Naboth Mokgatle, was from Phokeng. He wrote a memoir entitled Autobiography of an Unknown South African ; the first chapters of the book contain a very detailed description of what it was like to grow up in the village in the late-early 20th century. He describes wearing traditional clothing made of animal skins, walking far off into

81-494: A South African intellectual and linguist , was one of the first writers to extensively write in and about the Tswana language. The vowel inventory of Tswana can be seen below. Some dialects have two additional vowels, the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ . The circumflex on e and o in general Setswana writing is only encouraged at elementary levels of education and not at upper primary or higher; usually these are written without

108-579: A system of trusts controlled by the missionaries and the chief. For this reason, when platinum was discovered under the lands of Phokeng, the chiefdom was able to earn some revenue from mining and at one point, the Bakwena Bafokeng of Phokeng were described as one of the wealthiest tribes in South Africa. Phokeng was included in the "Scheduled Native Areas" under the 1913 Natives Land Act . This essentially transformed Phokeng and its surrounding lands into

135-527: A venue for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup , is located in Phokeng. The England national football team was based in Phokeng during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Tswana language Tswana , also known by its native name Setswana , and previously spelled Sechuana in English, is a Bantu language spoken in and indigenous to Southern Africa by about 8.2 million people. It

162-618: Is closely related to the Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho languages, as well as the Kgalagadi language and the Lozi language . Setswana is an official language of Botswana , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . It is a lingua franca in Botswana and parts of South Africa, particularly North West Province . Tswana speaking ethnic groups are found in more than two provinces of South Africa, primarily in

189-546: The 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the World Cup, the stadium hosted five first round matches and one second round match and was the second smallest stadium for the tournament. Royal Bafokeng Stadium served as one of the host venues for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations . In 2019, South African star Cassper Nyovest announced that his annual one man show "Fill Up" will be heading to North West and Royal Bafokeng Stadium will be hosting his concert named Fill Up Royal Bafokeng On

216-564: The Matebele , and then the wars of conquest by the Boers . Just a few years after the wars, the famous missionary and explorer, David Livingstone , visited the Bakwena of chief Mokgatle, and found that in addition to farming and raising cattle, they made ornaments out of copper that they mined and smelted themselves. The BaTswana people of the area had been living in the area for hundreds of years, but by

243-459: The North West , where about four million people speak the language. An urbanised variety is known as Pretoria Sotho , and is the principal unique language of the city of Pretoria . The three South African provinces with the most speakers are Gauteng (circa 11%), Northern Cape , and North West (over 70%). Until 1994, South African Tswana people were notionally citizens of Bophuthatswana , one of

270-546: The Royal Bafokeng Nation . It was used as the home stadium for Premier Soccer League club Platinum Stars . The Leopards rugby team host large attendance matches during the Currie Cup at the stadium, instead of their usual home ground, Olën Park . The capacity of the stadium was increased from 38,000 to 42,000 to be able to host five first-round matches and one second-round match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . For

297-595: The bantustans of the apartheid regime. The Setswana language in the Northwest Province has variations in which it is spoken according to the ethnic groups found in the Tswana culture (Bakgatla, Barolong, Bakwena, Batlhaping, Bahurutshe, Bafokeng, Batlokwa, Bataung, and Batswapong, among others); the written language remains the same. A small number of speakers are also found in Zimbabwe (unknown number) and Namibia (about 10,000 people). The first European to describe

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324-528: The dental click /ǀ/ , orthographically ⟨c⟩ ; the lateral click /ǁ/ , orthographically ⟨x⟩ ; and the alveolar click /ǃ/ , orthographically ⟨q⟩ . There are some minor dialectal variations among the consonants between speakers of Tswana. For instance, /χ/ is realised as either /x/ or /h/ by many speakers; /f/ is realised as /h/ in most dialects; and /tɬ/ and /tɬʰ/ are realised as /t/ and /tʰ/ in northern dialects. The consonant /ŋ/ can exist at

351-449: The veld herding cattle for his father and uncle and working for neighbouring white farmers. By the 1930s, an African-American minister, Rev. Spooner, had come to live in Phokeng and he founded a church that was separate from the German missionary church. The split between Christians who followed the German missionaries and those who followed the new churches created a great deal of turmoil in

378-540: The 1930s in all these villages, including Phokeng. During the apartheid era, the "reserve" that Phokeng was part of was transformed into the "homeland" of Bophutatswana . The inhabitants are part of the Batswana tribe and their totem is a crocodile, and they refer to each as kwena meaning crocodile in Setswana and Sesotho languages or the person from Bafokeng areas as Mokwena or Mmanape”. The Royal Bafokeng Stadium ,

405-455: The 2010 tournament, the main west stand was upgraded and enlarged and given a new cantilever roof. Other improvements include the installation of new electronic scoreboards, new seats, and upgraded floodlights and public address system. The stadium upgrade was completed in March 2009 for hosting 4 matches of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup . Royal Bafokeng Stadium was one of the host venues for

432-553: The British missionary Robert Moffat , who had also lived among the Batlhaping , and published Bechuana Spelling Book and A Bechuana Catechism in 1826. In the following years, he published several other books of the Bible , and in 1857, he was able to publish a complete translation of the Bible. The first grammar of Tswana was published in 1833 by the missionary James Archbell although it

459-619: The Transvaal, including the Bakwena Ba Magopa villages of Bethanie , Kgabalatsane and Ga-Rankuwa and the Bakgatla village of Saulspoort north of the Pilanesberg mountains. One thing that made these villages unusual was that they owned the land somewhat in the way white people did. In other words, villages like Phokeng were not just "reserves", but were owned by villagers, although through

486-485: The circumflex. The consonant inventory of Tswana can be seen below. The consonant /d/ is merely an allophone of /l/ , when the latter is followed by the vowels /i/ or /u/ . Two more sounds, v /v/ and z /z/ , exist only in loanwords. Tswana also has three click consonants , but these are only used in interjections or ideophones , and tend only to be used by the older generation, and are therefore falling out of use. The three click consonants are

513-461: The common characteristics of most nouns within their respective classes. Some nouns may be found in several classes. For instance, many class 1 nouns are also found in class 1a, class 3, class 4, and class 5. Royal Bafokeng Stadium The Royal Bafokeng Sports Palace is a football , rugby and athletics stadium in Phokeng near Rustenburg , South Africa. It was built and is managed by

540-462: The end of a word without being followed by a vowel (as in Jwaneng and Barolong Seboni ). Stress is fixed in Tswana and thus always falls on the penult of a word, although some compounds may receive a secondary stress in the first part of the word. The syllable on which the stress falls is lengthened. Thus, mosadi (woman) is realised as [mʊ̀ˈsáːdì] . Tswana has two tones , high and low, but

567-600: The language was the German traveller Hinrich Lichtenstein , who lived among the Tswana people Batlhaping in 1806 although his work was not published until 1930. He mistakenly regarded Tswana as a dialect of the Xhosa , and the name that he used for the language "Beetjuana" may also have covered the Northern and Southern Sotho languages . The first major work on Tswana was carried out by

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594-459: The latter has a much wider distribution in words than the former. Tones are not marked orthographically , which may lead to ambiguity. An important feature of the tones is the so-called spreading of the high tone. If a syllable bears a high tone, the following two syllables will have high tones unless they are at the end of the word. Tswana orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. The letter š

621-487: The mid-19th century, many had been scattered among Boer farms and indentured to work for white farmers. Several chiefs began gathering their old followers around the 1850s and 1860s, asking for donations of cattle to create a fund to purchase land. With the help of German missionaries of the Hermannsburg Mission Society, several chiefs succeeded in buying land and re-establishing villages and chiefdoms. Phokeng

648-404: The white man, a white man could take transfer for us. The tribe determined to buy land and all contributed to buy [the chief's, i.e., Mokgatle Mokgatle's] kraal . Then it was allowed that any petty chief should buy themselves ground. The chief [Mokgatle] said those who were able to do so could. My father was there and he told me. By 1900, there were many such villages scattered through this part of

675-418: Was introduced in 1937, but the corresponding sound is still sometimes written as ⟨sh⟩. The letters ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ are used in textbooks and language reference books, but not so much in daily standard writing. Nouns in Tswana are grouped into nine noun classes and one subclass, each having different prefixes . The nine classes and their respective prefixes can be seen below, along with a short note regarding

702-522: Was modelled on a Xhosa grammar. The first grammar of Tswana which regarded it as a separate language from Xhosa (but still not as a separate language from the Northern and Southern Sotho languages) was published by the French missionary, E. Casalis in 1841. He changed his mind later, and in a publication from 1882, he noted that the Northern and Southern Sotho languages were distinct from Tswana. Solomon Plaatje ,

729-540: Was the largest and most famous of these villages in what was then the Western Transvaal . The chief who organized the purchases was named Chief Mokgatle, and the missionary who helped him was named Reverend Penzhorn. In 1908, a very old man who lived in Phokeng told a court how the Bafokeng of Phokeng bought their land: We were told once that the land in which we lived was white man's land. We were told we [could] buy from

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