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77-645: The Philippine Revolutionary Army ( Spanish : Ejército Revolucionario Filipino ; Tagalog : Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas ), later renamed Philippine Republican Army , was the army of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War . The revolutionary army used

154-462: A Tagalog -based national language (which later became Filipino ), use of Spanish declined, particularly after World War II when English was entrenched as the language of social prestige . Spanish-speaking Filipinos mostly use the language at home, with use of the language in public being limited by a lack of speakers and hostility from non-Spanish-speaking Filipinos toward the language, although many Filipinos who previously studied Spanish while it

231-638: A potato , the same as in Spain. Some words do take on a different meaning in Philippine Spanish: for example, while speakers use the Latin American camarón to describe a shrimp (e.g. camarón rebozado ), the Peninsular equivalent gamba is also used but with a slightly more specialized meaning (in this case, a shrimp smaller than a camarón ). In certain cases some words are used by speakers in

308-523: A copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. Infantry officers wore blue pants with two white stripes down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with two black stripes. Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps. Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives , though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in

385-564: A large group of students nonetheless practice seseo , and among those who do practice distinción , most do so inconsistently. The consonants /b/ , /d/ and /g/ are uniformly pronounced as plosive (hard) consonants in Philippine Spanish, contrasting with other Spanish dialects where these are usually softened to either approximants or fricatives . While the softened pronunciations are also heard, this varies between speakers and even between individual phonemes. Of particular note

462-418: A manner broadly similar to other Spanish varieties. For example, the determiner más ( ' more ' or ' else ' ) is used to amplify nunca ( ' never ' ), nadie ( ' no one ' ), nada ( ' nothing ' ) and ninguno ( ' nobody ' ) and is normally found in a postnominal (after the word) position, but occasionally this is reversed by Philippine Spanish speakers with más appearing in

539-577: A more-or-less equal proportion, such as with the Peninsular melocotón and the Latin American durazno to describe a peach . In others, the Peninsular equivalent isn't used at all: for example, to describe an apartment the Latin American terms apartamento and departamento are used exclusively as opposed to the Peninsular piso . Anglicisms in Philippine Spanish can be classified into three types: those that are present in standard Spanish, those that are also found in Spanish as spoken in

616-619: A number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution. Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna , the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War . The largest standard unit in the Filipino army according to

693-456: A number of sources: words borrowed into Spanish from the Philippine or other foreign languages, Spanish words that have since fallen out of use in Spain or in Spanish more broadly, and Spanish expressions made by Philippine Spanish speakers or are otherwise unique to the country. Since the mid-20th century, the Philippine Spanish lexicon has also been significantly influenced by English, similar to

770-539: A result of Spanish's position as a minority language in the Philippines. Alongside Equatoguinean Spanish , Philippine Spanish is one of only two Spanish dialects outside of Spain to use the second-person plural pronoun vosotros , although ustedes , standard in Latin America, has been reported as also being common in written texts. The second-person familiar pronoun tú is also freely used, even in situations where

847-417: A second or third language and another 1.2 million Chavacano speakers, and that number possibly being larger due to increasing interest in learning Spanish among Filipinos for professional reasons. In addition to reported estimates of speakers, it is believed that there is an undetermined but significant number of Spanish semi-speakers , Filipinos whose knowledge of Spanish is below that of native speakers but

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924-481: A similar manner, speakers also occasionally palatalize /s/ to [ ʃ ] when placed before /i/ . For example, negocio ( ' business ' ), normally pronounced /neˈɡosjo/ , may be pronounced [neˈɡoʃo] (Tagalog negosyo ), and ciudad ( ' city ' ), normally pronounced /sjuˈdad/ , may be pronounced [ʃuˈdad] (Tagalog siyudad ). The velar jota sound ( /x/ ) is present in Philippine Spanish, similar to standard Peninsular Spanish, though this

1001-475: A substitute for no muy ( ' not very ' ) and no mucho ( ' not much ' ) respectively. In a similar manner, Philippine Spanish speakers also often substitute tampoco ( ' neither ' ) with también no ( lit.   ' also no ' ), which has been formally proscribed in standard Spanish, and even tampoco itself is paired with no to create the redundant double negative tampoco no ( lit.   ' neither no ' ), which in standard Spanish

1078-664: Is also frequently elided , particularly with words ending in the suffix -ado . Before the close vowel /i/ , /d/ and /t/ are often palatalized by Philippine Spanish speakers, becoming /dʲ/ and /tʲ/ respectively. Occasionally these may be affricated instead, becoming [ dʒ ] and [ tʃ ] respectively as in the case of Spanish loans to the Philippine languages. For example, Dios ( ' God ' ), normally pronounced /ˈdios/ , may be pronounced [ˈd͡ʒos] (Tagalog Diyos ), or tiangue ( ' open-air market ' ), normally pronounced /ˈtjanɡe/ , may be pronounced [ˈt͡ʃaŋɡe] (Tagalog tiyangge ). In

1155-604: Is considered to be superior to that of foreign students. Compared to other Spanish varieties, Philippine Spanish is among the least studied, and many contemporary studies that claim to talk about the dialect were, in fact, either dealing with Spanish loanwords in the native languages of the Philippines or, more erroneously, to the various Chavacano dialects to which it was often mistakenly confused for. Philippine Spanish has been described as being endangered , or even totally dead , with most speakers also being fluent in English and

1232-413: Is likewise normally considered incorrect. Over the centuries Philippine Spanish has developed a corpus of filipinismos ( lit.   ' Philippinisms ' ), vocabulary and expressions that are unique to the dialect, of which some have even entered Spanish more broadly and others which have influenced the native languages of the Philippines. Philippinisms in Philippine Spanish are usually derived from

1309-769: Is mostly retracted to glottal [ h ] , which also occurs in Andalusian, Caribbean, Canarian, Central American, and Colombian Spanish. Often interchanged in Philippine Spanish are the non-open vowels /e/ and /i/ , /o/ and /u/ , and the bilabial consonants /p/ and /f/ , following a similar tendency in the Philippine languages. For example, Filipinas ( ' Philippines ' ) would be pronounced [piliˈpinas] (Tagalog Pilipinas ), tenía ( ' I had ' ) would be pronounced [tiˈnia] , and comen ( ' they eat ' ) would be pronounced [ˈkumen] . Unlike many Peninsular and Latin American dialects, syllable-final /s/

1386-756: Is normally found in word-initial positions where the pronunciation begins with a vowel. For example, alma ( ' spirit ' ) would be pronounced [ˈʔalma] . This is also present when the word is preceded by a pause, which in other Spanish dialects would be subject to consonantal linking (similar to the liaison in French). For example, el hombre ( ' the man ' ) would be pronounced as [elˈʔombɾe] in Philippine Spanish but [eˈlombɾe] in other Spanish dialects. The glottal stop also appears in some vowel sequences, serving to clearly delineate syllables from one another. For example, maíz ( ' corn ' ) would be pronounced [maˈʔis] , and baúl ( ' trunk ' , as in

1463-460: Is normally not distinguished from /s/ . This is particularly evidenced by borrowings into the Philippine languages where, for example, circo ( ' circus ' ), pronounced /ˈθiɾko/ in Peninsular Spanish, became Tagalog sirko (pronounced /ˈsiɾko/ ). Although seseo remains the dominant pronunciation today, in a similar way to the introduction of a contrast between y and ll at

1540-419: Is not debuccalized , and is always pronounced as an alveolar sibilant ( [ s ] ) rather than as a glottal fricative ( [ h ] ). For example, las moscas ( ' flies ' , as in the insect ) is always pronounced [las ˈmoskas] . The retention of s is reflective of the influence of northern Peninsular Spanish dialects, although it is considered an unusual development in Philippine Spanish given

1617-726: Is taught in schools), alongside poor documentation practices which lead to, among others, some expressions not being documented and some whose origin is obscured, and a lack of a stronger effort to compile a comprehensive dictionary of these expressions, or at least to include them in the Diccionario de la lengua española . Philippine Spanish incorporates a number of words and expressions from Latin American Spanish varieties, most notably from Mexican Spanish but also including influences from other dialects. Words like metate , tiangue and chongo reflect this influence, as well as

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1694-412: Is the variety of standard Spanish spoken in the Philippines , used primarily by Spanish Filipinos . Spanish as spoken in the Philippines contains a number of features that distinguishes it from other varieties of Spanish, combining features from both Peninsular and Latin American varieties of the language. Philippine Spanish also employs vocabulary unique to the dialect, reflecting influence from

1771-412: Is the case elsewhere, although others have said this only represents a minority of speakers and that Philippine Spanish speakers mostly use lo . However, for indirect objects, the use of le is predominant, with a minority of speakers using la ( laísmo ). Indicating possession in Philippine Spanish is frequently expressed not through possessive adjectives, but rather by combining the object with

1848-400: Is the pronunciation of intervocalic /d/ , where it can even overlap with and is occasionally pronounced as [ɾ] as is the case in the Philippine languages. This trait has also carried over to Chavacano and has influenced how the Philippine languages have treated Spanish loans as in the case, for example, of Spanish pared ( ' wall ' ) becoming Tagalog pader . Intervocalic /d/

1925-406: Is theirs ' ) and Este perro es de él ( lit.   ' This dog is of him ' ). A similar phenomenon also defines the naming of certain flora, with fruit trees sometimes being called the tree of that fruit. For example, while Spanish has an actual word for an orange tree, naranjo , Philippine Spanish speakers would sometimes say árbol de naranja instead. In expressing derivation ,

2002-580: The Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo , they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as

2079-825: The Taaleño , the Balayan , the Bulusan , the Taal and the Purísima Concepción . The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, Compania de Filipinas (renamed as the navy flagship Filipinas ), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots. Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following: On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a merchant ship captain) as Director of

2156-568: The 1850s, Krupp developed a breechloading system with a sliding wedge breech block, but, because of problems with escape of gas, it continued to manufacture Wahrendorff breeches until they were able to copy the Broadwell ring design, and that allowed the problem to be solved. The inventor, American engineer Lewis Wells Broadwell (who worked as a sales agent for the Gatling Gun Company in Europe ),

2233-449: The 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo . Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. Juan Luna also designed

2310-439: The 1990s, only a few years after the language lost its official status, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also contributed to

2387-523: The Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated. During the existence of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, over a hundred individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films. Philippine Spanish Philippine Spanish ( Spanish : español filipino or castellano filipino )

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2464-511: The Americans. Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible , Mariano Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the Empire of Japan . He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. However, there

2541-785: The Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías . As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by

2618-523: The Department of Modern Languages at the Ateneo de Manila University , estimated without confidence that around 500,000 people in the Philippines either speak or at least know Spanish. A 2023 report by the IC, meanwhile, estimated that there are around 465,000 Spanish speakers in the Philippines, though only counting Spanish citizens in the Philippines as having a native-level command of the language, including speakers of

2695-525: The Ottoman Empire and Prussia, among others. Krupp also copied the built-up gun invented by John Ericsson and patented by Blakely and Armstrong to manufacture larger artillery pieces. By the 1880s, Krupp had developed an 88 mm naval gun and adopted 75mm as the caliber for the army's field and mountain guns. In 1897, when the French 75mm quick-firing gun appeared, Krupp produced the similar 77mm, which

2772-656: The Philippine Spanish lexicon nevertheless reflect this earlier tendency to interchange both sounds, such as balasar , a variant of barajar ( ' to shuffle ' ) which the dialect had preserved. Similar to Latin American, Canarian and certain Peninsular Spanish dialects, Philippine Spanish pronounces the letter sequence tl in the same syllable. For example, the word atlas is pronounced [ˈa.tlas] , not [ˈað.las] as in standard Peninsular Spanish. Philippine Spanish has been described as having no particularly unique morphological features, although deviations from standard Spanish morphology and syntax have been reported as

2849-465: The Philippine languages, and the language having few native speakers under the age of 50, with many of its speakers also having learned other Spanish dialects and are living outside the Philippines either in Spain or in other Spanish-speaking countries. In part due to the American colonization of the Philippines , where English was imposed as the language of government and education, and the implementation of

2926-574: The Philippines are unique to Philippine Spanish, though a number of these have since entered the Diccionario de la lengua española and other publications of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE). Some of the first filipinismos incorporated by the RAE into its publications include words like caracoa , barangay and parao , which entered the broader lexicon in the late 18th and early 19th century, and

3003-521: The Philippines from those areas of Spain. Nevertheless, a number of phonological traits still distinguish Philippine Spanish from Spanish spoken elsewhere as a result of earlier contact with Latin American Spanish varieties, contact with the Philippine languages and the development of Chavacano, though unlike with Philippine English , Philippine Spanish phonology is generally uniform, with very little (if any) dialectical variation in terms of pronunciation between speakers of Spanish from different regions of

3080-593: The Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo , which was named Magdalo . The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible , Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage,

3157-401: The Spanish and the Americans. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber, which could only fire once or twice. The rank insignia of commissioned officers . The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel . In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice: During the revolution against Spain ,

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3234-405: The Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following

3311-833: The United States, and a much smaller number of words that were borrowed into the language but still carry their original spelling and meaning from English. These include words like planta for ' plant ' (instead of fábrica ), sugestión for ' suggestion ' (instead of sugerencia ) and the direct importation of English words like avocado , jeepney and overol ( ' overalls ' ). Because most Spanish-speaking Filipinos are also fluent in English, English pronunciation also affects how Philippine Spanish speakers pronounce certain words. Some speakers, for example, would pronounce Europa ( ' Europe ' ) as [juˈɾopa] , as in English, instead of /euˈɾopa/ . Many words and expressions used by Spanish speakers in

3388-481: The actual number of native Philippine Spanish speakers living today may be impossible to determine. Accurately counting Spanish speakers in the Philippines is complicated by the Philippine government not keeping updated official statistics, with the last supposedly reliable statistics on the number of speakers dating back to 2008. That estimate placed the number of native Spanish speakers at around 6,000, with an additional two million Filipinos who speak Spanish either as

3465-517: The board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos. When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini , Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of

3542-572: The cities of Cebu , Iloilo and Zamboanga . Most native Philippine Spanish speakers are part of the country's middle and upper classes . Estimates as to the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines vary widely, with estimates ranging from the thousands to the millions. In 2014, the Instituto Cervantes (IC) estimated that there were around one million Spanish speakers in the Philippines, regardless of level of proficiency, while in 2023 Maria Luisa Young, professor of Spanish and head of

3619-456: The collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry , cavalry , artillery , sappers , and medics . His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket , since the Filipino version is not

3696-478: The construction de ( ' of ' ) and the possessor. For example, instead of nuestros parientes ( ' our relatives ' ) as in standard Spanish, Philippine Spanish speakers would often say los parientes de nosotros ( lit.   ' the relatives of us ' ). This also happens with the third-person possessive pronoun su , which parallels Latin American usage with speakers alternating between, for example, Este perro es suyo ( lit.   ' This dog

3773-529: The country. As in some dialects in northern Spain and some bilingual zones (Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru) of Latin America, Philippine Spanish has a phonological distinction between the sounds represented by ll ( /ʎ/ ) and y ( /ʝ/ ). For example, calle ( ' street ' ) is pronounced /ˈkaʎe/ (Tagalog kalye ) as opposed to the pronunciation /ˈkaʝe/ found in most other present-day Spanish varieties. The phoneme /ʎ/ may be realized closer to [lj] in

3850-568: The decree issued by President Aguinaldo on July 30, 1898 was the battalion , which varied in size depending on the province: six- company battalions in populous provinces like Cavite and Manila , four-company battalions in Morong , Bataan , and Nueva Ecija , a two-company battalion in Mindoro , and a single company in Marinduque . Soldiers were recruited voluntarily, with surplus volunteers either joining

3927-449: The end of the 19th century, some native speakers have begun practicing distinción , where /θ/ is distinguished from /s/ , but do not always do so consistently. Newer generations of Spanish speakers have begun adopting distinción as a result of being educated in Peninsular Spanish, alongside a contemporary adoption of yeísmo . Among those studying Spanish in the Philippines as a foreign language, most practice distinción although

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4004-408: The growing popularity of Spanish as Spanish speakers have a larger earnings potential than English speakers in the industry. A new generation of Spanish speakers has since emerged as a result, most of whom are second-language speakers, and with some using the language to show national pride , though there exists within this group a smaller number of first-language Spanish speakers who are learning

4081-486: The language at home from their second-language parents. Philippine Spanish phonology has been described as conservative and refined, reflecting the socioeconomic status of its speakers, and exhibiting features largely present in the standard dialects of Peninsular Spanish as spoken in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with little influence from dialects such as Andalusian or Canarian nor from languages like Catalan or Galician despite significant immigration to

4158-564: The large number of Andalusian Spanish speakers among the last wave of Spanish migrants to the Philippines. In contrast, Chavacano speakers do practice syllable-final s-dropping, most notably among older speakers of the Zamboagueño dialect spoken in the Zamboanga Peninsula . As a result of contact with the Philippine languages, the glottal stop [ʔ] regularly manifests in the speech of most (if not all) Philippine Spanish speakers, and

4235-510: The largest concentration of speakers in Metro Manila . Smaller communities are found particularly in regions where the economy is dominated by large agricultural plantations , such as the sugarcane -producing regions of Negros , particularly around Bacolod and Dumaguete , and in the fruit-producing regions of Mindanao , particularly around Cagayan de Oro and Davao City . Other centers where Spanish-speaking populations can be found include

4312-490: The luggage ) would be pronounced [baˈʔul] . Philippine Spanish clearly distinguishes between the use of [ɾ] and [l] , similar to standard Peninsular Spanish. However, earlier speakers may have interchanged both sounds, with /l/ becoming [ɾ] and /ɾ/ becoming [l] as in Caribbean and southern Peninsular Spanish dialects, and which was retained in the various Chavacano dialects. Despite this distinction certain words in

4389-464: The most common suffix is -al , followed by -ero and -ar , but noun phrases formed by combining the name of the plant or produce, either with or without the standard suffixes depending on the plant or produce being discussed, with plantación (de) ( ' plantation [of] ' ), campo (de) ( ' field [of] ' ) or sementera (de) ( ' land sown with ' ) are also commonly employed. In certain cases, Philippine Spanish expresses negation in

4466-437: The most commonly-used suffix for creating diminutives in Philippine Spanish is -ito , although -illo is also encountered but less commonly. For augmentatives , the most commonly-used suffix is -ón , followed by -azo and -ote in order of frequency. Meanwhile, for forming collective nouns , the most common suffix is -ada , followed by -aje when referring to people. For plants and produce,

4543-698: The native languages of the Philippines as well as broader sociolinguistic trends in Spanish, and is considered to be more linguistically conservative and uniform than Spanish spoken elsewhere. Officially regulated by the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language (AFLE), up to a million people in the Philippines are claimed to be either proficient in or have knowledge of Spanish, with around 4,000 people claiming Spanish as their native language , although estimates vary widely. Philippine Spanish speakers may be found nationwide, mostly in urban areas but with

4620-402: The number of filipinismos has ostensibly grown over time. Unique words and expressions in Philippine Spanish can be broadly placed into four categories: Krupp gun In 1811, Friedrich Krupp founded his cast-steel factory Gusstahlfabrik , but it was his son, Alfred Krupp , who attained notable success. The principal characteristic of Krupp guns was that they were made of steel at

4697-467: The police or forming a 3,000-strong central corps under the President. Battalions were named after their respective provinces, such as the 1st Battalion of Tayabas . The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to

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4774-402: The polite pronoun usted would be used instead , and while the various Chavacano dialects developed the use of voseo , this development is absent in Philippine Spanish, which exclusively uses tú . Unlike other overseas Spanish dialects, Philippine Spanish is said to employ leísmo , where the pronoun le is used when referring to third-person masculine direct objects instead of lo as

4851-596: The prenominal (before the word) position. Other cases exhibit deviations from standard Spanish usage. The negative adverbial phrase no más ("no more"), for example, is used in one of three ways in Philippine Spanish: Adverbial no is also regularly paired with other adverbs to express negation, even if the pairing would be considered redundant in standard Spanish. For example, Philippine Spanish speakers often pair adverbial no with tan and tanto (or even tantito ), both implying extent, as

4928-409: The pronunciation of some younger Philippine Spanish speakers. Sometimes /ʎ/ is depalatalized to [l] in word-initial positions: for example, lluvia ( ' rain ' ), normally pronounced /ˈʎubia/ , is pronounced [ˈlubja] . While yeísmo , which merges the two, is today considered extremely rare and idiosyncratic in Philippine Spanish, it has been suggested that a more yeísta pronunciation

5005-591: The regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles. The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle . Moreover, while in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo purchased rifles from

5082-510: The situation with Spanish in Puerto Rico and the United States . Although there are efforts in documenting filipinismos, and people studying Spanish as a foreign language today still learn and use Philippine Spanish vocabulary, many of them are in danger of disappearing due to the "foreignization" of Spanish language education in the Philippines (as Peninsular instead of Philippine Spanish

5159-564: The time when everyone else still used bronze , cast iron and sometimes wrought iron . Alfred Krupp was introduced to the Bessemer process to mass-produce steel by his London agent and friend, Alfred Longsdon, in 1859–60. After a lengthy period of trial and error, this steel was developed to such quality that the royal factory of Woolwich in England acquired steel from Krupp to manufacture guns that conformed to British naval standards. Also, Krupp

5236-507: The time, toward the end of the 19th century in the final years of Spanish colonization. Newer generations of Spanish speakers have begun adopting phonological features closer to standard Peninsular Spanish, including yeísmo , as a result of being educated in that dialect, although the majority of those studying Spanish in the Philippines as a foreign language nonetheless continue to contrast both sounds. Like Latin American Spanish, Philippine Spanish originally practiced seseo , where /θ/

5313-548: The use of certain hypocorisms . Latin American influence in Philippine Spanish is also reflected in the use of Americanisms like maní to describe peanuts and hincarse to describe kneeling , instead of the Peninsular Spanish equivalents cacahuete (or even the Mexican variant cacahuate ) and arrodillarse . Much of the basic vocabulary of Philippine Spanish is also derived from Peninsular Spanish. For example, Philippine Spanish uses patata to describe

5390-493: The various dialects of Chavacano , a Spanish-based creole , as limited-competence speakers, and excluding Filipinos who studied Spanish in universities before 1986. When counting native speakers, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported in the 2020 Philippine census that only 167 households nationwide spoke Spanish at home, and a 2020 estimate estimated that this group numbered around 4,000 people, but

5467-581: Was imparted by a screw mechanism and the gas-check by the Broadwell ring system. Krupp guns were purchased by the Russian , Austrian , and the Ottoman Empire armies during the 1860s. By the 1870s, they were being purchased by countries all over the world. Naval guns were also rapidly developed; from 1863, guns were being manufactured for several navies, which included those of Austria-Hungary , Empire of Japan ,

5544-451: Was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries. Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included lantaka , Krupp guns , Hontoria guns , Ordóñez guns , Hotchkiss guns , Nordenfelt guns , Maxim guns , and Colt guns . Many of these were captured from

5621-463: Was not able to enforce his patents in Prussia or get any money from Krupp (which was not unusual for Germany at the time, then-notorious for foreign patent violation ). By this means, they developed the best breechloading guns of the time, assisted by Longsdon's patented designs. Breech closure was achieved by a steel wedge that slid transversely on a short groove at the rear part of the gun. The movement

5698-413: Was one of the first manufacturers to design practical breechloading guns for army use. In 1856, Fried. Krupp A.G., produced a 9 cm ( 6-Pfünder-Feldkanone C/61 ) rifled breechloader of cast steel with a "piston" breech-lock designed by Martin von Wahrendorff , which gave such good results that Prussia adopted steel for making army guns, which made Prussia the first country to do so. Initially during

5775-430: Was previously standard owing to the influence of both Andalusian and Mexican Spanish speakers in the 16th and 17th centuries, as suggested by words such as caballo ( ' horse ' ), pronounced /kaˈbajo/ in many Philippine languages and spelled as such accordingly (e.g. Tagalog kabayo ). Speakers only shifted to a contrasting pronunciation, which was characteristic of the aristocratic Castilian pronunciation of

5852-420: Was still mandatory are capable of sustaining a conversation that reasonably approximates the language. This, however, contrasts with recent trends concerning Spanish in the Philippines more broadly, on the one hand due to changing attitudes toward the language among non-Spanish-speaking Filipinos, and on the other due to the growing prestige of the language worldwide. Interest in the language started growing in

5929-740: Was used in World War I . Krupp mountain guns were also used during the Mexican Revolution and the Spanish Civil War . Krupp guns were used by the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War . Since 1948, according to military sources, the Honduran Navy has maintained one Krupp cannon, which is the first of its kind made by the company and still in working order, at

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