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59-701: Naval Square is a gated community within the Graduate Hospital neighborhood of Philadelphia that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1834 to 1845, when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. It continued as a retirement home for sailors and marines and was called the Naval Home until 1976, when the facility was relocated to Mississippi . According to the Office of Housing and Community Development,

118-985: A niche market that fails to address the crippling congestion problem in Cairo. In Indonesia, some gated communities are luxurious (with up to 740 square metres (8000 sq ft)), and some are very affordable (with lots ranging from 40 to 120 square metres). From 2000, most of the new residential areas built by private developers are mostly composed of gated communities. Examples include the residential areas of Bumi Serpong Damai in South Tangerang , Tropicana Residence Community in Tangerang City , Telaga Golf Sawangan and Pesona Khayangan in Depok , and Sentul City in Bogor Regency . Gated communities in Indonesia still allow outsiders to use some of

177-532: A close perimeter and check points similar to an "authentic" gated community. This situation is tolerated and sometimes even promoted by some city governments due to the lack of capacity to provide reliable and trusted security forces. In New Zealand , gated communities have been developed in suburban areas of the main cities since the 1980s and 1990s. Common area Common areas often exist in apartments , gated communities , condominiums , cooperatives , and shopping malls . In any situation where there

236-485: A closed perimeter of walls and fences. Historically, cities have built defensive city walls and controlled gates to protect their inhabitants, and such fortifications have also separated quarters of some cities. Today, gated communities usually consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities. For smaller communities, these amenities may include only a park or other common area . For larger communities, it may be possible for residents to stay within

295-470: A combination of location, security, and newness." Prices for houses ranged from $ 300,000 to $ 900,000, with 618 units built. Set on more than 20 acres (8.1 ha), the campus includes three buildings designed by architect William Strickland that are considered some of the best examples of Greek Revival architecture in the United States : Biddle Hall (the 1833 main building), the surgeon's residence and

354-603: A common area. This could be any one of the examples listed above or it could take form of a "break room". These areas are generally centrally located and for everyone's use within the businesses involved. There can be stipulations on conduct within the common areas as well as availability of the common areas. Businesses may also have common areas within themselves. Typically the businesses with common areas will have their own rules that cater to their business type, policy, and company vision. States vary in how they tax common areas, for real estate tax purposes. It may depend on whether it

413-583: A community is to protect its residents from exterior violence. The same philosophy is seen on closed buildings and most shopping centres (many of them can only be accessed from inside the parking lot or the garage). In Mexico , the most common form of a gated community is called privada, fraccionamiento, or condominio, in which privadas and fraccionamientos are mostly composed of individual, single-family houses grouped, these may vary on size and shape, sometimes, houses will be individually developed and built while in others (primarily in fraccionamientos) houses are of

472-461: A community pool, since the individual units do not have the option of a private pool installation. Typical amenities offered can include one or more: In Brazil , the most widespread form of gated community is called " condomínio fechado " (closed housing estate ) and is the object of desire of the upper classes. Such a place is a small town with its own infrastructure (reserve power supply, sanitation, and security guards ). The purpose of such

531-582: A development by Hutchinson Whampoa ; Thomson Golf Villas, and Green Villas. Other gated communities in China such as those in the Daxing District of Beijing enclose the homes of rural migrants. These are intended to reduce crime and increase public order and safety, which the Chinese Communist Party -run People's Daily claims it has, by 73%. The system is controversial as it segregates migrants and

590-583: A golf course and the Pudong campus of Shanghai American School , is an example. The Shanghai Links project began in 1994 with the signing by the then Prime Minister of Canada, Honourable Jean Chretien , of a Memorandum of Agreement with the Shanghai Pudong New Area Government controlled company, Huaxia Tourism Development Company. Other notable gated communities in Shanghai include Seasons Villas,

649-543: A health issue since they deny emergency vehicles quick access. A noted exception in Canada is Arbutus Ridge , an age-restricted community constructed between 1988 and 1992 on the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island . More common in most Canadian neighbourhoods, especially the largest cities, is an implicit or symbolic gating which effectively partitions the private infrastructure and amenities of these communities from their surrounding neighbourhoods. A classic example of this

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708-623: A lesser degree, of cul-de-sacs ) maintain that the reduction or exclusion of people who would be only passing through, or more generally, of all non-local people, makes any "stranger" much more recognisable in the closed local environment, and thus reduces crime danger. However, some have argued that, since only a very small proportion of all non-local people passing through the area are potential criminals, increased traffic should increase rather than decrease safety by having more people around whose presence could deter criminal behaviour or who could provide assistance during an incident. Another criticism

767-691: A shortening of the term " country club ") and are often seen as a symbol of wealth. However, gated communities enjoy dubious social prestige (many members of the middle and upper middle class regard gated community dwellers as nouveaux riches or snobs ). While most gated communities have only houses, some bigger ones, such as Nordelta , have their own hospital, school, shopping mall, and more. In post-apartheid South Africa , gated communities have mushroomed in response to high levels of violent crime. They are commonly referred to as "complexes" but also broadly classified as "security villages" (large-scale privately developed areas) or "enclosed neighbourhoods". Some of

826-738: A socially integrated city, gated communities have been the subject of research by sociologists. Gated communities are an important way through middle and upper-class people cope with insecurity in Greater Buenos Aires. As Mara Dicenta writes, "The story of Nordelta exposes how violent environments are enacted through whiteness and drives for elite distinction. Exemplified by Nordelta, MPCs generate profit by transforming rural into elite lands while rearticulating racial and spatial borders that make distinctions sharper, more guarded, and less porous—between centers and peripheries, grounded and flooded lands, or poachers and conservationists. MPCs originated in

885-499: A spoken pledge. For example, businesses may share common areas in a store that accepts vendors from multiple backgrounds. It is understood in a lease or contract that they will share space with these different vendors. With apartments, there are two different types of common areas a developer can have. One would be under contract and the other would be under lease. Apartments that rent by the unit (i.e. conventional housing) are signed for by one individual. That one individual legally decides

944-458: Is a tenancy in common , all the tenants in common collectively own the common areas, meaning that any one individual owner does not possess more control over the land than any other owner. This differs from a commons or common land , as used in English law, which is owned by one person, but which may be used by a group of persons. Examples of common areas include: In Maryland v. Garrison ,

1003-527: Is a concept that emerged in response to the rise of safety and security issues, and offers more advantages in terms of a calm environment and enhanced safety that is ideal for family development. Several gated communities now exist on the island of Mauritius since the government introduced Integrated Resort Schemes (IRS) and Real Estate Schemes (RES) in the mid-1990s. Recently they have been amalgamated into Property Development Schemes (PDS). The government also introduced Smart City permits and in 2016 it secured

1062-426: Is a condo or a co-op. For example, the state of Arizona taxes "residential common areas" in housing developments with a flat tax, but common areas of condominiums and golf courses are assessed separately. Depending upon the common area type (i.e. business, residential, state-owned) there are certain precautions one must take with utilizing them. Some require leases, some require contracts, and some only require

1121-608: Is a trend -especially in Guayaquil- of houses in gated communities with moderate prices. Due to the population boom and an increasing class segregation, gated communities have been more and more established in Egypt since the 1970s. Greater Cairo , for example, is home to El Rehab and Dreamland, Mountain View Egypt . There is also El Maamoura in Alexandria . They were criticized for being

1180-516: Is that gated communities offer a false sense of security. Some studies indicate that safety in gated communities may be more illusion than reality and that gated communities in suburban areas of the United States have no less crime than similar non-gated neighbourhoods. A commentary in The New York Times specifically blames the gated communities for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin as

1239-601: Is the affluent Montreal suburb of Mount Royal , which has a long fence running along its side of L'Acadie Boulevard that for all intents and purposes separates the community from the more working-class neighbourhood of Park Extension . Also, many newer suburban subdivisions employ decorative gates to give the impression of exclusivity and seclusion. Some gated communities have been planned in recent years in Greater Toronto, although they are infrequent. In China, some of these compounds, like most other gated communities around

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1298-580: Is the largest concentration of gated communities in the world, stretching over 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi). The surrounding areas of Santa Fe, Bosques-Lomas, Interlomas-Bosque Real, are also made up predominantly of gated communities and span over 30% of Greater Mexico City . Many smaller gated communities in Mexico are not officially classified as separate gated communities as many municipal rules prohibit closed off roads. Most of these small neighbourhoods cater to lower middle income residents and offer

1357-566: The US Supreme Court found that police may enter a common area when executing a search warrant . Also, in Illinois v. Rodriguez the US Supreme Court held that "a warrantless entry is valid when based upon the consent of a third party whom the police, at the time of the entry, reasonably believe to possess common authority over the premises, but who in fact does not do so." Furthermore,

1416-594: The 1980s, a few have been built. The most well-known are those at Hope Island , in particular Sanctuary Cove , on the Gold Coast of Queensland . Other similar projects are being built in the area. In Victoria , the first such development is Sanctuary Lakes , in the local government area of Wyndham , about 16 km south west of Melbourne . In New South Wales , there is Macquarie Links gated community as well as Southgate Estate gated community. Many Australian gated communities are built within private golf courses. In

1475-500: The ACT, the only example is Uriarra Village, based around community horse paddocks and dwellings jointly managed through strata title. The trade association for real estate developers in Bangladesh , RAJUK , stated in 2021 that the capital city Dhaka had approximately 25 gated communities. While RAJUK claimed that these communities adhered to the global standard of keeping 60% of the land in

1534-462: The Court's assumption-of-risk analysis makes clear, third-party consent limits a person's ability to challenge the reasonableness of the search only because that person voluntarily has relinquished some of his expectation of privacy by sharing access or control over his property with another person. In residence halls of colleges and universities, the common areas are those spaces in a dorm that are for

1593-698: The Fair Housing Law. The only way to control common areas in this regard is if a serious threat was posed. State-run universities do have the authority to prohibit use of common areas should they see fit (whether that be decorating, furnishings, or physical use). For-profit housing can only limit these things to some extent. They cannot legally control every aspect of common area use because of the aforementioned Fair Housing Laws. Common area also applies to organizations such as shopping malls and strip malls, in which multiple businesses operate. Oftentimes, business parks, malls, and other multi-company facilities will have

1652-530: The Philadelphia school. On July 1, 1889, its name was changed to Naval Home . In 1976, the Naval Home was moved to Gulfport, Mississippi , after it was determined that the Philadelphia facility could not be economically expanded and modernized. The historic section of the neighborhood was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971. In 1988,

1711-536: The U.S. and continue to circulate American imaginaries of race, segregation, and neoliberal commons worldwide. In this process, they are met with different forms of slow violence rooted in colonial and postcolonial national geographies. Furthermore, in seeking to capitalize on those racialized differences, global real estate corporations also circulate and help materialize homogenizing visions of racial formation." Although gated communities have been rare in Australia, since

1770-480: The US, a building's loss factor is the percentage of the building's area shared by tenants or space that are dedicated to the common areas of a building used to calculate the difference between the net (usable) and gross (billable) areas . That portion of the space is considered "lost" because it cannot be directly leased and the maintenance and operation costs must be covered by the other rentable areas. The loss factor

1829-567: The United States while retaining houses of similar size and quality due to the commonness of the communities and the lower cost to build them and are priced lower to attract middle class residents. Many gated communities in Mexico have fully independent and self-contained infrastructure, such as schools, water and power facilities, security and fire forces, and medical facilities. Some of the larger gated communities even retain their own school districts and police departments. The Interlomas area of Mexico City contains hundreds of gated communities and

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1888-448: The assistance of Saudi Arabia to launch the government's version of a gated Smart City known as Heritage City Project which was proposed at Minissy, in the region of Ebène, with the assistance of Saudi Arabia. Gated communities in Mexico are a result of the huge income gap existing in the country. A 2008 study found that the average income in an urban area of Mexico was $ 26,654, a rate higher than advanced regions like Spain or Greece while

1947-567: The average income in rural areas (sometimes just a short distance away) was only $ 8,403. This close a proximity of wealth and poverty has created a large security risk for Mexico's middle class. Gated communities can be found in virtually every medium and large-sized city in Mexico with the largest found in major cities, such as Monterrey , Mexico City or Guadalajara . Luxury or "status" gated communities are very popular with middle to high income residents in Mexico. Gated luxury communities in Mexico are considerably cheaper than in countries such as

2006-546: The campus housed the Philadelphia Naval School, a precursor to the United States Naval Academy . Beginning in 1838, midshipmen approaching examinations for promotion were assigned to the school for eight months of study. In 1842, William Chauvenet was placed in charge of the school and formalized much of the study. When the Naval Academy was formed in 1845, four of the seven faculty members came from

2065-588: The columnist states that "gated communities churn a vicious cycle by attracting like-minded residents who seek shelter from outsiders and whose physical seclusion then worsens paranoid groupthink against outsiders." In a paper, Vanessa Watson includes gated communities within a class of "African urban fantasies": attempts to remake African cities in the vein of Dubai or Singapore. In Watson's analysis, this kind of urban planning prizes exclusionary and self-contained spaces that limit opportunities for interaction between different classes, while worsening marginalization of

2124-401: The community for most daily activities. Gated communities are a type of common interest development , but are distinct from intentional communities . For socio-historical reasons, in the developed world they exist primarily in the United States. Given that gated communities are spatially a type of enclave , Setha M. Low, an anthropologist, has argued that they have a negative effect on

2183-446: The court held: a person who permits others to have "joint access or control for most purposes ... assume[s] the risk that [such persons] might permit the common area to be searched." 415 U.S., at 171, n. 7; see also Frazier v. Cupp , 394 U.S. 731, 740 (1969) (holding that defendant who left a duffel bag at another's house and allowed joint use of the bag "assumed the risk that [the person] would allow someone else to look inside"). As

2242-620: The facilities inside the community because there is a regulation that the social facilities in the residential development should be handed to the local government to be used by the public. Two examples of gated community in Italy are Olgiata in Rome and the village of Roccamare , in Castiglione della Pescaia , Tuscany . Because of the pollution, the lack of proper infrastructure, electrical power and green spaces in residential areas outside of Beirut ,

2301-699: The first large-scale gated community projects in São Paulo city region was Barueri 's Alphaville , planned and constructed during the 1970s military dictatorship when the big cities of Brazil faced steep increases of car ownership by the middle and higher-classes, rural exodus , poverty, crime, urban sprawl , and downtown decay . Neighbourhoods with "physical" or explicit gating with security checkpoints and patrols are extremely rare, being absent in even some of Canada's richest neighbourhoods such as Bridle Path, Toronto . Furthermore, municipal planning laws in many Canadian provinces ban locked gates on public roads as

2360-556: The gated communities. Also, the high risk of burglaries was found consistent in both daytime and night-time. As this research on the effect of gated communities in South Africa reflects a negative correlation between the use of gated communities and crime prevention, the effectiveness of gated communities is in doubt. The closed cities of Russia are different from the gated communities. A limited number of gated communities have long been established for foreigners in various countries of

2419-573: The gated community for open spaces and common use, the Bangladesh Institute of Planners disputed this claim, advocating for fewer gated communities in the city centres. Brazil also has many gated communities, particularly in the metropolitan regions Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . For example, one of São Paulo's suburbs, Tamboré , has at least 6 such compounds known as Tamboré 1, 2, 3, and so on. Each consists of generously spaced detached houses with very little to separate front gardens. One of

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2478-445: The governor's residence. A unique notable feature of Naval Square is that the neighborhood has a "suburban feel" inside the city, unlike other neighborhoods in the city. According to the source, one resident chose the neighborhood because he wanted a home "near bars, but not in them." The New York Times states that Naval Square is part of a trend of the city's gentrification , driven by new tax abatement policies. The boundaries of

2537-599: The high class society chooses to reside in gated communities for a better living environment. Gated communities in Lebanon are mainly in the suburbs of the capital city Beirut . In Malaysia, these are known as Gated and Guarded Communities and have been seeing a steady increase in popularity. Currently, according to the Town and Country Planning Department, there are four types of gated communities in Malaysia, namely: The gated community

2596-466: The late 1990s on against foreigners in general and U.S. citizens in particular, gates became armed, sometimes heavily, and all vehicles are inspected. Marksmen and Saudi Arabian National Guard armored vehicles appeared in certain times, markedly after recent terrorist attacks in areas near-by, targeting people from European or North American countries. Gated communities are rare in continental Europe and Japan. Proponents of gated communities (and to

2655-401: The master association may provide many of the amenities. In general, the larger the association the more amenities that can be provided. Amenities also depend on the type of housing. For example, single-family-home communities may not have a common-area swimming pool, since individual home-owners have the ability to construct their own private pools. A condominium , on the other hand, may offer

2714-470: The neighborhood are set by the surrounding brick wall on Grays Ferry Avenue to the east, Bainbridge Street to the north, Schuylkill Avenue to the west, and Christian Street to the south. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia will be building three new 26-story towers next door to this community in the Schuylkill neighborhood, just outside the gated community, by 2017. For seven years, from 1838 until 1845,

2773-465: The neighborhood became official, as the three independent parties, the city of Philadelphia (Office of Housing and Community Development), the OHNP (Office of Housing and Neighborhood Preservation), and Toll Brothers worked to bring the historic location to prominence. The Philadelphia Inquirer said that the neighborhood, considered a condo development, succeeded in bucking "the trend with what buyers cited as

2832-583: The net social capital of the broader community outside the gated community. Some gated communities, usually called "guard-gated communities", are staffed by private security guards and are often home to high-value properties, and/or are set up as retirement villages . Besides the services of gatekeepers , many gated communities provide other amenities. These may depend on a number of factors including geographical location, demographic composition, community structure, and community fees collected. When there are sub-associations that belong to master associations,

2891-470: The new apartment compounds have 24/7 guards on duty, and for some high-end residences, facial recognition systems to grant residents and domestic workers entry into the compound. The most famous of which is Clifford Estates in Guangzhou. In Saudi Arabia, gated communities have existed since the discovery of oil, mainly to accommodate families from Europe or North America. After threat levels increased from

2950-420: The newest neighbourhoods being developed are almost entirely composed of security villages, some with malls and few other essential services (such as hospitals). In part, property developers have adopted this response to counter squatting , which local residents fear due to associated crime, and which often results in a protracted eviction process. They are popular in southern China and Hong Kong , where most of

3009-625: The poor, with some claiming its true purpose is to keep track of migrants, but it is scheduled for implementation in Changping District also. Ecuador has many gated communities, mostly in Guayaquil and Quito . In the coastal city of Guayaquil, gated communities are mostly located in Samborondón , and in Quito in the valleys surrounding the city. These are home mostly for the wealthiest. However there

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3068-551: The property was sold to residential developer Toll Brothers . The main building was damaged by arsonists in 2003. It has since been restored as luxury condominiums. In 2004, Toll Brothers began the first phase of development, with 345 condominiums. In 2009, the firm sold 220 condos and 74 townhomes. Gated community A gated community (or walled community ) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians , bicycles , and automobiles , and often characterized by

3127-426: The same design and shape. In fraccionamientos, these houses may have access to amenities within the gated zone as well, such as parks, gyms, party rooms, pools and maintenance by the residential's administration. Condominios are commonly similar to fraccionamientos and privadas, but applied in a scheme of apartment buildings. In Pakistan , gated communities are located in big as well as small cities and are considered

3186-556: The standard of high quality living. Defence Housing Authority and Bahria Town are major private gated community developers and administrators and one of the largest in the world. The assets of Bahria Town itself are worth $ 30 billion. Most gated communities in Pakistan have public parks, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, gymnasiums, and country clubs. In Argentina , they are called " barrios privados " (literal translation "private neighbourhoods") or just "countries" (which comes from

3245-515: The urban poor. A study done by Breetzke, Landman & Cohn (2014) had investigated the effect of gated communities on individual's risk of burglary victimization in South Africa. Results shown that not only are gated communities not able to reduce burglary, but even facilitate criminal activities. For both the gated communities and the areas surrounding them, the densities of burglary were found to be four times higher than that of Tshwane. The crime rates did not decrease in areas that were far away from

3304-437: The use of all the student residents. In order to paint murals, improve with fixtures , or otherwise change the common area, permission may have to be obtained from the director of residential life. Legally, there is nothing that a tenant can do if they do not approve of their common area furnishings, decorations, etc. unless it interferes directly with a disability. Anything pertaining to religion or beliefs are all covered under

3363-644: The use of the common area should they ever gain a roommate in the future. If an apartment complex leases by the bedroom, there is a clause or paragraph detailing how the space is to be used equally between all lease holders. Lastly, there are state-owned and mandated common areas. Forts and bases, government run facilities, and even jails have common areas. There is no agreement in a lease stating how those areas should be used. There are different kinds of common areas and all of them have different rules and stipulations. They all have different legal proceedings should something happen in those areas. In commercial real estate in

3422-502: The world, target the rich. Also many foreigners live in gated communities in Beijing . Often foreign companies choose the locations where their foreign employees will live, and in most cases, they pay the rent and associated costs (e.g. management fees and garden work). Similar communities exist in Shanghai , another major Chinese city. Shanghai Links, an exclusive expatriate community enclosing

3481-557: The world: There are many gated communities in Argentina, especially in Greater Buenos Aires , in the suburb of Pilar , 60 km N of Buenos Aires city, and in other suburban areas, such as Nordelta . Tortugas Country Club was the first gated community developed in Argentina, dating from the 1930s/1940s, but most date from the 1990s, when liberal reforms were consolidated. Since Buenos Aires has been traditionally regarded as

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