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37-578: There are numerous sandstone outcroppings along the crest of the Peters Mountain and a number of high mountain bogs on Pine Swamp Ridge. The Mountain is primarily forested with upland oak , yellow poplar , red oak , and hickory . Iliamna corei , the Peters Mountain Mallow, is unique to this area and one of the rarest plants in North America, with only a few individual plants. The mountain

74-793: A characteristic flange-like shape. The staminate flowers have up to six stamens . The stalk connecting the perianth to the ovary is cone-shaped and often has rings. The acorns mature in two years, rarely in one year. The 'cup' (cupule) of the acorn is fused with its stalk ( peduncule ) forming a connective piece. Both the connective piece and the cup are covered with small triangular scales, mostly thin and membranous with broadly angled tips. The leaves typically have teeth with bristle-like extensions, or just bristles in leaves without teeth. The section contains about 125 species native to Northern America (including Mexico ), Central America , and Colombia in South America. The red oaks of Mexico are one of

111-511: A political boundary (country boundary, province boundary, etc.), or coastlines. The scheme also aims to follow botanical tradition, in terms of the distribution categories used in works like the Flora Europaea , Flora Malesiana , or Med-Checklist. This approach occasionally leads to departures from political boundaries. Thus the scheme follows Flora Europaea in placing the eastern Aegean islands (such as Lesbos , Samos and Rhodes ) in

148-647: A section by Otto Karl Anton Schwarz in 1936 and Aimée Antoinette Camus in 1938. The staminate flowers have eight to ten stamens . The pollen ornamentation has only small wrinkles or folds (verrucae). The acorns mature after two years. The cup (cupule) at the base of the acorn has triangular scales that are fused at the base and have sharp angled tips. The scales are thick and compressed into rings, often forming small bumps, that may be obscured by glandular hairs. The leaf teeth end in spines. The section contains only five species, native to southwestern North America and northwestern Mexico. Quercus sect. Ponticae

185-421: A year. The cup at the base of the acorn has narrowly triangular scales, with thin keels, at most small bumps (tubercules), and sharp angled ends. The leaves are evergreen or almost so. A distinctive feature of the section is that the germinating seed has fused seed leaves ( cotyledons ) and an elongated stem above the cotyledons (the epicotyl ) that forms a tube, while the stem below the cotyledons (the hypocotyl )

222-760: Is tuberous . The section contains seven species, native to south-eastern Northern America, Mexico, the West Indies ( Cuba ), and Central America. Quercus sect. Quercus has been known, either in whole or part, by a variety of names in the past, including Quercus  sect.  Albae , Quercus  sect.  Macrocarpae and Quercus  sect.  Mesobalanus . Members of the section may be called white oaks. The section includes all white oaks from North America (treated by Trelease as subgenus Leucobalanus ). The staminate flowers have seven or more stamens . The acorns mature in one year. The seed leaves ( cotyledons ) are either free or fused together. The cup at

259-481: Is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases. The WGSRPD standards, like other standards for data fields in botanical databases, were developed to promote "the wider and more effective dissemination of information about the world's heritage of biological organisms for

296-523: Is divided into two botanical continents, 3 Asia-Temperate and 4 Asia-Tropical. The reason for the division was described as largely for convenience. Asia-Temperate borders Europe and Africa; the boundaries are described above. To the south-east, the Indian Subcontinent and the rest of Asia from region 41 Indo-China southwards are placed in Asia-Tropical. Asia-Tropical forms the second part of

333-478: Is managed by Jefferson National Forest . Geology studies By M. S. Meadows. White oak Quercus subgenus Quercus is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Cerris ). It contains about 190 species divided among five sections . It may be called the New World clade or the high-latitude clade; most species are native to

370-528: Is native to mountainous areas of north-eastern Turkey and western Georgia . Quercus sadleriana is native to northern-most California and southern-most Oregon in the United States. Quercus sect. Virentes was first established by John Claudius Loudon in 1838. It has also been treated as a series. Members of the section may be called live oaks. Species are trees or rhizomatous shrubs. They are evergreen or brevideciduous . The acorns mature in

407-634: Is subdivided into Level 4 "basic recording units", a two letter code is appended; thus "NWG-IJ" represents Irian Jaya , the Indonesian part of New Guinea. Where the Level 3 area is not subdivided, "OO" may be added to create a five letter code to show that the Level 4 unit is identical to the Level 3 area. Thus "BIS" represents the Bismarck Archipelago at Level 3. This area is not subdivided, so "BIS-OO" can be used to represent it at Level 4. As an example,

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444-593: The Galapagos . The Antarctic botanical continent consists of continental Antarctica , plus a number of Subantarctic Islands, including the Falkland Islands , South Georgia and Tristan da Cunha . The nine botanical continents (Level 1) are each divided into between two and ten Level 2 regions; see the table above. Each region is given a two digit code, the first digit being that of the Level 1 continent to which it belongs. Altogether, there are 52 regions. Many of

481-685: The Sinai Peninsula , politically a part of Egypt , which is placed in region 34 Western Asia. To the west, it includes islands grouped as Macaronesia , comprising the Azores , Madeira , the Canary Islands , the Savage Islands and the Cape Verde islands. To the east, it includes Madagascar and other Indian Ocean islands out as far as the island of Rodrigues . The geographical continent of Asia

518-585: The Americas into 7 Northern America and 8 Southern America rather than into the traditional continents of North America and South America . The boundary between Northern America and Southern America was changed from the first edition to the second edition. In the first edition, a south-eastern part of Mexico was included in Southern America, the rest of Mexico being placed in Northern America. This followed

555-452: The Americas, the others being found in Eurasia and northernmost North Africa . Members of subgenus Quercus are distinguished from members of subgenus Cerris by few morphological features, their separation being largely determined by molecular phylogenetic evidence. All are trees or shrubs bearing acorn -like fruit in which a cup covers at least the base of the nut. The outer structure of

592-556: The New World clade or the high-latitude clade. Subgenus Cerris is primarily Eurasian, with a few species in North Africa, and may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade. The following cladogram summarizes the relationships that Denk et al. used to draw up their 2017 classification: sect. Lobatae sect. Protobalanus sect. Ponticae sect. Virentes sect. Quercus subg. Cerris Quercus sect. Lobatae

629-535: The Solomon Islands Archipelago), so that Asia-Tropical consists of four regions. The botanical continent of Australasia, as defined by the WGSRPD, consists only of Australia and New Zealand , plus outlying islands. The name was described as having been "controversial", since it has been used to describe larger areas. Other definitions may include Indonesia , New Guinea and many Pacific islands, which

666-604: The WGSRPD divides between 4 Asia-Tropical and 6 Pacific. The WGSRPD groups most islands with a nearby continental landmass, usually the closest but may also make a decision influenced by the floristic similarity (hence the placement of the Azores with Africa and not Europe). The exception is the islands of the central part of the Pacific Ocean , which are placed in a separate botanical continent. The largest of these islands include New Caledonia , Fiji and Hawaii . The WGSRPD divides

703-545: The West Asia region, rather than in Europe where they belong politically as part of Greece. The scheme defines geographic places at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries: Standardized codes are used to represent the units at each level. Numerical codes are used for Levels 1 and 2, alphabetic codes for Levels 3 and 4. For more botanically oriented classifications using phytogeography,

740-482: The World Online (POWO). The scheme is one of a number developed by Biodiversity Information Standards particularly aimed at taxonomic databases . The starting point was the "need for an agreed system of geographical units at approximately 'country' level and upwards for use in recording plant distributions". The scheme represents a compromise between political and botanical divisions. All boundaries either follow

777-572: The base of the acorn has thickened triangular scales that are either free or fused at the base and have sharp angled tips. The scales have keels and are often covered with small bumps (tuberculate). The leaf teeth typically do not have either bristle-like or spiny tips. There are about 150 species, native to Northern America, Mexico, Central America, western Eurasia , East Asia, and North Africa. World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions#7 Northern America The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions ( WGSRPD )

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814-574: The benefit of the world at large". The system provides clear definitions and codes for recording plant distributions at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries. The codes may be referred to as TDWG geographical codes . Current users of the system include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), and Plants of

851-598: The border defined by the administrative units. Novaya Zemlya is excluded from Europe. The south-eastern boundary excludes the Caucasus and Turkey east of the Bosporus , as well as the Eastern Aegean Islands and Cyprus , which although geopolitically part of Europe are considered floristically part of Western Asia. The botanical continent of Africa corresponds closely to the usual geographical definition. It excludes

888-409: The botanical continents are notably different from the traditional geographical continents . In particular, Asia is divided into two botanical continents; 5 Australasia consists only of Australia and New Zealand and small outlying islands; most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean are allocated to 6 Pacific; and the division of the Americas into 7 Northern America and 8 Southern America differs from

925-503: The boundary of Mesoamerica in Flora Mesoamericana . However, it proved unpopular, especially with Mexican botanists, so in the second edition, all of Mexico is placed in Northern America, which thus consists of Mexico, the contiguous United States plus Alaska, Canada, and Greenland , together with associated offshore islands. As noted above , the Americas are divided into 7 Northern America and 8 Southern America rather than into

962-522: The complete division of the Level 2 Papuasia region is shown below. 43 Papuasia Organizations and works using the scheme include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants, which supports Plants of the World Online , published by Kew . Thus in the GRIN Taxonomy for Plants database,

999-462: The groups of oaks that have most rapidly diversified into different species. Molecular evidence suggests that there are significant numbers of undescribed Quercus species in Mexico, so the number of known species in the section is likely to be an underestimate of the total diversity. Quercus sect. Protobalanus was first established as a subgenus by William Trelease in 1922 and then later treated as

1036-467: The mature pollen is one feature that distinguishes the two subgenera: in subgenus Quercus , the small folds or wrinkles (rugulae) are obscured by sporopollenin , whereas in subgenus Cerris , the rugulae are visible or at most weakly obscured. The two subgenera are also distinguished to some extent by their different distributions. Subgenus Quercus occurs mainly in the Americas, with some species native to Eurasia and North Africa , and may be called

1073-408: The regions are geographical divisions of the continents, e.g. 12 Southwestern Europe, 34 Western Asia or 77 South-Central U.S.A. Others are whole countries within the continents, e.g. 36 China, 79 Mexico or 84 Brazil. Some less well-known regions include: Levels 3 and 4 are identified by letter codes. Three letter codes are used for Level 3; e.g. "NWG" stands for New Guinea . Where the Level 3 area

1110-431: The scheme's documentation endorses the use of floristic kingdoms , floristic regions , and floristic provinces , as classified by Armen Takhtajan . The WGSRPD defines nine botanical continents (Level 1), each assigned a single digit code from 1 (Europe) to 9 (Antarctica). Although it is said that "popular concepts of the continents of the world have been maintained, but with one or two slight modifications", some of

1147-470: The traditional North America and South America . The botanical continent of Europe is defined broadly in line with Flora Europaea and with the traditional geographical definition . To the north-west it includes Iceland and Svalbard (Spitsbergen). The southern boundary with Africa encloses most of the Mediterranean islands. The eastern boundary places Crimea and European Russia in Europe, with

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1184-477: The traditional continents of North America and South America, with the precise boundary between the two having changed between the first and second editions of the WGSRPD. Southern America consists of the Caribbean , the WGSRPD definition of Central America (those countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia ), and the traditional geographical continent of South America, together with some offshore islands, such as

1221-478: The traditional geographical continent of Asia. Its western and northern boundaries are formed by the two regions 40 Indian Subcontinent and 41 Indo-China. The southern boundary separates Asia-Tropical from Australia . The south-eastern boundary was changed between the first edition of 1992 and the second edition of 2001. In the first edition, Asia-Tropical was divided into three regions: 40 Indian Subcontinent, 41 Indo-China and 42 Malesia. The eastern boundary of Malesia

1258-413: Was established by John Claudius Loudon in 1830. The section, or part of it, has also been treated under names including Quercus sect. Rubrae Loudon and Quercus sect. Erythrobalanus Spach . It has also been treated as the subgenus Erythrobalanus and as the full genus Erythrobalanus (Spach) O.Schwarz . Its members may be called red oaks. The perianth of the pistillate flowers has

1295-624: Was first established by Boris Stefanoff in 1930. It has also been treated as a subsection and a series, including under the name Q. ser. Sadlerianae Trelease . Species are shrubs or small trees, with rhizomes . The staminate catkins are up to 10 cm long. The cup (cupule) at the base of the acorn has scales with sharp angled ends. The leaves are either evergreen or deciduous, with simple or compound teeth. The leaf buds are large, enclosed in loosely attached scales. There are only two species, Quercus pontica and Quercus sadleriana . They have disjoint distributions. Quercus pontica

1332-569: Was named for Peter Wright, who settled by the mountain in Covington, Virginia in 1746. The Appalachian Trail traverses part of the crest of Peters Mountain. The Allegheny Trail also reaches its southern terminus here at the state boundary. The Peters Mountain Wilderness , lying on the east slope of Peters Mountain in Virginia and designated in 1984, now has a total of 4,531 acres (18.34 km). It

1369-641: Was placed between the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands Archipelago , which were put into region 60 Southwest Pacific. It was subsequently argued that it made more "floristic sense" to link the Solomon Islands with the Bismarck Archipelago and the island of New Guinea . Accordingly, in the second edition, a new region 43 Papuasia was created within Asia-Tropical, comprising New Guinea, Near Oceania (the Bismarck Archipelago and

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