45-474: Peter Pomegranate was a warship of the English Tudor navy , built in 1510. Her name most likely was in honour of Saint Peter and the badge of Queen Catherine of Aragon , a pomegranate . She had a tonnage of 450 when first built. In 1536 she was rebuilt and enlarged to a tonnage of 600. At that date the name was shortened to Peter (Catherine had fallen out of grace; she died in 1536). The ship's fate
90-505: A soon-lost high point. After 1601 the efficiency of the Navy declined gradually, and corruption grew, until it was brought under control by an inquiry of 1618. Edward Howard (admiral) Sir Edward Howard , KG (1476/1477 – 25 April 1513) was an English naval officer. He was the first of the Howards to win fame as an admiral, participating in his first naval battle while in his teens. He
135-479: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tudor navy The Tudor navy was the navy of the Kingdom of England under the ruling Tudor dynasty (1485–1603). The period involved important and critical changes that led to the establishment of a permanent navy and laid the foundations for the future Royal Navy . Henry VII fostered sea power. He supported the old 1381 act that stated "that, to increase
180-562: Is known of his early upbringing or education. He began his military career in August 1492 at the age of fifteen under Sir Edward Poynings at the siege of Sluys . In 1497 his father, then Earl of Surrey, was given a command in Scotland and took his sons Thomas and Edward with him. Surrey knighted both Thomas and Edward on 30 September 1497 at Ayton Castle after the signing of a treaty concluding an invasion by James IV of Scotland . In 1503 Howard
225-608: Is not recorded, but she was last mentioned in records in 1558. Peter Pomegranate was a contemporary of the Mary Rose and, commanded by John Clere , took part in the Battle of the Solent on 19 July 1545 when the Mary Rose was lost. Named in full in the roster as "Peter Pomgarnarde", she joined Edward Clinton 's invasion fleet against Scotland in August 1547. According to an inventory of 1547 ,
270-468: The Dreadnought , that allowed the ships to sail faster and maneuver better and permitted heavier guns. When Spain finally decided to invade and conquer England it was a fiasco; Hawkins and Drake's designs of English warships made them longer, faster, more maneuverable, and more heavily gunned than its Spanish counterpart. Superior English ships and seamanship foiled the invasion and led to the destruction of
315-547: The Ballad of Andrew Barton record that in the course of these seafaring operations he and his brother Thomas captured the ships of the Scottish adventurer Andrew Barton . Barton was sailing in his warship Lion and the small Jennet of Purwyn , (a captured Danish ship) with a Scottish royal Letter of Marque , which was a license to plunder Portuguese ships as a privateer . Both ships were captured and taken to Blackwall. Andrew Barton
360-548: The Marquess of Dorset with the hope of recovering Guyenne . Howard then raided Le Conquet and Crozon on the Breton coast. During June and July 1512 Howard effectively controlled the Channel and is said to have captured more than 60 vessels. By August, a French fleet had assembled at Brest. Howard attacked, and in the ensuing Battle of Saint-Mathieu the two largest ships on either side,
405-537: The Order of the Garter in 1513, but died before being installed. Howard's first wife was Elizabeth Stapleton (born 1441), widow of Sir William Calthorpe and Sir John Fortescue (died 1500). She died on 18 February 1505. Before January 1506, he married Alice (d. 1518), the daughter and heir of William Lovel, Lord Morley, and Eleanor, Baroness Morley, and widow of Sir William Parker. She was 10 or 12 years Howard's senior, and held
450-696: The Regent and the Marie de la Cordelière , were destroyed when the latter's magazine exploded. Although undefeated, the French retreated. On 10 October the King showed his appreciation by awarding Howard an annuity of 100 marks and the reversion of the office of Lord High Admiral held by the Earl of Oxford . The French King had Prégent de Bidoux bring 6 galleys from the Mediterranean in
495-634: The Spanish Armada in 1588, marking the high point of Elizabeth's reign. Technically, the Armada failed because Spain's over-complex strategy required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. But the poor design of the Spanish cannons meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain and France still had stronger fleets, but England
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#1732856065914540-593: The 1,500-ton carrack Henry Grace à Dieu was launched, the first English two-decker and one of the earliest warships equipped with gunports and heavy bronze cannons . Henry also commissioned the Anthony Roll (now in the Pepys Library ), a survey of his navy as it was around 1546, from which comes much of the pictorial evidence for his ships. Henry VIII was threatened by the Pope's excommunication proceedings in 1538 and
585-410: The 1200s and 1300s, most naval guns were relatively small swivel pieces or breech-loading deck guns located at the ship's fore and aft. By the 1500s, developments saw the introduction of breechloaders and then muzzle-loaders. Henry VII saw the expanded employment of naval guns on ships during his reign. Henry VIII introduced gunports into the design of English warships; this saw naval guns being moved from
630-518: The 1580s, tensions with Spain had reached the breaking point, exacerbated by Elizabeth's support for the privateering expeditions of Hawkins , Drake , and others, and capped by the Cadiz raid of 1587, in which Drake destroyed dozens of Spanish ships. In 1588, Philip II of Spain launched the Spanish Armada against England, but after a running battle lasting over a week, the Armada was scattered and returned home. These famous battles were early actions in
675-510: The 225-gun four-masted Regent . He ordered construction of the 141-gun four-masted Sovereign , built partly out of the re-shaped clinker timbers of Grace Dieu . This ship originally was privately-constructed around 1449, and is not be confused with the 1416 Grace Dieu of Henry V now believed to be lying in the River Hamble . Biographer Jack Scarisbrick says that Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) deserved his traditional title of "Father of
720-531: The English currency. In 1512 Sir Edward Howard took over as Lord Admiral , and attacked on 10 August at Pointe Saint-Mathieu , with inconclusive results despite a memorable slugging match between the English Regent and the French Cordelière resulting in the destruction of both. Additional combat in 1513 resulted in the death of Sir Edward, and his brother Thomas Howard took his place. In 1514
765-503: The English navy". He inherited seven small warships from his father and added two dozen more by 1514. In addition to those built in England, he bought up Italian and Hanseatic warships. By March 1513, he proudly watched his fleet sail down the Thames under command of Sir Edmund Howard. It was the most powerful naval force to date in English history: 24 ships led by the 1600-ton " Henry Imperial ";
810-468: The Italian technique of mounting guns in the waist of the ship, thus lowering the center of gravity and making it a better platform. He supervised the smallest details and enjoyed nothing more than presiding over the launching of a new ship. He drained his treasury on military and naval affairs, diverting the revenues from new taxes and the sales of monastery lands as well as taking out foreign loans and debasing
855-539: The Royal Navy, his successors King Edward VI and Queen Mary I had ignored it and it was little more than a system of coastal defence. Elizabeth made naval strength a high priority. She risked war with Spain by supporting the " Sea Dogs ," such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake , who preyed on the Spanish merchant ships carrying gold and silver from the New World. A fleet review on Elizabeth I 's accession in 1559 showed
900-489: The Solent (where the Mary Rose sank). In the same year a memorandum established a "king's majesty's council of his marine", the first formal organization comprising seven officers, each in charge of a specific area, presided over by " Lieutenant of the Admiralty " or Vice-Admiral Thomas Clere . When war was not at hand the Navy was mostly occupied with chasing pirates. Historian G.R. Elton argues that Henry indeed built up
945-584: The armour as a trophy to Princess Claude , the French King's daughter, and the whistle to Queen Anne . Demoralised by Howard's death and short of supplies, the English fleet retreated to Plymouth , where Howard's brother Thomas took command. The French were unable to exploit Howard's death, and after successful English campaigns in Picardy and Scotland, a truce was agreed on in March 1514. Howard had been elected to
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#1732856065914990-523: The barony of Morley in her own right. There were no children of the marriage. When Howard wrote his will in January 1513 he left bequests to two unnamed bastard sons, commending one to the care of the King, and the other to the care of his friend Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk . As a younger son, he held only the manor of Morley in Norfolk, which he willed in reversion to his stepson, Henry Parker , after
1035-483: The building program, the navy performed satisfactorily if not outstandingly (it did not prevent the loss of Calais ) in the war with France of 1557 to 1559. However, the marriage of Mary I and Philip II led to trade with Spain, allowing English shipwrights to examine and adapt modern Spanish galleon design to the needs of the English Navy as English ports were soon visited by both Spanish warships and merchantmen. Philip
1080-409: The crown, or feudal navies, where a vassal, by part of their feudal contract, would raise and maintain a navy for their liege lord. Naval warfare during this time was largely auxiliary to the operations of armies on land, transporting troops to the theater of war, or conducted as piracy. Before the widespread use of naval guns, warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board
1125-437: The enemy ship, now they stood off and fired broadsides that would sink the enemy vessel. Weapons used by the crew included daggers, such as ballock knives, swords used by officers, pikes, bills, and a combination of archery and early handguns. The growing use of gunpowder saw the transition from navies being decentralized, localized, or ad hoc formations during wartime into a near-permanent fixture of maritime states. Aside from
1170-402: The establishment of a number of shore facilities, and the hiring of additional administrators; a royal shipwright appears in 1538. By 1540 the navy consisted of 45 ships, a fleet of 20 ships was sent to Scotland in 1544 to land troops to burn Edinburgh , and in 1545 Lord Lisle had a force of 80 ships fighting a French force of 130 attempting to invade England in conjunction with the Battle of
1215-584: The first ships built there in 1497. With the crown he acquired Grace à Dieu , Governor , Martin Garcia , Mary of the Tower , Trinity , Falcon , and possibly Bonaventure . He purchased Caravel of Ewe ( Caravel of Eu , in Normandy), and perhaps also a small craft called King's Bark ; he captured Le Prise in 1490 and re-named it Margaret . In 1487 under the superintendences of Sir Richard Guldeford and Bray, he built
1260-485: The fleet carried 5000 combat marines and 3000 sailors. It forced the outnumbered French fleet back to its ports, took control of the English Channel, and blockaded Brest. Henry was the first king to organize the navy as a permanent force, with a permanent administrative and logistical structure, funded by tax revenue and supervised by the new Navy Board. His personal attention was concentrated on land, where he founded
1305-469: The late Elizabethan age (see the Aldernay wreck survey) English iron workers using blast furnaces developed the technique of producing cast iron cannons which, while not as durable as the prevailing bronze cannons, they were much cheaper and enabled England to arm its navy more easily. In the end, the chief result of the war with France was a decision to keep the 30 ships active during peacetime. This entailed
1350-463: The late autumn of 1512, and by the end of March 1513 a sizeable French fleet had been mobilized. On 10 March 1513 the Earl of Oxford died, and Howard became Lord Admiral. On 19 March he sailed from the Thames, reaching Plymouth on 5 April. Without waiting for his supply ships, he set out from Plymouth and found the French fleet, which retreated into Brest. Howard lost one ship on a hidden rock, and on 22 April
1395-495: The long and costly Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. The Tudor Navy saw the introduction of some of the first permanent, standing navies. Before this, during times of war, merchant ships were often commandeered and refitted into warships. This saw the addition of temporary wooden castles placed at the bow and stern to provide firing platforms for the ship's crew. Other strategies included having chartered squadrons, warships owned by private entrepreneurs who chartered their squadrons to
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1440-479: The navy of England, no goods or merchandises shall be either exported or imported, but only in ships belonging to the King's subjects." Although there is no evidence of a conscious change of policy, Henry soon embarked on a program of building merchant ships larger than previously. He also invested in dockyards and commissioned Sir Reginald Bray to construct a dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth (the oldest surviving example), with Sweepstake and Mary Fortune being
1485-499: The navy to consist of 39 ships, and there were plans to build another 30, to be grouped into five categories (a foreshadowing of the rating system ). Elizabeth kept the navy at a constant expenditure for the next 20 years, and maintained a steady construction rate. In 1578, gates were installed at Deptford Dockyard , marking the construction of the first true dry dock; previously, dry docks had been walled in with temporary earth dockheads, which had to be dug away to launch ships. By
1530-424: The organisation and infrastructure of the Navy, but it was not a useful weapon for his style of warfare. It lacked a useful strategy. It did serve as a defence against invasion, and for enhancing England's international prestige. Edward VI and Mary I added little new to their father's navy. Although the navy was involved in the maneuverings following the death of Henry VIII, it was ineffective. Mary maintained
1575-490: The peace between France and the Holy Roman Empire, which would allow them to unite against a heretical England. The projected force of the navy, which had been reinforced by 40 men-at-war at this point in his reign, would be needed to protect England from invasion until the threat of invasion passed in 1541 when France and the Holy Roman Empire renewed hostilities. Henry VIII initiated the casting of cannons in England. By
1620-472: The rebuilt Peter had 185 sailors, 185 soldiers, and 30 gunners. Her armaments included; 2 brass demi-cannons; 2 brass culverins ; 4 brass demi-culverins; 4 brass sakers ; an iron culverin; 3 iron sakers; 9 iron port pieces; 37 iron bases ; and 11 hagbuts . There were also 259 yew bows , 160 bills ; and 160 Moorish pikes . This article about a specific naval ship or boat of the United Kingdom
1665-408: The royal dockyards, planted trees for shipbuilding, enacted laws for inland navigation, guarded the coastline with fortifications, set up a school for navigation and designated the roles of officers and sailors. He closely supervised the construction of all his warships and their guns, knowing their designs, speed, tonnage, armaments, and battle tactics. He encouraged his naval architects, who perfected
1710-479: The tangible military benefits that larger, newly cannon-equipped warships provided, they also were personifications of royal power and prestige. Henry V had powerful showpieces, the “great ships,” such as the 1,400-ton Gracedieu , Henry VIII's 800-ton Mary Rose , or James IV's 1,000-ton Michael . These ships were better expressions of royal power than effective weapons of war, however, using these ships for political effect has been episodic and inconsistent. In
1755-451: The traditional high castles upon the deck to the lower waist of the ship, providing more stability and allowed for full broadsides. The Navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new tactics. Parker (1996) argues that the full-rigged ship was one of the greatest technological advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare. In 1573 English shipwrights introduced designs, first demonstrated in
1800-457: Was among those who escorted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her marriage to King James IV . King Henry VII died on 21 April 1509. Howard played a prominent role in the tournament held to celebrate the coronation of the new King, Henry VIII , and was appointed the King's standard-bearer on 20 May 1509. Between June and August 1511 Howard was paid over £600 to fit out ships for the conveying of "merchant aventurers", and both Holinshed and
1845-526: Was attacked by Bidoux's galleys, whose heavy guns sank another ship. On 25 April Howard decided to attack the galleys with his smaller boats known as row-barges. Howard led the attack on Bidoux's flagship in person. During the fighting he was forced over the side of the galley and drowned by the weight of his armour. Both his body and his silver whistle, the Lord Admiral's badge of office, were found three days later, and delivered to Bidoux at Le Conquet, who sent
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1890-675: Was catching up. Officers from 1485 to 1546 included: In 1546 Henry VIII establishes a Council of the Marine to oversee the administrative affairs of the Navy initially presided over by the Lieutenant of the Admiralty reporting to the Lord High Admiral. Note:(post is vacant till 1604) Note:Office is discontinued after 1589. Note: (office is merged with Treasurer of the Navy) Important though this period was, it represents
1935-476: Was in command during the Battle of Saint-Mathieu , which may have been the first sea battle fought by ships with cannons deployed through ports. He was killed shortly afterwards, leading an assault on galleys in the French fleet near Brest. The son of Thomas Howard (later 2nd Duke of Norfolk) and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney , and a younger brother of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , Howard's date of birth can be determined only approximately, and nothing
1980-507: Was killed during their capture. When war with France broke out in April 1512, Howard was appointed admiral of a fleet of 18 ships sent by the King to keep the seas between Brest and the Thames estuary. Howard seized vessels of various nationalities on the pretext that they were carrying French cargoes. At the beginning of June, he escorted to Brittany the army which Henry was sending to France under
2025-538: Was undoubtedly interested in the English navy as the chief defence of the realm of England and its potential to be deployed in the support of his father. This would later prove crucial to the growth and development of the race-built galleon and the Elizabethan Navy that would obtain some triumphs against the Spanish Armada during the war between Protestant England and Catholic Spain. While Henry VIII had launched
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