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33-556: Perlis ( Kedah Malay (Perlis dialect) : Peghelih ), is a state of Malaysia in the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It is the smallest state in Malaysia by area and population, as well as the northernmost in the country. The state borders the Thai provinces of Satun and Songkhla to the north and the Malaysian state of Kedah to the south. Perlis is the only Malaysian state that

66-548: A Hadhrami Arab Sayyid immigrant and maternal grandson of the Sultan of Kedah, the first Raja of Perlis which made Perlis a sovereign state. His descendants still rule Perlis, but as rajas , instead of as sultans . In 1897, Kedah led by its prime minister, Wan Mat Saman began efforts to end the sovereignty of Perlis (similar to the Kingdom of Kubang Pasu which was absorbed into Kedah). After several tense occasions and disputes,

99-684: A Resident in the Perlis royal capital of Arau . Perlis was returned to Siam in World War II as a reward for Siam's alliance with Japan , but this brief annexation ended with the Japanese surrender. After World War II, Perlis returned to British rule until it became part of the Malayan Union , then the Federation of Malaya in 1957, and lastly, Malaysia in 1963. Since 2000, the raja has been Sirajuddin . He

132-699: A lingua franca . In particular, Perlis is well known for its distinctive Hokkien language, known as Penang Hokkien . Hokkien serves as the lingua franca among the various ethnic Chinese communities in Perlis. Perlis Chinese are predominantly Hokkien and thus mostly speak Hokkien as their first language . Some of the tourist attractions in Perlis are: The KTM West Coast railway line runs through Perlis with stations at Padang Besar and Arau . KTM ETS (towards KL Sentral ) and KTM Komuter Northern Sector (towards Butterworth ) trains regularly call at both stations. Perlis does not have an airport; Sultan Abdul Halim Airport serving Alor Setar in nearby Kedah

165-651: A Burmese alliance. The Governor of Ligor then invaded Kedah on 12 November 1821, and captured Kedah Fort on the 18th of the same month. The Sultan fled to British territory, the Governor of Ligor appointing his son as acting Governor. The British authorities granted the Sultan asylum and a pension, allowing him to live in exile, first at Penang , and later at Malacca . In 1842, after several failed attempts at regaining his throne by force, he sent his sons to Bangkok to negotiate his restoration. The Siamese had divided Kedah into four petty states in 1841, of which they offered him

198-629: A coastline facing the Strait of Malacca , measuring around 20.4 km (12.7 mi) from Kuala Sanglang at the border with Kedah 's Kubang Pasu District up north towards the Malaysia-Thailand border near Pos Batu Putih, in the vicinity of Kuala Perlis . From south to north, its topographical profile consists of flat, arable lands of the Kedah–Perlis Plain dotted with numerous mogotes , and abruptly rises up high as rolling karstic hills of

231-517: A two-pronged approach of religious militancy and diplomacy to free Kedah from Siamese rule, among which the Jamallulail family played a leading role in these efforts and often carried out negotiations to persuade the Siamese to regain the state's independence. In 1843 , Syed Hussein Jamallulail was installed as the first Raja of Perlis , after Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin gave his endorsement for the formation of

264-418: Is Pauh Putra within the subdistrict of Kurong Anai which houses the main campus of Malaysia University of Perlis and Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin. Perlis has a snake sanctuary and research centre at Sungai Batu Pahat. Perlis State Park and Gua Kelam are among the popular tourist attractions. The origin of the toponym 'Perlis' is vague. However, there are several theories: The honorific "Indera Kayangan"

297-589: Is a comparison between Kedah Malay and Standard Malay. Sound correspondence (Standard Malay ≙ Kedah Malay) buatpå , sebabpå Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah ( Jawi : ڤدوك سري سلطان أحمد تاج الدين حليم شاه ٢ ابن المرحوم سلطان عبد الله مكرم شاه; died 3 January 1845) was the 22nd Sultan of Kedah and reigned from 1803 to 1821 and again from 1842 to 1845. He

330-600: Is exercised by the Perlis State Legislative Assembly , a unicameral chamber in which all 15 seats are elected from single-member constituencies. After the 2022 state election , the Perikatan Nasional coalition, led by the Malaysian Islamic Party , holds 14 of the assembly's 15 seats. The raja appoints menteri besar (chief minister) and an Executive Council (akin to a Cabinet). Generally,

363-465: Is from beginner to expert and many varieties of climbs are available. Kedah Malay language Kedah Malay can be divided into several dialects, namely Kedah Persisiran ( Littoral Kedah; which is the de facto prestige dialect of Kedah Malay), Kedah Utara (Northern Kedah), Perlis - Langkawi , Penang and some others outside Malaysia. Speakers in Trang as well as Satun are heavily influenced by

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396-451: Is home to the 733-metre tall Mount Perlis, the highest point in the state. Along with northern Kedah , the entirety of Perlis experiences tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification : Am ). Perlis is ruled by the House of Jamalullail . Unlike most other Malay states , in which the ruler is a "sultan", the ruler of Perlis is called the "raja". Legislative power in the state

429-582: Is not divided into districts, due to its small size, but it is still divided into several communes. It was called Palit ( Thai : ปะลิส ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of the 2010 census. Perlis experiences a tropical monsoon climate . Much of the state's highlands are part of the Nakawan Range , a subrange of the Tenasserim Hills system that spans through southern Myanmar , Southern Thailand and

462-475: Is the nearest airport within Malaysia and can be reached by one hour's drive from Kangar . A bus service from Arau to the airport is also available. There is an outdoor rock climbing area in the limestone hills of Bukit Keteri with over 50 sport climbing routes that are bolted by the world's climbing team; the crags are split into two, both next to each other and the rockfaces rise to 350 m. The range of difficulty

495-456: The Burney Treaty , the exiled Sultan of Kedah, Ahmad Tajuddin was not restored to his throne. Sultan Ahmad and his armed supporters then fought in a series of war known as Perang Musuh Bisik for his restoration from 1830 to 1842. Towards the end of the conflict and the death of Siam's Ligor governor in 1839 (Siam's main authority figure over Kedah), Perlis was separated with Kedah. In 1842,

528-562: The Nakawan Range , which forms the natural boundary between the state and the province of Satun on the Thai side. In general, paddy fields dominate much of the state's landscape as the Perlisian portion of the Kedah–Perlis Plain had been utilized for rice farming since antiquity. Meanwhile, the Nakawan runs southwest–northeast along the Thai border from Kuala Perlis towards Kaki Bukit . The range

561-617: The Peninsular Malaysia , with Mount Perlis as the highest point at 733 m. The Nakawan also forms a natural frontier between Perlis and Thailand . The capital of Perlis is Kangar , and the royal capital is Arau . Another important town is Padang Besar , at the Malaysia–Thailand border and Kuala Perlis, the ferry town to Langkawi. The main port and ferry terminal is at the small village of Kuala Perlis , linking mostly to Langkawi Island . Another important lately developed area

594-521: The 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Christianity (11.1%) and Taoism (3.4%), along with small Hui-Muslim populations in areas like Penang. The majority of the Indian population follow Hinduism (86.2%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (6.0%) or Muslims (4.1%). Christianity is the predominant religion of

627-465: The Siamese king Chulalongkorn sided with Perlis. Perlis also had several disputes with the state of Setul before the 1900s. As with Kedah, the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 forced Siam to relinquish its southern Malay vassal states of Kelantan , Trengganu , and Monthon Syburi (comprising Kedah , Perlis, and Satun (but Satun remained with Thailand)) to Great Britain. The British installed

660-556: The Sultan agreed to accept Siamese terms and was restored to the throne of Kedah. However, Siam separated Perlis into a separate principality which was a direct vassal of Bangkok . The Siamese made Raja Long Krok as the Governor of Siam in Perlis while Syed (or Sayyid) Hussain Jamalullail as deputy governor. On 20 May 1843, the Siamese made Sayyid Hussain Jamalulail , the paternal grandson of

693-515: The Thai language. However in the district of Baling , they speak a different variant more closely related to Kelantan-Patani Malay than it is to Kedah Malay. Note(s): Kedah Malay has eight monophthongs , unlike Standard Malay which has six with /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ not having phonemic status. Note(s): Kedah Malay has four diphthongs /ai, au, oi, ui/ with /ui/ being a surplus diphthong that does not exist in Standard Malay. Below

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726-417: The chief minister is a member of the legislative assembly who can command a majority on the assembly's floor. The raja's appointment powers were at the centre of a brief constitutional crisis in the state after the 2008 general election . The Raja sought to appoint a Barisan Nasional assemblyman, Md Isa Sabu , as chief minister despite Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi , who led the national coalition, nominating

759-554: The future first Raja of Perlis as chieftain of Arau as a wedding gift to his marriage with his daughter, Tengku Sofiah. Syed Harun's descendant eventually become deputy governor (1839) and Raja of Perlis. After the Siamese conquered Kedah in 1821, the British felt their interests in Perak were threatened. This resulted in the 1826 Burney and Low Treaties formalising relations between the two Malay states and Siam, their nominal overlord. In

792-559: The incumbent Shahidan Kassim to continue in office. The Raja prevailed, and swore in Md Isa, who proceeded to serve a full term as chief minister. The state elects three members of the federal House of Representatives , for the constituencies of Arau , Kangar and Padang Besar . All three seats have been held by the Perikatan Nasional since the 2022 general elections . The state also has two federal senators ; like all other states,

825-615: The non-Malay bumiputera community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims. Majority of Perlis' population speaks Perlis Malay which is a sub-dialect of Kedah Malay but has its own unique features compared to those of neighbouring Kedah. Perlisian Chinese people are mostly Hokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect of Hokkien . Besides that there is also Hokkien , Mandarin , English , Tamil , Malayalam as well as small numbers of Southern Thai speakers, mostly ethnic Malaysian Siamese . However, large numbers of Perlisians regardless of ethnic origin mainly uses Perlis Malay as

858-695: The senators are not directly elected but appointed by a vote of the state legislative assembly. Perlis, being the smallest state by area in Malaysia, is not divided into administrative districts. It is, however, still divided into 22 mukims (communes), namely: As of 2010 the population of Perlis is 87.9% Muslim , 10.0% Buddhist , 0.8% Hindu , 0.6% Christian , 0.2% Taoist or Chinese religion followers, 0.2% non-religious, 0.2% unknown / none, and 0.1% followers of other religions. The Malaysian defines "Malay", as those who are Muslim, speak Malay regularly, practise Malay customs, and lived in or have ancestors from Brunei , Malaysia and/or Singapore . Statistics from

891-519: The southern, largest and most prosperous one. He agreed to this offer and was permitted to return as nominal ruler over his much reduced realm in June 1842. He expanded his territory by seizing Krian from Perak on 20 December 1842. He established his capital at Kota Kuala Muda as Alor Star was overgrown with forest and vegetation. Local Kedahan Arab families had supported the Sultan's efforts to lead resistance efforts against Siamese rule. Arab leaders employed

924-607: The state constitution his father signed without any long epithets in general "which is related to deities , or any 'Darul'..."". Perlis was originally part of Kedah , although it occasionally came under the rule of Siam or Aceh . Perlis was historically an important realm within the Kingdom of Kedah. Sultan Muhyiddin of Kedah made his capital in Kota Sena, while Sultan Dhiauddin II made Kota Indera Kayangan his capital. Sultan Dhiauddin II of Kedah

957-501: The title of Phaya Ratna Sangrama Ramabhakti Sri Sultan Muhammad Ratna Raja Varman . He was promoted to the rank of Chao Phya Ratna Sangrama Ramabhakti Sri Sultan Muhammad Ratna Raja “Bodin Tersurin Terwerei” Varman Chao Phya Seraipuri on 2 August 1811. On hearing about a planned invasion of Siam by Burma in 1820, he refused to dispatch the annual bunga mas tribute to Bangkok and opened negotiations for

990-706: Was appointed as heir apparent ( Uparaja ) by the King of Siam and invested with the title of Chao Pangeran in 1799. He became the Sultun of Kedah in September 1803 upon the forced abdication of his paternal uncle Sultan Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II . He was recognised as ruler of Kedah by the King of Siam, and installed at the Balai Besar, Kota Star Palace, Alor Star, on 19 September 1804 with

1023-605: Was given by Tuanku Raja Syed Hussin Jamalullail (who ruled Perlis from 1843 to 1873) after the royal town of Indera Kayangan II (1797 until 1813) he was raised in now located in Kampung Langgar, Kayang within the Kuala Perlis area. However, this epithet became less popular under the recommendation of Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Jamalullail in 2015, in which according to him is inline with the official singular name given in

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1056-531: Was honorifically titled as Raja Muda of Perlis and Kedah, akin to the title Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom . During his reign as the Sultan of Kedah, he oversaw a treaty with George Leith to cede Province Wellesley to Penang . He was titled as Raja Muda of Perlis and Kedah. This fact depicted Perlis was a special realm within the Kedah sultanate. Sultan Dhiauddin then made Syed Harun Jamalullail, father of

1089-603: Was the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) from 13 December 2001 to 12 December 2006. Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra was the Regent of Perlis during the five-year period when Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Chief Executive or Menteri Besar is currently Mohd Shukri Ramli of the Perikatan Nasional . Perlis is the smallest state in Malaysia, covering a total land area of 819 km. Like other west coast states , it has

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