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54-492: The original building, designed by Saucier + Perrotte, opened in 2004 and was awarded a Governor General's Medal for Architecture in 2006. The Stephen Hawking Centre, designed by Teeple Architects , was opened in 2011 and was LEED Silver certified in 2015. In addition to research, Perimeter also provides scientific training and educational outreach activities to the general public. This is done in part through Perimeter's Educational Outreach team. In 1999, Howard Burton —who had

108-432: A word processor other than TeX or LaTeX. The submission is rejected by the arXiv software if generating the final PDF file fails, if any image file is too large, or if the total size of the submission is too large. arXiv now allows one to store and modify an incomplete submission, and only finalize the submission when ready. The time stamp on the article is set when the submission is finalized. The standard access route

162-678: A $ 15,000 prize from the Canada Council ; today's winners receive $ 25,000 and a medallion struck by the Royal Canadian Mint . In addition, two complementary awards are given: The Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Performing Arts, recognizing the voluntary services to the performing arts by an individual or group, and the National Arts Centre Award, which recognizes an individual artist's or company's work during

216-544: A 2002 article which appeared in Notices of the American Mathematical Society described those as "surprisingly rare". arXiv generally re-classifies these works, e.g. in "General mathematics", rather than deleting them; however, some authors have voiced concern over the lack of transparency in the arXiv screening process. Papers can be submitted in any of several formats, including LaTeX , and PDF printed from

270-752: A PhD in theoretical physics from the University of Waterloo —emailed Mike Lazaridis along with 20 CEOs in an attempt to leave his Wall Street job. Lazaridis then pitched the idea of the Perimeter Institute to Burton as he wanted to use his BlackBerry wealth for a philanthropic endeavour. Lazaridis' initial donation of $ 100 million was announced on October 23, 2000, believed to be the biggest private donation in Canadian history to that point. Jim Balsille and Doug Fregin each donated $ 10 million. The city of Waterloo offered four sites of land for free; Lazaridis chose

324-483: A broader profile to the "nation's table"; Leadership, recognizing those who led others to form stronger communities connected to the food and beverage industries; Mentorship and Inspiration, recognizing role models in the food and beverage industries; Stewardship and Sustainability, recognizing those who were at the forefront of developing and/or practicing safeguards around the environment, food security, and health; and Youth, recognizing young Canadians who have demonstrated

378-698: A central repository mailbox stored at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) that could be accessed from any computer. Additional modes of access were soon added: FTP in 1991, Gopher in 1992, and the World Wide Web in 1993. The term e-print was quickly adopted to describe the articles. It began as a physics archive, called the LANL preprint archive, but soon expanded to include astronomy, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology and, most recently, statistics. Its original domain name

432-669: A collection of annual awards presented by the governor general of Canada , recognizing distinction in numerous academic, artistic, and social fields. The first award was conceived and inaugurated in 1937 by the Lord Tweedsmuir , a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction; he created the Governor General's Literary Award with two award categories. Successive governors general have followed suit, establishing an award for whichever endeavour they personally found important. Only Adrienne Clarkson created three Governor General's Awards:

486-418: A cosmologist, was appointed as Perimeter Institute's second director replacing Howard Burton. Lazaridis donated a subsequent $ 50 million on June 4, 2008. In November 2008, it was announced that physicist Stephen Hawking would take the position of Distinguished Visiting Research Chair, a visiting position, at the institute. Designed by Teeple Architects , a new 5,000 m (55,000 sq ft) expansion,

540-593: A monthly public lecture series, a two-week summer camp for the world's top science students, a series of in-class resources, week-long professional development workshops for science teachers, cultural activities with local and international artists, an online archive of educational resources, an extensive network of science teachers to share content across Canada, and many other special events and science festivals contributing to physics outreach . Perimeter Institute operates an international outreach program. The annual EinsteinPlus summer school for high school physics teachers

594-508: A peer-reviewed journal. A well-known example of the latter is an outline of a proof of Thurston's geometrization conjecture , including the Poincaré conjecture as a particular case, uploaded by Grigori Perelman in November 2002. Perelman appears content to forgo the traditional peer-reviewed journal process, stating: "If anybody is interested in my way of solving the problem, it's all there [on

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648-527: A positive impact in Canada and beyond". These can have been developed in the public, private, or non-profit realms, but applicants must demonstrate the impact of their innovations; imapacts cannot be theoretical. The awards are also not intended for lifetime achievement. Administered by the Rideau Hall Foundation (also established by Johnston), six awards are given annually; winners are selected on merit by

702-645: A potential to improve the quality, variety, awareness, and sustainability of the food and beverage industries. An advisory committee of food and beverage experts reviews nominations. Recipients receive a lapel pin and a framed certificate bearing the heraldic shield of the Governor General's Award in Celebration of the Nation's Table. Governor General David Johnston created the Governor General's Innovation Awards in 2016 for Canadians who have created "exceptional and transformational Canadian innovations, which are creating

756-684: A two-stage process. The Governor General's Innovation Awards receive both public and private financial support and are partnered with various organizations across Canada. The founding partners were the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General , the Rideau Hall Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. The Globe and Mail

810-409: A version number at the end. For example, 1709.08980v1 . If no version number is specified, the default is the latest version. arXiv uses a category system. Each paper is tagged with one or more categories. Some categories have two layers. For example, q-fin.TR is the "Trading and Market Microstructure" category within "quantitative finance". Other categories have one layer. For example, hep-ex

864-475: Is "high energy physics experiments". Although arXiv is not peer reviewed , a collection of moderators for each area review the submissions ; they may recategorize any that are deemed off-topic, or reject submissions that are not scientific papers, or sometimes for undisclosed reasons. The lists of moderators for many sections of arXiv are publicly available, but moderators for most of the physics sections remain unlisted. Additionally, an "endorsement" system

918-644: Is held for one week each summer. The International Summer School for Young Physicists (ISSYP) is a physics camp for high school students. It brings approximately 20 Canadian students and 20 International students aged 16 – 18 to Perimeter for two weeks each year. Perimeter Institute has welcomed a number of very prominent scientists to deliver lectures on a wide variety of subjects. Lecturers have included: Freeman Dyson , Gerard ‘t Hooft , Jay Ingram , Seth Lloyd , Jay Melosh , Sir Roger Penrose , Michael Peskin , Leonard Susskind , Frank Wilczek and Anton Zeilinger . This festival connected technological innovations to

972-723: Is the outreach partner to the awards and Facebook is the digital partner. ArXiv arXiv (pronounced as " archive "—the X represents the Greek letter chi ⟨χ⟩) is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and postprints (known as e-prints ) approved for posting after moderation, but not peer review . It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics , physics , astronomy , electrical engineering , computer science , quantitative biology , statistics , mathematical finance and economics , which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are self-archived on

1026-457: Is through the arXiv.org website. Other interfaces and access routes have also been created by other un-associated organisations. Metadata for arXiv is made available through OAI-PMH , the standard for open access repositories . Content is therefore indexed in all major consumers of such data, such as BASE , CORE and Unpaywall . As of 2020, the Unpaywall dump links over 500,000 arxiv URLs as

1080-576: The Stephen Hawking Centre at Perimeter Institute, was completed in September 2011. The centre's grand opening was in September 2011 and included a video greeting from Hawking, who rarely traveled due to disability. This was the first-ever Gold Seal-managed project in Ontario, it attained LEED Silver certification in 2015. On February 28, 2019, Dr. Robert Myers was appointed as the third director of

1134-560: The University of Waterloo , PI conducts Perimeter Scholars International (PSI), a master's level course in theoretical physics. The 10-month course was inaugurated in August 2009, and admits around 30 scholars per year. Students admitted (on average 3% of all applicants) receive full scholarships and living expenses. The master's degree itself is issued by the University of Waterloo . Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics also hosts PhD students wishing to pursue full-time graduate studies under

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1188-418: The performing arts , in the categories of dance , classical music , popular music , film , broadcasting , and theatre . They were initiated in 1992 by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn and the first recipients were William Hutt , Gweneth Lloyd , Dominique Michel , Mercedes Palomino , Oscar Peterson , Léopold Simoneau , Norman Jewison , and Gilles Maheu and CARBONE 14. Initially, the award came with

1242-651: The universe narrated by Stephen Hawking . The Q2C Festival attracted some 40,000 attendees (including over 6,000 in the secondary school program that brought students from Ontario and New York State and nearly one million viewers – and counting – through online streaming, video-on-demand services and special television broadcasts. Special editions of TVO ’s “ The Agenda with Steve Paikin ", filmed live in PI's Atrium in Waterloo attracted hundreds of thousands of viewers from across Canada with just five broadcasts. In partnership with

1296-502: The "quality, variety and sustainability of all elements and ingredients of our nation's table". Jean and Lafond consulted with many across Canada involved in the production of food products, as well as chefs, organizers of culinary festivals, sommeliers, and more. The award has six categories: Creativity and Innovation, recognizing those who contributed original, forward-thinking ideas, products, or techniques related to food or drink; Education and Awareness, recognizing those who helped give

1350-481: The Arts funds and administers the awards. Six prizes are awarded annually to visual and media artists for distinguished career achievement in fine arts (painting, drawing, photography, print-making and sculpture, including installation and other three-dimensional work), applied arts (architecture and fine crafts), independent film and video, or audio and new media. One prize is awarded annually for outstanding contributions to

1404-910: The Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, the Governor General's Northern Medal, and the Governor General's Medal in Architecture (though this was effectively a continuation of the Massey Medal, first established in 1950). Inaugurated in 1937 for 1936 publications in two categories, the Governor General's Literary Awards have become one of Canada's most prestigious prizes. Since 1987, there are thirteen awards: nonfiction ( English and French ), fiction ( English and French ), poetry ( English and French ), drama ( English and French ), young people's literature – text ( English and French ), young people's literature – illustration ( English and French ), and translation. The program

1458-403: The Governor General's Awards and presented to the winners at a separate ceremony, made its initial announcements of award winners as part of the Governor General's Awards announcements in this era. In 1957, the awards were put under the administration of the Canada Council for the Arts and a cash prize began to be granted to the winner. By 1980, the council began to announce the finalists for

1512-759: The Governor General's History Awards: the Governor General's History Awards for Excellence in Teaching, the Governor General's History Award for Scholarly Research (Sir John A. Macdonald Prize), the Governor General's History Award for Popular Media (Pierre Berton Award), the Governor General's History Award for Excellence in Museums, and the Governor General's History Awards for Excellence in Community Programming. The Governor General's Awards in Visual Arts and Media Arts were first presented in 2000. The Canada Council for

1566-414: The Perimeter Institute. On Nov 4, 2024, Marcela Carena was announced as the fourth director. The Institute was designed by Montréal-based architectural firm Saucier + Perrotte . A concrete stairwell in the building's atrium was designed by Blackwell Engineers. The Institute's front aluminum wall is black with small windows to represent a blackboard . There are wooden fireplaces and blackboards throughout

1620-511: The amount of download usage by each institution. Each member institution pledges a five-year funding commitment to support arXiv. Based on institutional usage ranking, the annual fees are set in four tiers from $ 1,000 to $ 4,400. Cornell's goal is to raise at least $ 504,000 per year through membership fees generated by approximately 220 institutions. In September 2011, Cornell University Library took overall administrative and financial responsibility for arXiv's operation and development. Ginsparg

1674-422: The arXiv repository before publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Some publishers also grant permission for authors to archive the peer-reviewed postprint . Begun on August 14, 1991, arXiv.org passed the half-million-article milestone on October 3, 2008, had hit a million by the end of 2014 and two million by the end of 2021. As of November 2024, the submission rate is about 24,000 articles per month. arXiv

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1728-521: The arXiv] – let them go and read about it". Despite this non-traditional method of publication, other mathematicians recognized this work by offering the Fields Medal and Clay Mathematics Millennium Prizes to Perelman, both of which he refused. While arXiv does contain some dubious e-prints, such as those claiming to refute famous theorems or proving famous conjectures such as Fermat's Last Theorem using only high-school mathematics,

1782-411: The awards a month before they were presented, in order to attract more media attention, and, in 2007, the cash prize was increased to $ 25,000. Prior to Adrienne Clarkson 's time as governor general, the collection of Governor General's Literary Award-winning books at Rideau Hall was lacking more than 25 per cent of the full collection. Clarkson made an effort to obtain from fairs and second hand shops

1836-480: The building. Writing for The Globe and Mail , architecture critic Lisa Rochon praised the Institute's "seamless connections" between the building's interior and exterior and said the building is about "the flow of light and the directions we can take". Rochon described the building as modernism , and cited Tadao Ando as an influence. Perimeter's research encompasses nine fields: An extensive, up-to-date archive of

1890-610: The former site of the Waterloo Memorial Arena (near Uptown Waterloo). Research operations began in 2001, in a temporary site in a nearby post office. Burton became the Institute's founding director. The permanent building's construction finished in 2004. The Ontario budget, announced in March 2006, included a commitment to provide $ 50 million in funding to PI from the Ministry of Research and Innovation . In May 2008, Dr. Neil Turok ,

1944-473: The institute's varied research activities is readily available to the public via the internet. The Perimeter Institute Recorded Seminar Archive (PIRSA), is a permanent, free, searchable, and citable archive of recorded seminars, conferences, workshops and outreach events. Seminars with video and timed presentation materials can be accessed on-demand in Windows and Flash formats together with MP3 audio files and PDFs of

1998-501: The intended subject area. New authors from recognized academic institutions generally receive automatic endorsement, which in practice means that they do not need to deal with the endorsement system at all. However, the endorsement system has attracted criticism for allegedly restricting scientific inquiry. A majority of the e-prints are also submitted to journals for publication, but some work, including some very influential papers, remain purely as e-prints and are never published in

2052-439: The missing copies for the governor general's study and, when she left the viceregal office in 2005, the complete collection of winning books to date had been amassed. It reached 552 books by late 2006 and was moved to Rideau Hall's library. Today it forms the only complete collection of Governor General's Literary Award winners in existence. The Governor General's Medals in Architecture have been presented since 1982, continuing

2106-516: The past performance year. There is also a mentorship program that connects award recipients with artists in their early to mid-career. Since 2008, the National Film Board of Canada has produced short films about each of the laureates, which are screened at the awards ceremony and streamed online. Governor General Roméo LeBlanc and Canada's National History Society created the Governor General's History Awards in 1996 to honour excellence in

2160-445: The promotion of equality for girls and women in Canada. Five awards are given annually to candidates chosen from across the country, in addition to one award to a Canadian youth. The awards are administered by Status of Women Canada and may be presented to persons of any gender; in 2008, Ben Barry became the first man to win the award. The Governor General's Performing Arts Awards are the foremost honours presented for excellence in

2214-629: The scientific breakthroughs that make them possible. The festival, held September 30 to October 6, 2013, featured science-centre styled exhibits, special presentations, public lectures, Science in the Club events and insider-tours of the Perimeter Institute. Webcast Public Lectures featured James Grime, Ray Laflamme and Lucy Hawking . Held in October, 2009, the Quantum to Cosmos: Ideas for the Future festival (Q2C Festival)

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2268-909: The supervision of a PI faculty member. PhD students receive their doctoral degrees from a university partner, such as the University of Waterloo. Perimeter Institute offers a number of planned courses each year, including cross-listed programs with universities and mini-courses given by PI faculty, associate faculty and visiting researchers. The courses are made available to all students enrolled in surrounding universities. The popular courses are attended by students from University of Waterloo , University of Western Ontario , McMaster University , University of Guelph , University of Toronto , York University , and other centres. 43°27′55″N 80°31′41″W  /  43.46535°N 80.52800°W  / 43.46535; -80.52800 Governor General%27s Medal for Architecture The Governor General's Awards are

2322-488: The supporting materials. The PIRSA project is enlarged by the creation of SciTalks (See below). After more than 13,000 talks uploaded to PIRSA, Perimeter Institute created in 2020 a new public video archive called SciTalks with the support of the Simons Foundations . It is a meta-repository search tool of scientific talks beyond what is produced at PI and aims to "revolutionize the world of scholarly communication in

2376-463: The teaching of Canadian history . The society then, working with other Canadian history organizations (including the Begbie Society, Canadian Historical Association , Canadian Museums Association , and Historica-Dominion Institute ), expanded the scope of the awards beyond simply school teachers to include others who taught history in other ways and venues. There are now five specific awards within

2430-608: The tradition of the Massey Medals for Architecture , which had been awarded between 1950 and 1970. Up to twelve medals are awarded every two years, with no distinction among the medals awarded. The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada administers the competition. The Governor General's Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case have been presented since their creation by Governor General Edward Schreyer in 1979, and honour

2484-426: The visual or media arts in a volunteer or professional capacity. The value of each award is $ 15,000. An independent peer jury of senior visual and media arts professionals selects the winners. Conceived in 2006 by Jean-Daniel Lafond , husband of Governor General Michaëlle Jean , the Governor General's Award in Celebration of the Nation's Table was created to recognize Canadians—as individuals or in groups—who improved

2538-472: The way that the arXiv has done for print scientific papers". Apart from PIRSA's existing content, SciTalks indexes videos from other institutions, such as CERN , Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing , ICTP and ICTP-SAIFR . As a meta-repository , SciTalks only stores metadata and links related to the videos, which are stored in other databases. Perimeter's educational outreach team's activities include

2592-533: Was a science outreach event held in Canada . The festival included events and activities spanning: lectures, panel discussions, pub talks, cultural activities, a PI documentary premiere (The Quantum Tamers: Revealing Our Weird and Wired Future), sci-fi film festival, an art exhibit and the hugely popular Physica Phantastica exhibit centre, a 460-square-metre (5,000 sq ft) space filled with demonstrations, hands-on activities, experiments and an immersive 3D tour of

2646-537: Was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2002 for his establishment of arXiv. The annual budget for arXiv was approximately $ 826,000 for 2013 to 2017, funded jointly by Cornell University Library, the Simons Foundation (in both gift and challenge grant forms) and annual fee income from member institutions. This model arose in 2010, when Cornell sought to broaden the financial funding of the project by asking institutions to make annual voluntary contributions based on

2700-457: Was created by the Lord Tweedsmuir , author of The Thirty-Nine Steps . Initially there were only two awards, for fiction and non-fiction books, and the program honoured only English-language works before 1959 (although the awards were occasionally won by English translations of works originally published in French). The Stephen Leacock Award for humour literature, while administered separately from

2754-408: Was introduced in 2004 as part of an effort to ensure content is relevant and of interest to current research in the specified disciplines. Under the system, for categories that use it, an author must be endorsed by an established arXiv author before being allowed to submit papers to those categories. Endorsers are not asked to review the paper for errors but to check whether the paper is appropriate for

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2808-456: Was made possible by the compact TeX file format, which allowed scientific papers to be easily transmitted over the Internet and rendered client-side . Around 1990, Joanne Cohn began emailing physics preprints to colleagues as TeX files, but the number of papers being sent soon filled mailboxes to capacity. Paul Ginsparg recognized the need for central storage, and in August 1991 he created

2862-479: Was quoted in the Chronicle of Higher Education as saying it "was supposed to be a three-hour tour , not a life sentence". However, Ginsparg remains on the arXiv's Scientific Advisory Board and its Physics Advisory Committee. In January 2022, arXiv began assigning DOIs to articles, in collaboration with DataCite . Each arXiv paper has a unique identifier: Different versions of the same paper are specified by

2916-603: Was xxx.lanl.gov. Due to LANL's lack of interest in the rapidly expanding technology, in 2001 Ginsparg changed institutions to Cornell University and changed the name of the repository to arXiv.org. arXiv was an early adopter and promoter of preprints . Its success in sharing preprints was one of the precipitating factors that led to the later movement in scientific publishing known as open access . Mathematicians and scientists regularly upload their papers to arXiv.org for worldwide access and sometimes for reviews before they are published in peer-reviewed journals . Ginsparg

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