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47-490: Perejil Island , also known as Parsley Island , is a small, uninhabited rocky islet located 200 metres (660 ft) off the coast of Morocco . It is administered by Spain as one of the plazas de soberanía , and its sovereignty is disputed by Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002 . The name Isla de Perejil literally means " Parsley Island" in Spanish. Its original Berber name

94-597: A "Spanish Foreign Legion" which preceded the modern Legion's formation in 1920. On 28 June 1835, the French government had decided to hand over to the Spanish government the French Foreign Legion in support of Queen Isabella 's claim to the Spanish throne during the First Carlist War . The French Foreign Legion, with around 4,000 men, landed at Tarragona on 17 August 1835. This became the first Spanish Legion until it

141-496: A distinction, earned through rigorous training and initiation tests. Basic training lasts four months and takes place in Cáceres or Cádiz . It includes basic military skills, forced marches and a stringent assault course. After the second month, the recruit signs a 2 or 3-year contract. After finishing basic training the recruit joins one of the tercios, in there he receives further training, taking from 1 month to 10 months depending on

188-619: A major role in the Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War . In post-Franco Spain, the modern Legion has undertaken tours of duty in the Yugoslav Wars , Afghanistan , Iraq and Operation Libre Hidalgo UNIFIL . The Spanish Legion was formed by royal decree of King Alfonso XIII on 28 January 1920, with the Minister of War José Villalba Riquelme  [ es ] stating, "With

235-462: A maximum height of 74 metres (243 feet) above sea level . V. Bérnard identified Perejil with the mythical island of Ogygia where one of the daughters of Atlas , Calypso , detained Odysseus for seven years, according to the myth. In 1415, Portugal , along with the reconquest of Ceuta (Part of the old Hispania Tangeriana), took possession of the nearby islet from the Marinid Sultanate ,

282-466: A predecessor to the current state of Morocco. In 1580, Portugal came under the sovereignty of Philip I of Portugal , who was also King of Spain, creating an Iberian Union under one king, without unifying the countries. When the Union split in 1640, Ceuta remained under Spanish sovereignty. The islet's sovereignty is disputed by Morocco and Spain . Local Moroccan shepherds used it for grazing livestock, but

329-472: A statement regretting the incident. Morocco's claims had official support from the Arab League , except for Algeria , which restated its recognition of Spanish sovereignty over the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla . On the morning of 18 July 2002, Spain launched Operation Romeo-Sierra , a military attempt to take over the island. The operation was successful, and within hours the Spanish had taken control of

376-609: A third ' ) is an old Spanish military term that roughly translates as ‘regiment' (originally it had enough manpower to be considered a half-brigade). In the 18th century tercios were replaced by regiments. There is no equivalent word in English. Dating from the 16th century, the name was chosen to evoke the era of Spain's military supremacy as the leading Catholic power in Europe under the Habsburg Emperors. Organised into tercios in 1534,

423-580: A workers revolt in the area of Asturias . Under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe , the Army of Africa played an important part in the Spanish Civil War on the Nationalist side. The professionalism of both the legion and the Regulares gave Franco's rebel troops a significant initial advantage over the less well trained Spanish Republican forces . The Army of Africa remained an elite spearhead until

470-565: Is Tura, meaning "empty". It is sometimes referred to in Arabic as "Jazirat al-Ma'danus" (Arabic: جزيرة المعدنوس ), which is a translation of "Parsley Island". In Moroccan historical references, it is only known as "Tura". In his speech to the Moroccan people commemorating the "Throne Day" on 30 July 2002, the King of Morocco used the name "Tura" exclusively, when he mentioned the armed incident with Spain over

517-733: Is generally considered to be a rock or small island that has little vegetation and cannot sustain human habitation", and further that size may vary from a few square feet to several square miles, with no specific rule pertaining to size. Whether an islet is considered a rock or not, it can have significant economic consequences under Article 121 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea , which stipulates that "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf ." One long-term dispute over

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564-689: Is not part of the Legion Brigade, assigned as the Legion contribution to Army SpecOps. The military ranks and promotion conditions of the Spanish Legion are the same as those applicable to the remainder of the Spanish Army. Formerly the Legion had its own rank system for non-commissioned officers. The only modern difference is that soldiers (OR-1) in the Legion are referred to as "Caballeros Legionarios" (Legionary Gentlemen). Legionnaires consider this title as

611-598: The Bandera de operaciones especiales de la legión (19th Legion Special Operations Battalion or BOEL). The members of this unit, who were (and still mostly are) volunteers from other banderas of the legion, received training in: SCUBA /Maritime Warfare, Arctic and Mountain Warfare, Sabotage and Demolitions, Parachute and HALO techniques, Long Range Reconnaissance , Counter-terrorism and CQB , Vehicle insertion, Sniping and SERE ( Survival, Escape, Resistance and Evasion ). Much of

658-520: The Moors and portrayed his men first as crusaders on an extended Reconquista against Islamic civilization, and later as the saviours of Spain warding off Communism and democratic liberalism defeating the dangerous spectre of 'Eastern Atheism' . As a tribute to the old Tercios the Legion coat of arms features, besides the crown, weapons used by the soldiers of these units - the musket, halberd and crossbow. The Legion's customs and traditions include

705-616: The Stockholm archipelago alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world. Spanish Legion For centuries, Spain recruited foreign soldiers to its army, forming the foreign regiments ( Infantería de línea extranjera ) such as the Regiment of Hibernia (formed in 1709 from Irishmen who fled their own country in the wake of the Flight of the Earls and the penal laws ). However,

752-546: The Zemla Intifada , had a significant influence on pushing the Sahrawi anticolonial movement into embarking on an armed struggle which continues, though Spain has long since abandoned the territory and handed it over to Morocco. Through the course of the legion's history Spaniards (including natives of the colony of Spanish Guinea ) have made up the majority of its members, with foreigners accounting for 25 percent or less. During

799-453: The Legion with a distinctive spirit and symbolism intended to evoke Spain's Imperial and Christian traditions. For instance, the Legion adopted the regimental designation of tercio in memory of the 16th-century Spanish infantry formations that had toppled nations and terrorized the battlefields of Europe in the days of Charles V . Millán-Astray also revived the Spaniards' ancient feud with

846-454: The Moroccan forces enter the island to expel sub-Saharan migrants. The international incident is recounted in a 2016 film, La Isla , which is largely based on the facts of the dispute. Islet As suggested by its origin islette , an Old French diminutive of "isle", use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. The World Landforms website says, "An islet landform

893-543: The Rif War of the 1920s most of the foreigners serving with the legion were Spanish speaking Latin Americans. In the 2000s, after the abandonment of conscription , the Spanish Legion once again accepted foreigners into service. Male and female native Spanish speakers, mostly from Central American and South American states, were included. Today, acceptance to the Spanish Legion is based on the following criteria: In recent years,

940-748: The Spanish African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as part of their respective garrisons. The legion is directly controlled by the Spanish General Staff . Although the detachment at Málaga was transferred away, each year a company of legionaries from one of the Tercios (regiments) returns to march in the Holy Week procession with the Christ of the Good Death , a life-size effigy of Christ Crucified, adopted by

987-637: The Spanish Legion was involved in Bosnia as part of the SFOR . It also took part in the Iraq War , deploying in Najaf alongside Salvadoran troops, until the new Spanish government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero fulfilled its electoral promises by withdrawing Spanish troops from Iraq. The legion units deployed in Iraq were involved in several operations against the insurgency. In 2005,

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1034-480: The Spanish government, led by Prime Minister José María Aznar , Morocco replaced the soldiers with cadets from the Moroccan Navy, who then installed a fixed base on the island. This further angered the Spanish government and both countries restated their claims to the islet. Almost all European Union member states fully supported Spain's objections, with the exception of France and Portugal, whose government issued

1081-596: The Spanish infantry gained a reputation for invincibility. In 1925, the unit title was changed to Tercio de Marruecos ("Tercio of Morocco"). This was soon abbreviated to ‘The Tercio’. In 1937 at the height of the Spanish Civil War, the Tercio de Marruecos was renamed La Legión , the name by which it is still known today. The Spanish Legion's first major campaign was in Spanish North Africa. In 1920 Spain

1128-1035: The chest. The basic weapons used by the Legion are the same as those used by the rest of the Spanish Army. These include the G36-E rifle , its 40 mm grenade launcher modular attachment the AG36 , the HK MG4 and MG3 machine guns, and the HK USP 9mm pistol. Like the rest of the Army, the Legion makes use of crew served weapons such as the M2 Browning machine gun and the SB LAG 40 automatic grenade launcher on their armoured vehicles. The Legions field artillery group mans L118 105mm Light Guns , Italian wheeled tank destroyers B1 Centauro also are used. The Legion uses Land Rovers, Spanish-made BMR and VEC-M1 , VAMTAC , URO trucks and other vehicles like foreign LMV or RG31 . Millán-Astray provided

1175-669: The course of the day, the Spanish Legion replaced the commandos and remained on the island until Morocco, after mediation by the United States , led by Colin Powell , agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted. Perejil Island has no permanent human population. Goats are pastured there, and the Moroccan government expressed worries that smugglers and terrorists , in addition to illegal immigrants, were using

1222-480: The designation of Foreigners Regiment there will be created an armed military unit, whose recruits, uniform and regulations by which they should be governed will be set by the minister of war." In the 1920s the Spanish Legion's five battalions were filled primarily by native Spaniards (since foreigners were not easy to recruit) with most of its foreign members coming from the Republic of Cuba . Historically there had been

1269-985: The expansion of the rebel armies after April 1937 led to the legion and Moroccan units being distributed across several fronts. Following the Francoist victory in 1939, the legion was reduced in size and returned to its bases in Spanish Morocco. It was only after then that the legion attained its present composition of 4 Tercios, and the names given to them, the 4th Tercio of the legion was established later in 1950: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 1st Tercio "Great Captain Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba " [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 2nd Tercio " Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba " [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 3rd Tercio " Don Juan of Austria " [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 4th Tercio " Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma " When Morocco gained its independence in 1956

1316-422: The following: El Novio de la Muerte ( Bridegroom of Death ) is the unofficial hymn and regimental slow march of the Spanish Legion, composed in 1921 with words by Juan Costa set to music by Fidel Prado. Composed in 1920, La Cancion del Legionario ( The Legionnare's Song ) is the official quick march and anthem of the Legion. It was composed by Modesto Romero and Infantry Commandant Emilio Guillén Pedemonti. It

1363-570: The island and custody of the Moroccan naval cadets, who had not resisted the Spanish commando attack force, Grupo de Operaciones Especiales III . The operation was launched in conjunction with the Spanish Navy and Spanish Air Force . The Spanish transferred the captured Moroccans by helicopter to the headquarters of the Guardia Civil in Ceuta, who then transported the cadets to the Moroccan border. Over

1410-407: The island. The island lies 250 metres (820 feet) off the coast of Morocco , 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the border of the territory of the Spanish city of Ceuta , 8 km (5.0 miles) to Ceuta itself and 13.5 km (8.4 miles) from mainland Spain . The island is about 480 by 480 metres (1,575 by 1,575 feet) in size, with an area of 15 ha or 0.15 square kilometres (0.06 sq mi). It has

1457-485: The island. The island is well monitored from both sides in order to maintain the status quo that leaves it deserted and virtually a no man's land . Morocco wants to control the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla along with several small rocks and islets off the coast of Morocco . The crisis over Perejil Island was seen by the Spanish government as a way for Morocco to test the waters in regard to Spain's will to defend Ceuta and Melilla. In June 2014, Spain requested that

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1504-718: The leaders of the legion and the unit's second-in-command, concurrently commanding the 1st Legion Bandera. The legion fought in Morocco in the War of the Rif (to 1926). Together with the Regulares (Moorish colonial troops), the legion made up the Spanish Army of Africa . In October 1934 units of both the legion and the Regulares were brought to Spain by the Republican Government to help put down

1551-432: The legion as Patron in the 1920s. It also has its own confraternity with its home chapel located in this historic city, where veterans who served in this unit are counted among its membership. The Legion's detachments also take part in various Holy Week events nationwide, including its military band. The currently active units of the Spanish Legion are: In other commands: The legion has a special operations unit known as

1598-614: The legion continued in existence as part of the garrison of the remaining Spanish enclaves and territories in North Africa. The legion fought Moroccan irregulars in the Ifni War in 1957–58. On 17 June 1970, Legion units opened fire and killed between two and eleven demonstrators at the Zemla neighbourhood in El Aaiun , Spanish Sahara , modern day Western Sahara . The incident, which became known as

1645-653: The legion was deployed in Afghanistan as part of the NATO -led International Stabilisation Force (ISAF). In 2006, the 10th Bandera was sent to Southern Lebanon as part of United Nations' Operation UNIFIL . The Spanish Legion is now mostly used in NATO peacekeeping missions. It has 5,000 soldiers in a Brigade of two Tercios (regiments) based in Ronda , Málaga and Viator , Almería ( Andalusia ). Two other independent tercios are deployed in

1692-437: The mystique of the legion. On 20 September 1920 the first recruit joined the new legion, a date which is now celebrated annually. The initial make-up of the regiment was that of a headquarters unit and three battalions (known as Banderas , lit. "banners"- another archaic 16th century term). Each battalion was in turn made up of a headquarters company, two rifle companies and a machine gun company. The regiment's initial location

1739-530: The same camouflage dress for active service and ordinary duties as the rest of the Spanish Army but retains the unique, sage green Tropical Uniform for semi-formal barrack dress and as the basis of Legion parade uniform. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the modern legion uniform is the khaki "gorrillo" cap or " chapiri ", with red hanging tassel and piping. Contrary to usual military practice, Legionaries are allowed to sport beards and are permitted to wear their uniforms, both traditional and service, open at

1786-575: The specialty assigned. This is the same process as in the rest of units in the Spanish army. From its establishment the legion was noted for its plain and simple style of dress, in contrast to the colourful dress uniforms worn by the Peninsular regiments of the Spanish Army until the overthrow of the Monarchy in 1931. This was part of the cult of austerity favoured by a unit that considered itself on more or less continual active service. The modern legion has

1833-502: The specific unit of the Spanish Army and Spain's Rapid Reaction Force , now known as the Spanish Legion ( Legión Española, La Legión ), and informally known as the Tercio or the Tercios, is a 20th-century creation. It was raised in the 1920s to serve as part of Spain's Army of Africa . The unit, which was established in January 1920 as the Spanish equivalent of the French Foreign Legion ,

1880-497: The start but this only became part of the unit's title from 1937. In the original Tercio de Extranjeros there were Latin Americans, amongst others, one Chinese, three Japanese, one Maltese, one Russian, both German & Austrian, one Italian, two Frenchmen, four Portuguese, one Belgian, unknown Filipino and one Spanish woman from Puerto Rico . However, soon the majority of its members were Spaniards who joined to fight outside of European Spain. Tercio ( lit.   '

1927-522: The status of such an islet was that of Snake Island (Black Sea) . The International Court of Justice jurisprudence however sometimes ignores islets, regardless of inhabitation status, in deciding territorial disputes; it did so in 2009 in adjudicating the Romania-Ukraine dispute , and previously in the dispute between Libya and Malta involving the islet of Filfla . There are thousands of islets on Earth: approximately 24,000 islands and islets in

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1974-576: The training was undertaken at Fort Bragg (USA). In 2002 the BOEL was renamed 19th Special Operations Group "Maderal Oleaga" (GOE-XIX) and was moved to Alicante , and reported directly to Army HQ as part of the Special Operations Command, with recruitment now being in a national basis, with personnel assigned from various Army units. In 2019-20, the battalion returned to the Legion Command but

2021-435: The vast majority of Spaniards and Moroccans had not heard of the islet until 11 July 2002, when a group of Moroccan soldiers set up a base on the islet. The Moroccan government said that they set foot on the island in order to monitor illegal immigration , a justification the Spanish government rejected as there had been little co-operation on the matter at the time (a repeated source of complaint from Spain). After protests from

2068-503: Was at the Cuartel del Rey en Ceuta on the Plaza de Colón. At its height, during the Spanish Civil War, the legion consisted of 18 banderas , plus a tank bandera , an assault engineer bandera and a Special Operations Group. Banderas 12 to 18 were considered independent units and never served as part of the additional tercios into which the legion was organised. Francisco Franco was one of

2115-479: Was disbanded on 8 December 1838, when it had dropped to only 500 men. The Spanish Legion was modelled on the French Foreign Legion . Its purpose was to provide a corps of professional troops to fight in Spain's colonial campaigns in North Africa, in place of conscript units that were proving ineffective. The first commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel José Millán-Astray Terreros , referred to his unit as ‘La Legión’ from

2162-458: Was facing a major rebellion in the Protectorate of Spanish Morocco , led by the able Rif leader Abd el-Krim . On 2 September 1920, King Alfonso XIII conferred command of the new regiment on Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry José Millán-Astray , chief proponent of its establishment. Millán-Astray was an able soldier but an eccentric and extreme personality. His style and attitude would become part of

2209-478: Was initially known as the Tercio de Extranjeros (" Tercio of foreigners"), the name under which it began fighting in the Rif War of 1921–1926. Over the years, the force's name has changed from Tercio de Extranjeros to Tercio de Marruecos (when the field of operations targeted Morocco ), and by the end of the Rif War it became the "Spanish Legion", with several "tercios" as sub-units. The Legion played

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