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78-518: Perseus " Percy " Jackson is a fictional character, the title character and narrator of Rick Riordan 's Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. He is also one of seven main protagonists of the sequel series The Heroes of Olympus , appearing in every book except The Lost Hero , and appears in the Trials of Apollo series, making him one of the few characters to appear in all three series of

156-549: A Greek fighting style (described as unpredictable by New Romans) and is an expert swordsman . After bathing in the River Styx , Percy was given the curse of Achilles , making him invulnerable except for the small of his back. He loses this power when it is washed away in the Little Tiber surrounding New Rome, as part of his acceptance there. In addition, he has an "empathy link" with his first friend from Camp Half-Blood, Grover. As

234-445: A cure or prevention. There are several extremely important case studies: Henry Molaison, R.B, and G.D. Henry Molaison , formerly known as H.M., changed the way people thought of memory. The case was first reported in a paper by William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner in 1957. He was a patient who had severe epilepsy attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of nine. Physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so

312-458: A list in the first place. However, H.M.'s working and short-term memory seemed to be intact. He had a normal digit span and could hold a conversation that did not require him to recall past parts of the conversation. Once Molaison stopped thinking about the lists he was unable to recall them again from long-term memory. This gave researchers evidence that short-term and long-term memory are in fact two different processes. Even though he forgot about

390-464: A new tendency to make ambiguous moral choices in defense of his friends and family. One of the character's darkest moments comes in The House of Hades , when Percy discovers that he can control the water in a person's body, and uses it to torture the goddess Akhlys . Percy's girlfriend Annabeth Chase is present and brings him to his senses, but remains haunted by his readiness to use that new power. At

468-449: A patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. He implied that the most recent memories were lost first. Case studies have played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. The studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. The studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into

546-431: A patient with amnesia might have a loss of declarative memory, this loss might vary in severity as well as the declarative information that it affects, depending on many factors. For example, LSJ was a patient who had retrograde declarative memory loss as the result of bilateral medial temporal lobe damage, but she was still able to remember how to perform some declarative skills. She was able to remember how to read music and

624-426: A person. The three categories are head trauma (example: head injuries), traumatic events (example: seeing something devastating to the mind), or physical deficiencies (example: atrophy of the hippocampus ). The majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a subcategory of the first. Among specific causes of amnesia are

702-687: A personal digital device to keep track of day-to-day tasks. Reminders can be set up for appointments when to take medications, birthdays and other important events. Many pictures can also be stored to help amnesiacs remember names of friends, family, and co-workers. Notebooks, wall calendars, pill reminders and photographs of people and places are low-tech memory aids that can help as well. While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory. Such conditions include but are not limited to low thyroid function , liver or kidney disease , stroke , depression , bipolar disorder and blood clots in

780-467: A quest to regain his godhood (Papadopoulous being the mortal form of the god Apollo ). Percy is the son of Poseidon; his mother, Sally Jackson, married a man named Gabe Ugliano when Percy was young. Ugliano was abusive towards Percy and Sally, the latter of whom leaves him in The Lightning Thief . It is later known that Sally married Ugliano as the latter was so mortal and human and gave off such

858-412: A result of the surgery and became very agitated. Even five days after being released from the hospital he was unable to remember what had happened to him. Aside from memory impairment, none of his other cognitive processes seemed to be affected. He did not want to be involved in much research, but through memory tests he took with doctors, they were able to ascertain that his memory problems were present for

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936-579: A skeleton for a few seconds at a time. His purr is disproportionately loud for an animal of his size. Small Bob remains in Tartarus with Iapetus to help hold open the Doors of Death. It is unclear if he lives or dies, but he is not mentioned again. Percy is described as handsome, with messy jet black hair, a Mediterranean complexion, and sea-green eyes like his father Poseidon. His mother notes that Percy looked just like his father, and his friend Hazel says that he has

1014-550: A son of Poseidon, one of the "Big Three" (the others being Zeus and Hades), Percy is more powerful than most of the gods' other children. He also has a degree of authority over his father's subjects. Percy is gifted with several semi-divine abilities: the ability to manipulate water and currents; enhanced strength/energy and senses while near the water; the ability to breathe underwater; the ability to operate old sailing ships with his mind; mental communication with marine animals, equine animals, water nymphs, and some of his relatives; and

1092-525: A stench that no monster would roam anywhere near his surroundings. As Percy was a strong demigod (a son of Poseidon, one of the " Big Three ") and such demigods attract monsters more than usual, she had to marry him to protect Percy from danger. Between the time of The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian , Sally marries Paul Blofis , a man she met in a writing seminar. Percy likes and respects his new step-father and eventually reveals to him that he

1170-427: A while in the book he cannot remember anything other than Annabeth Chase, his long-time friend. He arrives at a Roman establishment called Camp Jupiter, and is elected praetor as a result of the help he offers them on a quest. During the remaining three books in the third person his character develops significantly. He develops an irrational fear of drowning; is humbled by weakening sword-fighting skills; and expresses

1248-554: A wristwatch that changes into a shield covered with designs, but the watch is damaged in The Titan's Curse and lost in The Battle of the Labyrinth . Percy has several magical items obtained from battles against monsters. The first of these is the horn of the Minotaur, which he obtains after killing the beast on Half-Blood Hill. Another is the head of Medusa , which he cuts off after killing

1326-593: Is August 18. In the first novel of the series, The Lightning Thief , he is twelve years old. His personality is described as "changeable like the sea" and hard to predict — with the important exception that he is dangerously loyal to his friends and family. The goddess Athena describes this as his fatal flaw . Percy's "powers", which start small and develop as the books proceed, include controlling water, making hurricanes, breathing underwater, and talking to horse-like animals and fish. He also becomes an accomplished sword-fighter and leader. Throughout Percy Jackson &

1404-619: Is a demigod. Though understandably shocked, Blofis still stays with the Jackson family and accepts Percy's complicated life. In The Hidden Oracle , Sally is seven months pregnant with Paul's child, and later gives birth to Estelle in The Tower of Nero , making her Percy's half-sister. Percy has a half-brother named Tyson , who is a cyclops . Though Percy is related to virtually every character and creature in Greek mythology through his father Poseidon, Tyson

1482-446: Is also a descendant of Periclymenus , descendant of Poseidon, and so distantly related to Percy. Percy also has a unique relationship with Clarisse La Rue , daughter of Ares and Camp Half-Blood's resident bully , whom he allegedly dislikes but often helps. Percy's oldest romantic relationship is with Annabeth Chase. Their relationship gradually changes throughout the first series, with the goddess Aphrodite first insinuating that it

1560-516: Is also fond of Nico di Angelo. Percy also knows a hippocampus named Rainbow , who likes Tyson. It first appears in The Sea of Monsters , where it helps Percy and his friends enter Luke Castellan's boat Princess Andromeda . It later saves Tyson's life and returns to help the two brothers on several occasions. Percy has also traveled with a small calico kitten called Small Bob by Bob the Titan . Small Bob

1638-450: Is cognitive or occupational therapy. In therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. This may also include strategies for organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation. Another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as

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1716-438: Is mostly just a rumor in the world. It's a rare condition, and usually a brief one. In books and movies, though, versions of amnesia lurk everywhere, from episodes of Mission Impossible to metafictional and absurdist masterpieces, with dozens of stops in between. Amnesiacs might not much exist, but amnesiac characters stumble everywhere through comic books, movies, and our dreams. We've all met them and been them. Lethem traces

1794-435: Is not a sword, it appears as a ballpoint pen engraved with its name. It reappears in the character's pocket when lost. Since it is made of celestial bronze it will harm gods, demigods, and monsters, but simply passes through mortals. Percy has also used magic javelins made by his brother Tyson, magically camouflaging armor made by Beckendorf, and the wand of Carter Kane . In The Sea of Monsters , his half-brother Tyson gives him

1872-417: Is often depicted that a second blow to the head, similar to the first one which caused the amnesia, will then cure it. In reality, however, repeat concussions may cause cumulative deficits including cognitive problems, and in extremely rare cases may even cause deadly swelling of the brain associated with second-impact syndrome . Fictional depictions of amnesia are almost universally retrograde; Memento

1950-451: Is one of the only beings whom he acknowledges as family. Percy first met Tyson at a school called Meriwether Prep, and did not learn of their relationship until much later. Percy is also distantly related to horses, pegasi , some other monsters, and numerous gods and demigods through his father. Significant examples of this would be that he is technically a grandson of Kronos , nephew to Hades , Zeus , and numerous other Olympians, as well as

2028-410: Is referred to as a " mare " in The Sea of Monsters , but is called a stallion in all later books. Blackjack becomes Percy's personal steed and companion. Blackjack is unfailingly loyal to Percy, and on several occasions manages to save Percy's life. Blackjack always calls Percy "boss" and is quite fond of sugar cubes and doughnuts. Percy's second magical companion is Mrs. O'Leary , who is introduced in

2106-437: Is still no actual cure remedy for amnesia so far. To what extent the patient recovers and how long the amnesia will continue depends on the type and severity of the lesion. French psychologist Theodule-Armand Ribot was among the first scientists to study amnesia. He proposed Ribot's Law which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. The law follows a logical progression of memory loss due to disease. First,

2184-460: Is then further described using the adjective "titular". For example, the title character of Dracula can be referred to as the book's "titular vampire", the title character of Hamlet is the "titular prince of Denmark" , and the title character of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is the "titular wizard". Amnesia Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases , but it can also be temporarily caused by

2262-617: The Camp Half-Blood chronicles . He has also been a narrator and protagonist in Riordan's Greco-Roman/Egyptian crossover stories, part of the Demigods and Magicians collection. The character serves as the narrator in Percy Jackson's Greek Gods and Percy Jackson's Greek Heroes , also by Rick Riordan. Percy Jackson is played by Logan Lerman in the film adaptations , by Chris McCarrell in

2340-447: The Wizard of Oz is the title character, but is a minor supporting character. In the musical Bye Bye Birdie , Conrad Birdie is the title character, while Albert Peterson is the protagonist. In the video game The Legend of Zelda , the title character Princess Zelda is the damsel in distress and Link is her knight in shining armor . The title character need not be the subject of

2418-546: The ballet of the same name , the Doctor in the TV series Doctor Who , Dr. Gregory House of the TV series House , Harry Potter in the series of novels and films , and Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet in the play Romeo and Juliet . There is no formal, prescriptive definition of a title character or title role , but there are general standards accepted by tradition. The title character need not be literally named in

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2496-449: The gorgon . He gives the head away several times, finally leaving it with his mother, who "disposes of it". He also obtains a bullet- and sword-proof lion skin coat when he killed the Nemean lion , which he later sacrifices as an offering to Poseidon in order to save Annabeth. Title character Examples in various media include Figaro in the opera The Marriage of Figaro , Giselle in

2574-453: The hippocampus (the CA1 region ) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss . Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people with amnesia,

2652-584: The musical and by Walker Scobell in the television adaptation for Disney+ . Development of the character Percy Jackson began when Rick Riordan started inventing stories for his son Haley Riordan, who was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia in the spring of 2002. When Haley was in second grade and he was studying Greek mythology , he asked his father to tell him bedtime stories based on those myths. When his father ran out of ideas, Haley suggested that he make up new stories that combined existing mythological characters with new ones. This led Riordan to create

2730-401: The pseudorandom sequences experiment just as healthy people; therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for declarative memory. Some patients with amnesia are able to remember skills that they had learned without being able to consciously recall where they had learned that information. For example, they may learn to do a task and then be able to perform

2808-469: The "same age" and share several character traits, though they are by no means the same person. Riordan has also stated that Percy has "[his] sense of humor" and is also "based on many of the students [he has] had in the past." Percy Jackson is a demigod , the son of the mortal Sally Jackson and the Greek god Poseidon . He has ADHD and dyslexia, allegedly because he is hardwired to read Ancient Greek and has inborn "battlefield reflexes". Percy's birthday

2886-465: The 1938 novel Rebecca , or Jason Bourne in the 2012 film The Bourne Legacy . Status as the title character has been attributed to named objects, such as the bus in the film and musical Priscilla, Queen of the Desert , or the imaginary 6-foot rabbit Harvey in the play and film of the same name . The general noun phrase "title character" can be replaced with a descriptive noun or phrase which

2964-505: The Olympians , Percy grows more confident and brave. He serves as the first head counselor of the Poseidon cabin at his demigod summer camp – Camp Half-Blood. After The Last Olympian , the next time Percy is seen is in The Son of Neptune , the second book in the sequel series The Heroes of Olympus . He has amnesia and slowly struggles to regain his memory over the course of the novel. For

3042-527: The ability to recall immediate information is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. People can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition, priming (both perceptual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh non-declarative knowledge. Individuals with amnesia also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skills despite profound impairments in

3120-430: The ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes. The term is from Ancient Greek  'forgetfulness'; from ἀ- (a-)  'without' and μνήσις (mnesis)  'memory'. Individuals with amnesia can learn new information, particularly if the information is non-declarative knowledge. However, in some situations, people with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember

3198-445: The areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. H.M.'s case showed that memory processes are consolidated into different parts of the brain and that short-term and working memory are not usually impaired in cases of amnesia. Another famous historical case of amnesia was that of Clive Wearing . Clive Wearing was a conductor and musician who contracted herpes simplex virus. This virus affected

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3276-527: The book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , Robinson Crusoe in the book of the same name or Jean-Luc Picard in the TV series Star Trek: Picard ; but can be a non-fictional dramatization, such as Annie Oakley in the musical Annie Get Your Gun , Erin Brockovich in the film of the same name , or Thomas More in the play A Man for All Seasons . Although it is common for the title character to be

3354-597: The book series. His closest friends include Thalia Grace , daughter of Zeus and leader of the Hunters of Artemis ; Luke Castellan , son of Hermes (at first Percy's friend, then his enemy, and finally Percy's friend at the time of his death ); Nico di Angelo , son of Hades; Rachel Elizabeth Dare , a mortal Pythia , or host of a prophetic spirit; Hazel Levesque , daughter of Pluto ; Leo Valdez , son of Hephaestus; Jason Grace , son of Jupiter ; Piper McLean , daughter of Aphrodite ; and Frank Zhang , son of Mars . Frank Zhang

3432-460: The brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. demonstrated a loss of anterograde memory, but almost no loss of retrograde memory, with the exception of a couple of years before his surgery, and presented no sign of any other cognitive impairment. It was not until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain, when they found his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of

3510-455: The brain. Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome involves a lack of thiamin and replacing this vitamin by consuming thiamin-rich foods such as whole-grain cereals, legumes (beans and lentils), nuts, lean pork, and yeast can help treat it. Treating alcoholism and preventing alcohol and illicit drug use can prevent further damage, but in most cases will not recover lost memory. Although improvements occur when patients receive certain treatments, there

3588-445: The creation of small earthquakes and hurricanes. All of Percy's abilities correspond to the myths about and abilities of his father. Percy's main weapon is Anaklusmos ("Riptide"), a sword made of celestial bronze given to him by Chiron the centaur , on the instructions of Poseidon; the sword's history goes back to Heracles , who was gifted that sword by the nymph Zoë Nightshade , a daughter of Atlas. Riptide can change shape; when it

3666-743: The end of The Blood of Olympus , Percy and Annabeth reveal plans to finish their senior year of high school together in New York, and then attend college in New Rome (a demigod-only city located in California, guarded by Camp Jupiter). In The Hidden Oracle , Percy has been accepted to the college with a full scholarship, provided he can pass his SATs and graduate on time despite the semester he spent away (while missing during The Lost Hero ). Percy's concern for his future and family leads him to uncharacteristically turn down Lester Papadopoulous 's request for help on

3744-441: The episodes during which they previously learned or observed the information. Some people with amnesia show abnormal amount of memory loss, confusion, and difficulty recalling other people or places. People who recover often do not remember having amnesia. Declarative memory can be broken down into semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory being that of facts, episodic memory being that of memory related to events. While

3822-455: The events of The Last Olympian . Towards the end of the book, Rachel realizes that her attraction is not to Percy, but to the mythological world he is in, because of her destiny as the next Oracle of Delphi. Three other characters in the novels are romantically interested in Percy, though he remains mostly oblivious. Nico di Angelo's hero worship of Percy turns into an ever-worsening crush on him; at

3900-515: The fictional character of Percy Jackson and the story of his travels across the United States to recover Zeus's lightning-bolt. Haley then suggested it be written as a novel. Riordan received input on the manuscript from some of his middle school students before taking the idea of Percy Jackson to a publisher. Riordan has said that Percy Jackson's original character was "inspired by my son's own struggle" at school. Haley and Percy have been cited as

3978-513: The films Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster or Smokey and the Bandit . In the novel and TV series Shogun , the feudal lord Toranaga is the title character, but the protagonist is John Blackthorne . In the 2003 revival of August Wilson 's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom , Whoopi Goldberg had the title role of Ma Rainey, but the lead was Charles S. Dutton as Levee. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ,

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4056-446: The following: Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. Since there are a variety of causes that form different amnesia, there are different methods that response better with the certain type of amnesia. Emotional support and love as well as medication and psychological therapy have been proven effective. One technique for amnesia treatment

4134-559: The fourth novel, Battle of the Labyrinth . She is a hellhound whom he receives from Daedalus before the inventor dies. Though Mrs. O'Leary is described as "the size of a tank", the magical veil known as the Mist causes her to appear as a poodle to mortals. Percy often refers to her as "his dog". Percy sometimes uses Mrs. O'Leary's ability to "shadow travel" to cross large distances almost instantaneously. His brother Tyson and friend Charles Beckendorf are Mrs. O'Leary's other caretakers, though she

4212-480: The half-nephew of Chiron . Percy's oldest friend is Grover Underwood , a satyr originally tasked with protecting him and bringing him safely to Camp Half-Blood. His next-oldest friend is Annabeth Chase , whom he meets when she helps nurse him back to health after his first fight with the Minotaur . The two accompany him on his first, and most of his subsequent, quests. Percy is also close to many other characters in

4290-489: The hippocampal regions of the brain. Because of this damage, Wearing was unable to remember information for more than a few moments. Wearing's non-declarative memory was still functioning but his declarative memory was impaired. To him, he felt that he had just come to consciousness for the first time every time he was unable to hold on to information. This case also can be used as evidence that there are different memory systems for declarative and non-declarative memory. This case

4368-416: The hippocampus has a lesion , and thus the hippocampus could not make connections to the cortex. After an ischemic episode (an interruption of the blood flow to the brain), an MRI of patient R.B. following surgery showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the CA1 pyramidal cells. In one instance, transient global amnesia was caused by a hippocampal CA1 lesion. While this

4446-542: The hippocampus. This case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory. Patient G.D. was a white male born in 1940 who served in the Navy. He was diagnosed with chronic kidney failure and received hemodialysis treatment for the rest of his life. In 1983, he went to the hospital for elective parathyroidectomy . He also had a left thyroid lobectomy because of severe loss of blood in his left lobe. He began having cardiac problems as

4524-402: The lists, he was still able to learn things through his implicit memory . The psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. Though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. This showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. In some studies it

4602-450: The looks of a Roman god. In the 2010 and 2013 films, this description is retained. However, in the Disney+ series, he has blonde curly hair and blue eyes. Like most demigods, Percy has ADHD and dyslexia, the former because of his godly battle instincts, and the latter because his brain takes more naturally to Ancient Greek than to English. After being trained at Camp Half-Blood, he has developed

4680-408: The medial temporal lobe or to the neocortex. Some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some semantic information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. H.M. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. There is evidence that the hippocampus and

4758-399: The medial temporal lobe may help to consolidate semantic memories, but then they are more correlated with the neocortex. While lesions of the hippocampus normally lead to the loss of episodic memory, if there is any effect on semantic memory, it is more varied and usually does not last as long. One reason that patients could not form new episodic memories is likely because the CA1 region of

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4836-440: The neurosurgeon Scoville tried a new approach involving brain surgery. He removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a temporal lobectomy. His epilepsy did improve, but Molaison lost the ability to form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia). He exhibited normal short-term memory ability. If he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute's time. In fact, he would forget that he had even been given

4914-412: The next 9.5 years until his death. After he died, his brain was donated to science, photographed, and preserved for future study. Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. In the introduction to his anthology The Vintage Book of Amnesia , Jonathan Lethem writes: Real, diagnosable amnesia – people getting knocked on the head and forgetting their names –

4992-425: The operation. Researchers also found that, when asked, Molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. After his death Molaison donated his brain to science, where they were able to discover the areas of the brain that had the lesions which caused his amnesia, particularly the medial temporal lobe. This case study provided important insight to

5070-691: The protagonist, it is not unusual for the principal antagonist or a key secondary character to be named in the title instead. Examples of titular antagonists include Sauron in the book and film series The Lord of the Rings , Count Dracula in Bram Stoker 's Dracula , or Francisco Scaramanga and Julius No in the James Bond novels and films The Man with the Golden Gun and Dr. No ,. The protagonist and antagonist can arguably both be title characters, as in

5148-579: The roots of literary amnesia to Franz Kafka and Samuel Beckett , among others, fueled in large part by the seeping into popular culture of the work of Sigmund Freud , which also strongly influenced genre films such as film noir . Amnesia is so often used as a plot device in films, that a widely recognized stereotypical dialogue has even developed around it, with the victim melodramatically asking "Where am I? Who am I? What am I?", or sometimes inquiring of their own name, "Bill? Who's Bill?" In movies and television, particularly sitcoms and soap operas , it

5226-511: The same time, Nico resents Percy because he believes that Percy had allowed his sister Bianca to die in battle. The second is Calypso , who was banished to the island of Ogygia . The third is Reyna Ramírez-Arellano , who, while Percy has several animal companions. The first is Blackjack , a black pegasus that Percy liberates from the Princess Andromeda in The Sea of Monsters . Blackjack

5304-624: The task later without any recollection of learning the task. According to fMRI studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the basal ganglia , the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of declarative memories. This type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as Korsakoff's syndrome . Another example demonstrated by some patients, such as K.C. and H.M, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. Priming

5382-428: The techniques used in art. She had preserved skill-related declarative memory for some things even though she had deficits in other declarative memory tasks. She even scored higher on skill-related declarative memory than the control in watercolor techniques, a technique that she used in her professional career before she acquired amnesia. The loss of semantic information in amnesia is most closely related with damage to

5460-559: The title in a strict grammatical sense: Uncle Tom is considered the title character of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Lee Marvin is often described as playing the title character in the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance , as his character (Liberty Valance) is named in the title, even though the grammatical subject of the title is the person who shot him. The concept of title character may be interpreted to include unseen characters , such as Godot in Waiting for Godot , Rebecca de Winter in

5538-641: The title, but may be referred to by some other identifying word or phrase, such as Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit , Simba in The Lion King , Aang in Avatar: The Last Airbender , Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland or more vaguely, as in the play An Ideal Husband , which ostensibly refers to the character Sir Robert Chiltern. A title character is typically fictional, such as Alice in

5616-405: The use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. There are two main types of amnesia: These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can also occur simultaneously. Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe . In addition, specific areas of

5694-503: Was a temporary case of amnesia, it still shows the importance of the CA1 region of the hippocampus in memory. Episodic memory loss is most likely to occur when there has been damage to the hippocampus. There is evidence that damage to the medial temporal lobe correlates to a loss of autobiographical episodic memory. Some retrograde and anterograde amnesiacs are capable of non-declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. For example, some patients show improvement on

5772-469: Was accidentally created by one of Atlas's servants who was attempting to summon a group of spartoi . When Percy is trapped in Tartarus during The House of Hades , Annabeth, Bob, and he find and travel with the kitten. He is fond of Bob and protective of the traveling group, leading Bob to call him "a good monster". Small Bob can transform into a full sized saber-toothed tiger at will and occasionally appears as

5850-550: Was accomplished in many different experiments of amnesia, and it was found that the patients can be primed; they have no conscious recall of the event, but the response is there. Those patients did well in the word fragment completion task. There is some evidence that non-declarative memory can be held onto in the form of motor skills. This idea was disputed, though, because it is argued that motor skills require both declarative and non-declarative information. There are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by

5928-604: Was found that H.M.'s perceptual learning was intact and that his other cognitive skills were working appropriately. It was also found that some people with declarative information amnesia are able to be primed. Studies were completed consistently throughout Molaison's lifetime to discover more about amnesia. Researchers did a 14-year follow-up study on Molaison. They studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. After 14 years, Molaison still could not recall things that had happened since his surgery. However, he could still remember things that had happened prior to

6006-421: Was more evidence that the hippocampus is an important part of the brain in remembering past events and that declarative and non-declarative memories have different processes in different parts of the brain. Patient R.B. was a normally functioning man until the age of 52. At age 50, he had been diagnosed with angina and had surgery for heart problems on two occasions. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to

6084-675: Was romantic in The Titan's Curse , when Percy undertakes a quest to free Annabeth from the Titan Atlas . However, Percy's first move towards a serious relationship does not occur until the final pages of The Last Olympian . Other romantic relationships are shown to have been possibilities before this however. As the final battle with the Titans approaches after The Battle of the Labyrinth , Percy spends time with his mortal friend Rachel Dare. Their relationship causes Chase to become jealous and helps enact

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