25-620: See text Gadopsidae The members of the family Percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches . They belong to the order Perciformes , the perch-like fishes. The name Percichthyidae derives from the Latin perca for perch and Ancient Greek ἰχθύς, ichthys for fish. Potential percichthyid fossil remains are known from the Early Paleocene of the El Molino Formation of Bolivia; these remains have been described as resembling those of
50-626: A red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Subspecies , populations and stocks may also be classified as threatened. The Commonwealth of Australia (federal government) has legislation for categorising and protecting endangered species, namely the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , which is known in short as the EPBC Act . This Act has six categories: extinct, extinct in
75-704: A graph from 1985 to present of the main index, geographical representation, monitoring consistency and time series and species accumulation. In April 2020 the Mammal Index reported that there had been a decline of more than a third of threatened mammal numbers in the 20 years between 1995 and 2016, but the data also show that targeted conservation efforts are working. The Threatened Mammal Index "is compiled from more than 400,000 individual surveys, and contains population trends for 57 of Australia's threatened or near-threatened terrestrial and marine mammal species". Individual states and territories of Australia are bound under
100-413: A mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate . This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment without direct reference to human activity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the foremost authority on threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on
125-755: A single naturally occurring cyprinid species; unfortunately, the illegal introduction of carp has now established the family's presence in Australia.) A single genus occurs outside Australia, Percichthys in southern South America. A number of species are or have been important food species; some of these (e.g. the Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii ) have become threatened through overfishing and river regulation, while others are now farmed to some extent. Some smaller species (e.g. Balston's pygmy perch , Nannatherina balstoni ) are popular in aquaria . The extremely rare Bloomfield River cod , Guyu wujalwujalensis ,
150-470: Is a searchable online database about species and ecological communities listed under the EPBC Act . It provides information on what the species looks like, its population and distribution, habitat, movements, feeding, reproduction and taxonomic comments. A Threatened Mammal Index , publicly launched on 22 April 2020 and combined as of June 2020 with the Threatened Bird Index (created 2018 ) as
175-581: Is only found in a short stretch of the Bloomfield River in north Queensland . Perciformes See text Perciformes ( / ˈ p ɜːr s ɪ ˌ f ɔːr m iː z / ), also called the Acanthopteri , is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha . Perciformes means " perch -like". Among the well-known members of this group are perch and darters ( Percidae ), sea bass and groupers ( Serranidae ). Formerly, this group
200-540: Is the less protected of the two protected categories. The Bay checkerspot butterfly ( Euphydryas editha bayensis ) is an example of a threatened subspecies protected under the Endangered Species Act . Within the U.S., state wildlife agencies have the authority under the ESA to manage species which are considered endangered or threatened within their state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on
225-799: The Scorpaeniformes , are now classified in the Perciformes. The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct serranid Paleoserranus from the Early Paleocene of Mexico , but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian , including Eoserranus , Indiaichthys , and Prolates , although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain. The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under
250-703: The Threatened Species Index , is a research collaboration of the National Environmental Science Program's Threatened Species Recovery Hub, the University of Queensland and BirdLife Australia . It does not show detailed data of individual species, but shows overall trends, and the data can be downloaded via a web-app "to allow trends for different taxonomic groups or regions to be explored and compared". The Index uses data visualisation tools to show data clearly in graphic form, including
275-518: The Chinese perches have been classified in the separate family Sinipercidae while the genus Percilia has been found not to be closely related to either that family or the Percichthyidae and has been placed in its own monotypic family Perciliidae . The following 8 genera are classified within the family Percichthyidae: Some workers have found that the genus Macquaria is polyphyletic and that
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#1733109142431300-477: The EPBC Act, but may also have legislation which gives further protection to certain species, for example Western Australia 's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 . Some species, such as Lewin's rail ( Lewinia pectoralis ), are not listed as threatened species under the EPBC Act, but they may be recognised as threatened by individual states or territories. Pests and weeds, climate change and habitat loss are some of
325-534: The IUCN, but adds a "warning list", includes species endangered to an unknown extend, and rare species that are not endangered, but are highly at risk of extinction due to the small population. Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "threatened" is defined as "any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range". It
350-465: The chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified. Classification of this group is controversial. As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics , the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic . Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes , Tetraodontiformes , and Pleuronectiformes . Of
375-426: The degree to which they are threatened: Less-than-threatened categories are near threatened , least concern , and the no longer assigned category of conservation dependent . Species that have not been evaluated (NE), or do not have sufficient data ( data deficient ) also are not considered "threatened" by the IUCN. Although threatened and vulnerable may be used interchangeably when discussing IUCN categories,
400-457: The family Percichthyidae, while research using mitochondrial DNA suggests the species of the family Nannopercidae are in reality percichthyids, as well. Australia is unique in having a freshwater fish fauna dominated by percichthyids and allied families/species. This in contrast to Europe and Asia, whose fish faunas are dominated by members of the Cyprinidae carp family. (Australia does not have
425-526: The fossil Percichthys hondoensis from the Eocene of Argentina . One articulated specimen is known from the Paleocene portion of the formation, but other remains are known from the Maastrichtian beds of the formation, indicating that percichthyids could have potential Cretaceous origins. However, the condition of this material is unclear. Another fossil percichthyid, Percichthys lonquimayiensis from Chile ,
450-615: The greatest number of percichthyid species, where they are represented by the Australian freshwater cods ( Maccullochella spp.), which are Murray cod , Mary River cod , eastern freshwater cod , and trout cod , by the Australian freshwater blackfishes ( Gadopsis spp.), which are river blackfish and two-spined blackfish , and by the Australian freshwater perches which are golden perch , Macquarie perch ( Macquaria spp.), and Australian bass , and estuary perch ( Percalates spp.). Several other Australian freshwater species also sit within
475-455: The key threatening processes faced by native plants and animals listed by the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment of New South Wales . The German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( German : Bundesamt für Naturschutz , BfN) publishes a regional Red List for Germany of at least 48000 animals and 24000 plants and fungi. The scheme for categorization is similar to that of
500-506: The presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World . Threatened A threatened species is any species (including animals , plants and fungi ) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation ,
525-639: The term threatened is generally used to refer to the three categories (critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of those three categories. They may be used interchangeably in most contexts however, as all vulnerable species are threatened species ( vulnerable is a category of threatened species ); and, as the more at-risk categories of threatened species (namely endangered and critically endangered ) must, by definition, also qualify as vulnerable species, all threatened species may also be considered vulnerable. Threatened species are also referred to as
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#1733109142431550-584: The two catadromous species Macquaria colonorum and M. novemaculeata are not the closest relatives of the other two species in the genus and are placed in the genus Percalates in the monotypic family Percalatidae These authors also found that the Percichthyidae and the Percalatidae were part of one of three clades within a new order , the Centrarchiformes in the Percomorpha . Australia has
575-592: The wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, and conservation dependent, as defined in Section 179 of the Act. These could be summarised as: The EPBC Act also recognises and protects threatened ecosystems such as plant communities, and Ramsar Convention wetlands used by migratory birds . Lists of threatened species are drawn up under the Act and these lists are the primary reference to threatened species in Australia. The Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT)
600-791: Was initially dated to the Paleocene, but further studies have found it to be from the Miocene . The temperate perches are closely related to the temperate basses of the family Moronidae , and older literature treats the latter as belonging to the family Percichthyidae. Australian freshwater percichthyids were once placed in the marine grouper family, Serranidae , and the two families are thought to be closely related. Almost 40 species of percichthyids are now recognised, grouped in 11–12 genera . Most but not all are exclusively freshwater fishes. They are mainly found in Australia , but species are also found in southern South America ( Percichthys ). More recently
625-457: Was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as
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