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124-563: As of 2024, Pendolinos have become a part of the Avelia Stream high speed train family. The name Pendolino is used to identify a family of high-speed, tilting-technology trains, produced in Italy . These trains owe their name ( pendolino can mean "small pendulum " in Italian ) to the mechanism enabling them to tilt when going around a curve. The maximum tilt of 8 degrees allows the trains to reach

248-620: A free city and put under the League of Nations , though Poland was given economic liberties and requisitioned for matters of foreign representation. The decision to build a major seaport at Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in winter 1920, in the midst of the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1920). The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in

372-736: A seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With an estimated population of 257 000, it is the 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in the Pomeranian Voivodeship after Gdańsk . Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot , the city of Gdańsk, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) with around one million inhabitants. Historically and culturally part of Kashubia and Eastern Pomerania , Gdynia for centuries remained

496-658: A German gendarme shot and killed two Polish boys who were collecting Polish books from the street, which were thrown out of the windows by new German settlers in the Oksywie district. The Germans renamed the city to Gotenhafen after the Goths , an ancient Germanic tribe, who had lived in the area. 10 Poles from Gdynia were also murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. Some 50,000 Polish citizens were expelled to

620-589: A Kashubian nationality. Despite such circumstances, local Poles, including Kashubians, organized Polish resistance groups, Kashubian Griffin (later Pomeranian Griffin ), the exiled "Związek Pomorski" in the United Kingdom , and local units of the Home Army , Service for Poland's Victory and Gray Ranks . Activities included distribution of underground Polish press, smuggling data on German persecution of Poles and Jews to Western Europe, sabotage actions, espionage of

744-508: A comfort level same as the best TEE's cars at the speed of 180–200 km/h (110–120 mph). Passenger numbers increased from 220,000 in 1988 to 2.2   million in 1993. In 1994, the next generation, the ETR 460 , styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro , began service. Though plagued by technical teething problems, the ETR 460 introduced several innovations, such as more powerful AC asynchronous motors. Further,

868-590: A compromise was reached between PKP and Alstom under which the Pendolinos would be delivered under a two-stage homologation, first homologated for operation using ETCS Level 1 and eventually to be homologated for ETCS Level 2. Hopes were expressed that the Pendolinos could be in service by 14 December 2014. On 11 September 2014, Polands's Railway Transport Office (UTK) announced that the ED250 had been certified for operation at up to 250 km/h (155 mph) in accordance with

992-442: A frequent service that acts as a high-speed shuttle. Until April 2008, once per day the route from Maribor to Ljubljana was extended as international train to Venice via Monfalcone serving Trieste . Train offers 1st and 2nd class and on-board bar. 1st Class offers leather seats in 1-2 configuration, 220 V Power Outlet (all seats), Wi-Fi, electric blind, recline (By moving lower part forward you may recline by 15"), every seat has

1116-560: A maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph), but in revenue service on the Slovenian railway network, the maximum it reaches is 160 km/h (99 mph) between Maribor and Pragersko stations, as well as between Grobelno and Celje stations. Since 24 September 2000, the series 310 runs the InterCitySlovenija (ICS) service, linking the major cities of Slovenia in one line: Ljubljana , Zidani Most , Celje and Maribor , with

1240-602: A mobilization of the town's population to vote for it on the Internet. An abandoned factory district in Gdynia was the scene for the survival series Man vs Wild , season 6, episode 12. The host, Bear Grylls , manages to escape the district after blowing up a door and crawling through miles of sewer. Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the supervillain in the James Bond novels , was born in Gdynia on 28 May 1908, according to Thunderball . Gdynia

1364-458: A pier for small trading ships. The first Kashubian mayor was Jan Radtke. It is estimated that around 1910 the population of Gdynia was 895 people. Following World War I , in 1918, Poland regained independence, and following the Treaty of Versailles , in 1920, Gdynia was re-integrated with the reborn Polish state. Simultaneously, the nearby city of Gdańsk ( Danzig ) and surrounding area was declared

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1488-567: A population of 250,000 was worked out by a special commission appointed by a government committee, in collaboration with the municipal authorities. By 1939 the population had grown to over 120,000. During the German invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, Gdynia was the site of fierce Polish defense . On 13 September 1939, the Germans carried out first arrests of local Poles in

1612-957: A reading light. In 1999, 53 Class 390 Pendolinos were ordered by Virgin Trains West Coast to operate services on the West Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom. All were built by Alstom with the body shells built at its Savigliano factory in Italy and fitted out at its former Metro-Cammell factory in Washwood Heath in Birmingham, England. Owing to cutbacks by Railtrack to the West Coast Main Line upgrade to provide in-cab signalling , these are limited in service to 125 mph or 201 km/h operation rather than their 140 mph or 230 km/h design speed. In 2008,

1736-460: A rice processing factory) or started (such as a large cold store). Trans-shipments rose from 10,000 tons (1924) to 2,923,000 tons (1929). At this time Gdynia was the only transit and special seaport designed for coal exports. In the years 1931–1939 Gdynia harbour was further extended to become a universal seaport. In 1938 Gdynia was the largest and most modern seaport on the Baltic Sea, as well as

1860-452: A small fishing village. By the 20th-century it attracted visitors as a seaside resort town . In 1926, Gdynia was granted city rights after which it enjoyed demographic and urban development, with a modernist cityscape. It became a major seaport city of Poland. In 1970, protests in and around Gdynia contributed to the rise of the Solidarity movement in nearby Gdańsk . The port of Gdynia

1984-601: A speed that is up to 35% higher than conventional trains whilst remaining comfortable for passengers. Developed by Alstom Ferroviaria, which inherited tilting technology (including that of the British Advanced Passenger Train ) after its acquisition of former producer Fiat Ferroviaria , they are built at Alstom's Savigliano plants , in Piedmont, as well as in Sesto San Giovanni near Milan (which supplies

2108-634: A stand-in for RMS  Titanic during filming of the German-produced movie Titanic , directed by Herbert Selpin . The Germans set up an Einsatzgruppen -operated penal camp in the Grabówek district, a transit camp for Allied marine POWs, a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag XX-B POW camp for several hundred Allied POWs at the shipyard, and two subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp ,

2232-632: A strike at Gdansk. To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction. By the end of 1925, they had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had ordered the trans-shipment equipment. The works were going more slowly than expected, however. They accelerated only after May 1926, because of an increase in Polish exports by sea, economic prosperity,

2356-447: A table which can be extended to (100 cm x 80 cm) for business meetings or eating, air conditioning outlet, reading light and wider seats (20 cm). 2nd Class offers plush seats in 2-2 configuration, 220 V power outlet (Some seats), Wi-Fi, electric blinds, foot rest (most seats), most have a tray table and some have a conference table which can extend to (100 cm x 80 cm) for working or eating, air conditioning outlet and

2480-469: A then speed record for Spain of 206 km/h (128 mph) on 6 May 1987. However, the train remained a unique specimen, as Renfe favoured the entirely domestic Talgo Pendular, a tilting train with passive suspension introduced in 1980. After revenue service in 1979–1982, the train was used for charter and test runs. Two decades later, to speed up services along its Madrid-Valencia conventional line, Renfe ordered ten Pendolini in 1996. The trains, based on

2604-464: A tilting carbody was ETR Y 0160, an electrically powered car launched by Fiat in 1969. This was the first to be christened Pendolino . It led to the construction of a whole EMU in 1975, the ETR 401, built in two units by FIAT. One was put into public service on 2 July 1976 on the Rome- Ancona (later extended to Rimini ) line, operated by Italian State Railways . Between Roma and Ancona (km. 295)

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2728-799: A tilting train became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, when various rail operators, impressed by the high-speed rail services being introduced in France and Japan, wondered how they could similarly speed up travel without building a dedicated parallel rail network (as those two countries were doing). By tilting, the train could go around curves designed for slower trains at higher speeds without causing undue discomfort to passengers. In Italy, various possibilities were explored (including one early design for fixed carriages with tilting seats). A number of prototypes were built and tested, including an automotrice (self-propelled) derived from ALn 668 diesel car and provided with tilting seats. The first working prototype using

2852-559: A top speed of 220 km/h (140 mph). The bogies had to be redesigned for operation on Portugal's broad gauge track, and the trains were assembled by Adtranz Portugal at the Amadora plant (former Sorefame ). Main contractor was Fiat Ferroviaria later acquired by Alstom with two main subcontractors Adtranz and Siemens that was responsible for the traction and train control. Ten six-car train sets were produced between 1998 and 2001, with commercial operation from early 1999. Based on

2976-525: A total length of 96 km. The fleet is modern and consists of Solaris Trollino cars. There is also a historic line, connecting city centre with a district of Orłowo operated by five retro trolleybuses. In addition to that, Gdynia operates an extensive network of bus lines, connecting the city with the adjacent suburbs. The conurbation's main airport, Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport , lays approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-west of central Gdynia, and has connections to approximately 55 destinations. It

3100-534: Is PLO Building situated at 10 Lutego Street. The architecture of central Gdynia was inspired by the work of European architects such as Erich Mendelssohn and is sometimes compared to the White City of Tel Aviv . The center of Gdynia has become a symbol of modernity, but was included in the list of historical monuments of Poland and is a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List . Gdynia hosts

3224-418: Is a regular stopover on the cruising itinerary of luxury passenger ships and ferries travelling to Scandinavia . Gdynia's downtown , designated a historical monument of Poland in 2015, is an example of building an integrated European community and includes Functionalist architectural forms. It is also a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List . Its axis is based around 10 Lutego Street and connects

3348-655: Is a relatively modern city. Its architecture includes the 13th century St. Michael the Archangel's Church in Oksywie , the oldest building in Gdynia, and the 17th century neo-Gothic manor house located on Folwarczna Street in Orłowo. The surrounding hills and the coastline attract many nature lovers. A leisure pier and a cliff-like coastline in Kępa Redłowska , as well as the surrounding Nature Reserve, are also popular locations. In

3472-514: Is a restaurant carriage. The motors deliver a continuous power of 4,000 kW (5,400 hp) and propel the train at a maximum speed of 220 km/h (140 mph). The Sm3 has received a lot of bad publicity in Finland for its reliability issues, mostly caused by technical problems in cold weather with the tilting system and couplers. VR has tried to mitigate the problem by coupling trains only at termini instead of intermediate stations and switching

3596-453: Is sometimes called "Polish Roswell " due to the alleged UFO crash on 21 January 1959. Sport teams In 2007, 364,202 passengers, 17,025,000 tons of cargo and 614,373  TEU containers passed through the port. Regular car ferry service operates between Gdynia and Karlskrona, Sweden. Gdynia operates one of only three trolleybus systems in Poland, alongside Lublin and Tychy . Today there are 18 trolleybus lines in Gdynia with

3720-493: Is the third largest airport in Poland. A second General Aviation terminal was scheduled to be opened by May 2012, which will increase the airport's capacity to 5mln passengers per year. Another local airport, ( Gdynia-Kosakowo Airport ) is situated partly in the village of Kosakowo , just to the north of the city, and partly in Gdynia. This has been a military airport since the World War II, but it has been decided in 2006 that

3844-551: The Monopoly Here and Now World Edition board after being voted by fans through the Internet. Gdynia occupies the space traditionally held by Mediterranean Avenue , being the lowest voted city to make it onto the Monopoly Here and Now board, but also the smallest city to make it in the game. All of the other cities are large and widely known ones, the second smallest being Riga. The unexpected success of Gdynia can be attributed to

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3968-913: The Athens-Thessaloniki high-speed railway . The trains originally had 3 kV DC equipment, which was replaced by 25 kV 50 Hz equipment, to match Greek railway standards and were fitted with ETCS onboard equipment. The first unit arrived in Greece in January 2021. Express passenger services started in early 2022 on the Athens-Thessaloniki mainline. Karelian Trains , a 50-50 joint venture between Finnish VR and Russian Railways , operated four 1522 mm gauge seven-car Pendolinos for use on 220 km/h (140 mph) Saint Petersburg – Helsinki services. Branded Allegro ( Russian : Аллегро ). Service started on December 12, 2010, reducing travel time between

4092-450: The Baltic Sea on the route west. The ship Wilhelm Gustloff sank, taking about 9,400 people with her – the worst loss of life in a single sinking in maritime history. The seaport area was largely destroyed by withdrawing German troops and millions of encircled refugees in 1945 being bombarded by the Soviet military (90% of the buildings and equipment were destroyed) and the harbour entrance

4216-632: The Baltic Sea , which moderates the temperatures, compared to the interior of Poland . The climate is mild and there is a somewhat uniform precipitation throughout the year. Autumns are significantly warmer than springs because of the warming influence of the Baltic Sea. Nights on average are warmer than in the interior of the country. Typical of Northern Europe , there is little sunshine during late autumn, winter and early spring, but plenty during late spring and summer. Because of its northerly latitude, Gdynia has 17 hours of daylight in midsummer but only around 7 hours in midwinter. The lowest pressure in Poland

4340-563: The Baltic Sea . In 2011-2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia route underwent a major upgrading costing $ 3   billion, partly funded by the European Investment Bank , including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), and modernization of stations. Installation of ETCS L2 was under way in 2016. When Pendolino services started on 14 December 2014

4464-572: The Cisalpino Due as it was the second class of tilting trains used by Cisalpino ) primarily differs from the ETR 600 in the sense that the ETR 610 / RABe 503 supports the voltage and signalling systems used in Switzerland and Germany. This includes the need for much heavier on-board traction power transformers necessary as a result of the lower traction power frequency of 16.7 Hz used in Switzerland and Germany in comparison with those required for

4588-658: The Department for Transport announced that 31 of the existing nine-car sets would be lengthened to 11 cars to increase capacity. Four new 11-car sets were also to be built. The longer units required major infrastructure changes to allow stations and depots to accommodate the 11-car units. With the closure of the Washwood Heath works, the additional vehicles were manufactured at Savigliano. The first new sets were built with 11 cars and delivered in December 2010. The lengthening project

4712-482: The ETR 460 and ETR 470 , were delivered by a joint consortium of Fiat Ferroviaria and GEC-Alsthom from 1998 as Renfe Class 490 . The three-car trains are suited for 220 km/h (140 mph) on Renfe's conventional lines electrified with 3 kV DC. The Class 490 took up the new Madrid-Valencia Alaris services in 1999. With growing demand, the capacity of the Class 490 was no longer sufficient, and from February 2008,

4836-759: The European Investment Bank , including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdynia, Warsaw and Kraków reducing rail travel times to Gdynia by 2 hours. Notable companies that have their headquarters or regional offices in Gdynia : Former : There are currently 8 universities and institutions of higher education based in Gdynia. Many students from Gdynia also attend universities located in

4960-581: The Gdynia Film Festival , the main Polish film festival. The International Random Film Festival was hosted in Gdynia in November 2014. Since 2003 Gdynia has been hosting the Open'er Festival , one of the biggest contemporary music festivals in Europe. The festival welcomes many foreign hip-hop , rock and electronic music artists every year. In record-high 2018 it was attended by over 140,000 people, who enjoyed

5084-514: The General Government (German-occupied central Poland) to make space for new German settlers in accordance with the Lebensraum policy. Local Kashubians who were suspected to support the Polish cause, particularly those with higher education, were also arrested and executed. The German gauleiter Albert Forster considered Kashubians of "low value" and did not support any attempts to create

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5208-551: The Gotthard Base Tunnel and back via Simplon Tunnel and Lötschberg Base Tunnel to Frankfurt. In 2018, the fleet was rebranded as Astoro following a refurbishment. In January 2023, the SBB announced a SFr 120m ($ US 131.2m) investment in an extensive refurbishment of the ETR 610 fleet to facilitate its continued operation for a further 15 years. The program involves renewing and replacing various components and systems, repainting

5332-525: The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed line. The West German federal railways DB experimented with tilting technology in the 1970s, but abandoned it. Then in 1987, DB commissioned a study on whether electrification or purchasing diesel tilting trains would be the better option for the Nuremberg -Hof line, and decided for the latter. In 1988, DB ordered ten tilting DMUs, and another ten in 1990. All 20 trains of

5456-507: The New Pendolino trains. The CRH5 are non-tilting trains. Thirty additional sets were ordered in 2009 and 20 additional sets was ordered in 2010 to complete the current fleet operating on China's northern and eastern lines. In August 2016, Amtrak and Alstom unveiled the new Avelia Liberty that will take passengers between Washington, D.C. , and Boston as part of a Northeast Corridor rehabilitation project starting in 2021, replacing

5580-519: The RENFE Class 114 , is a four-car variant of the New Pendolino series. During October 2004, it was announced that RENFE had placed an order for 30 high-speed trains, configured for medium distance routes and thus lacking tilting mechanisms. The order, which was subsequently reduced to thirteen trainsets, supplemented the operator's older fleet of Class 104 Pendolinos. In autumn 2008, the first train of

5704-718: The Thirteen Years' War , the longest of all Polish-Teutonic wars, started. It ended in 1466, when the Teutonic Knights recognized the region as part of Poland. Administratively, Gdynia was located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland and later of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The present-day neighbourhood of Kolibki

5828-855: The West Coast Partnership franchise in December 2019. In 1995 consortium consisting of ČKD , MSV Studénka, FIAT Ferroviaria and Siemens won tender for the construction of ten tilting trains for the Czech Railways ČD , intended for international service Berlin - Prague - Vienna . After ČKD bankruptcy in 2000, Alstom (as the new owner of FIAT Ferroviaria) took over whole order, reducing number of sets to seven and raising total price, while provided an improved version of ETR 470, equipped to work on 25 kV 50 Hz AC , 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC and 3,000   V   DC, thus suitable to operate in Germany, Austria, Slovakia and

5952-614: The Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans at the local train station. The harbour was transformed into a German naval base. The shipyard was expanded in 1940 and became a branch of the Kiel shipyard ( Deutsche Werke Kiel A.G. ). The city became an important base, due to its being relatively distant from the war theater , and many German large ships— battleships and heavy cruisers —were anchored there. During 1942, Dr Joseph Goebbels authorized relocation of Cap Arcona to Gotenhafen Harbour as

6076-529: The main train station with the Southern Pier. The city is also known for holding the annual Gdynia Film Festival . In 2013, Gdynia was ranked by readers of The News as Poland's best city to live in, and topped the national rankings in the category of "general quality of life". In 2021, the city entered the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was named UNESCO City of Film . The area of

6200-434: The 'Fast Urban Railway,' Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity) operating frequent trains covering the Tricity area including Gdańsk , Sopot and Gdynia. Long-distance trains from Warsaw via Gdańsk terminate at Gdynia, and there are direct trains to Szczecin , Poznań , Katowice , Lublin and other major cities. In 2011-2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia route was undergoing a major upgrading costing $ 3 billion, partly funded by

6324-399: The 230 km/h (140 mph) electric ICE T trains ordered in 1994 for service on conventional lines, Pendolino technology was chosen again. Fiat (Alstom) supplied the bogies and tilting technology for the 32 seven-car class 411 and 11 five-car class 415 express trains that entered service from 1999. In 2002, DB placed another order for slightly modified class 411 trains, Alstom Ferroviaria

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6448-477: The 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction power supplies. The innovative features concern the interior and exterior design, now closer to the customers’ brand strategy and an improved comfort and services for passengers. Moreover, some important technical characteristics have been increased, such as the power of the traction unit and the level of redundancy of components and equipment, in order to improve reliability. The new trains will be produced in full accordance with

6572-688: The CMK when Pendolino ED250 reached a speed of 291 km/h (181 mph), breaking the 19-year record of 250.1 km/h (155 mph). On 24 November 2013, the final day of tests on the CMK the Pendolino reached 293 km/h (182 mph). The contract between the Polish operator PKP Intercity and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested ('homologated') for operation at 250 km/h (155 mph) using ETCS L2 signalling. The tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet

6696-466: The CRH5, these are non-tilting. Like the ČD class 680, the Pendolinos are equipped to operate on 15   kV 16·7 Hz and 25   kV 50 Hz as well as 3   kV   DC for operation in Poland, and have the train control systems needed to operate in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic. However, certification for international operation is not seen as a priority, as the trains are restricted to domestic services for an initial ten years under

6820-438: The City Center was drafted by Adam Kuncewicz and Roman Feliński in 1926. The central axis of Gdynia is built around 10 Lutego Street, Kosciuszka Square and the Southern Pier. The structure of the city is designed to emphasize the connection of Gdynia and Poland with the Baltic Sea. Examples of modernist architecture are the buildings of the Bank of Poland and many tenement houses ( kamienice ). Another good example of modernism

6944-491: The Czech Republic and Slovakia for many years. At first it started operating trains from Prague to Bratislava in December 2005 and later also trains from Prague to Košice in December 2014. The connection to Bratislava ended in 2015. Polish state railways PKP ordered 14 Pendolinos in 1998, but the order was cancelled in 2000 due to a shortage of funds. In 2010, Alstom won a PKP Intercity tender for high-speed trains with an offer of 20 New Pendolino trains. Similarly to

7068-417: The Czech Republic, Slovakia (Czech railways are operating), the UK, the US, Switzerland, China, and Greece. It was also used in Russia from December 12, 2010 until March 26, 2022. Based on the design of the Italian ETR 401 (itself utilising technologies developed for the British Rail APT-E ), it was further developed and manufactured by Fiat Ferroviaria , which was taken over by Alstom in 2000. The idea of

7192-604: The Czech Republic. The first set was delivered in 2004 as Pendolino ČD 680. While testing between Brno and Břeclav on 18 November 2004, the Pendolino reached a speed of 237 km/h (147 mph) and created a new Czech railway speed record . During the testing period, the train had problems with the Czech signalling system. The problems were said to be solved and the trains entered regular service in December 2005 between Prague and Ostrava . As of late January 2006, all five Czech Pendolino trains in service suffered from software and functional problems, which were later fixed, but

7316-403: The ETR 450 became the first pendolino to enter in a high-speed regular service in the world. The project of the new train was similar to its predecessor, utilising many electronic parts, such as the chopper and the automatic gear. Characterized by a nine-car configuration, the 15 ETR 450 trainsets could run the Rome-Milan line in under four hours, at speeds up to 250 km/h (160 mph), with

7440-401: The ETR 460 the Portuguese Pendolino differs mainly from its predecessor from the carbody width that takes advantage of the Iberian gauge 1,668 mm ( 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in ). Slovenian Railways ordered three Pendolino tilting trains for its main lines. The three-car trains, delivered as SŽ series 310 , were derived from the ETR 460 . The series 310 can reach

7564-574: The Finnish State Railways) and to the cold climatic conditions. The first two units were assembled in 1995 by Rautaruukki - Transtech . A total of sixteen additional units were purchased from Alstom and shipped to Finland between 2000 and 2006. Sm3 trains operate from Helsinki to the cities of Turku , Tampere , Jyväskylä , Oulu , Kouvola , Joensuu and Vaasa . The trains are composed of six carriages. Four cars are fitted with two asynchronous three-phase AC motors (one for each bogie); two are unpowered but are fitted with pantographs. One of these coaches

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7688-484: The Germans near Starogard Gdański in September 1939. In October and November 1939, the Germans carried out public executions of 52 Poles, including activists, bank directors and priests, in various parts of the city. In November 1939, the occupiers also murdered hundreds of Poles from Gdynia during the massacres in Piaśnica committed nearby as part of the Intelligenzaktion . Among the victims were policemen, officials, civil defenders of Gdynia, judges, court employees,

7812-415: The New Pendolino trains. The CRH5 are non-tilting trains. 30 additional sets were ordered in 2009 and 20 additional sets was ordered in 2010 to complete the current fleet operating on China's northern and eastern lines. The trains have the following characteristics: Many of the new Pendolinos have been fitted with the European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 signalling system; some operations, such as

7936-427: The Pendolinos would be delivered under a two-stage homologation, first homologated for operation using ETCS Level 1 and eventually to be homologated for ETCS Level 2. The Pendolinos were put in service on 14 December 2014. In addition to the CMK from Warsaw to Kraków and Katowice , and from Warsaw to Wrocław , the Pendolinos also operate on the 350 km (220 miles) route from Warsaw to Gdańsk and Gdynia on

8060-421: The Post Office were completed. The State railways extended their lines, built bridges and also constructed a group of houses for their employees. Within a few years houses were built along some 10 miles (16 km) of road leading northward from the Free City of Danzig to Gdynia and beyond. Public institutions and private employers helped their staff to build houses. In 1933 a plan of development providing for

8184-448: The Swiss Federal Railway (ETR 610) have installed other signalling systems such as SCMT , ZUB, LZB , and Integra-Signum , in order to operate over lines not equipped with ETCS. Pendolino Pendolino (from Italian pendolo [ˈpɛndolo] " pendulum ", and -ino, a diminutive suffix) is an Italian family of high-speed tilting trains (and non-tilting) used in Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland,

8308-481: The aged Acela Express . The train has safety features that comply with Federal Railroad Administration standards, along with greater comfort, more capacity, built in Wi-Fi, Tiltronix, and with speeds up to 180 mph or 290 km/h. In 2019, Greek railway operator company TrainOSE , a subsidiary of Italian company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , purchased 5 ETR 470 high-speed trains, previously used on Frecciabianca railway services in Italy, to be deployed on

8432-546: The airport will be used to serve civilians. Work was well in progress and was due to be ready for 2012 when the project collapsed following a February 2014 EU decision regarding Gdynia city funding as constituting unfair competition to Gdańsk airport. In March 2014, the airport management company filed for bankruptcy, this being formally announced in May that year. The fate of some PLN 100 million of public funds from Gdynia remain unaccounted for with documents not being released, despite repeated requests for such from residents to

8556-403: The cities from five and a half hours to three and a half hours at first and later to three hours. The bogies are specially constructed to allow for 220 km/h (140 mph) speed both at the Finnish gauge 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ) and the Russian gauge 1,520 mm ( 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in ). The service between Helsinki, Finland, and St. Petersburg, Russia,

8680-535: The city president, Wojciech Szczurek . Trasa Kwiatkowskiego links Port of Gdynia and the city with Obwodnica Trójmiejska , and therefore A1 motorway . National road 6 connects Tricity with Słupsk , Koszalin and Szczecin agglomeration . The principal station in Gdynia is Gdynia Główna railway station , the busiest railway station in the Tricity and northern Poland and sixth busiest in Poland overall, serving 13,41 mln passengers in 2022. Gdynia has eleven railway stations. Local train services are provided by

8804-435: The city were being misappropriated to help fight the war. German dockworkers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies sent from the West to aid the Polish army, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically. Construction of Gdynia seaport started in 1921 but, because of financial difficulties, it was conducted slowly and with interruptions. It

8928-422: The contract terms and would be charged penalties as of 6 May. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at 250km/h using ETCS L2 was impossible, since ETCS L2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the CMK where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached 293 km/h (182 mph) in testing was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2. On 26 June 2014, a compromise was reached between PKP and Alstom under which

9052-467: The contract terms and would be charged penalties as of May 6. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at 250 km/h (155 mph) using ETCS Level 2 was impossible, since ETCS Level 2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the Central Rail Line (where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached 293 km/h (182 mph) in testing) was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2. On 26 June 2014,

9176-414: The cooperation was the equipment of a Renfe Class 432 EMU with the active tilting suspension in September 1972. After successful tests, Spanish trainmaker CAF and Fiat built a prototype similar to the ETR 401, which was delivered in 1976 as Renfe Class 443 , nicknamed Platanito (Little banana) for its yellow livery. The four-car train had a commercial top speed of 180 km/h (110 mph) and achieved

9300-547: The country as well as Poles from the cities of Wilno (now Vilnius ) and Lwów (now Lviv ) from the Soviet-annexed former eastern Poland . Also Greeks , refugees of the Greek Civil War , settled in the city. The port of Gdynia was one of the three Polish ports through which refugees of the Greek Civil War reached Poland. On 17 December 1970, worker demonstrations took place at Gdynia Shipyard. Workers were fired upon by

9424-529: The director and employees of the National Bank of Poland , merchants, priests, school principals, teachers, and students of local high schools. On the night of 10–11 November, the German security police carried out mass arrests of over 1,500 Poles in the Obłuże district, and then murdered 23 young men aged 16–20, in retaliation for breaking windows at the headquarters of the German security police. On 11 November,

9548-576: The first located in the Orłowo district in 1941–1942, the second, named Gotenhafen , located at the shipyard in 1944–1945. The seaport and the shipyard both witnessed several air raids by the Allies from 1943 onwards, but suffered little damage. Gdynia was used during winter 1944–45 to evacuate German troops and refugees trapped by the Red Army . Some of the ships were hit by torpedoes from Soviet submarines in

9672-481: The harbour, there are two anchored museum ships , the destroyer ORP  Błyskawica and the tall ship frigate Dar Pomorza . A 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi)-long promenade leads from the marina in the city center, to the beach in Redłowo . Most of Gdynia can be seen from Kamienna Góra (54 metres (177 feet) asl ) or the viewing point near Chwaszczyno. There are also two viewing towers, one at Góra Donas ,

9796-413: The high-speed 'CMK' Central Rail Line from Kraków / Katowice to Warsaw , and on the routes from Gdynia to Warsaw and from Wrocław to Warsaw. High speed tests using the new Pendolino ED250 on the CMK began in November 2013. On the first day of tests, 16 November, the Pendolino reached 242 km/h (150 mph). On 17 November 2013, a new speed record for Polish railways was set at km 184.000 of

9920-472: The high-speed CMK Central Rail Line from Kraków / Katowice to Warsaw and Wrocław to Warsaw. On 12 August 2013, the first ETR 610 was delivered. High speed tests involving the new trainset were largely conducted on the CMK Central Rail Line ; on 16 November, the first day of testing, the Pendolino reached 242 km/h (150 mph). On 17 November 2013, a new speed record for Polish railways

10044-494: The highest safety standards, and allows the best exploitation of the space with different loading gauges. Fiat Ferroviaria built only ten ETR 460 trainsets. Improved versions include nine ETR 470 built for the Italo-Swiss Cisalpino company and 15 ETR 480 / 485 used by Trenitalia under AC lines such as those in France and Switzerland. A total of 34 EMUs of the ETR 460/470/480 - 485 series were built. Fiat Ferroviaria

10168-500: The later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania). In prehistoric times, it was the center of Oksywie culture ; it was later populated by Slavs with some Baltic Prussian influences. In the late 10th century, the region was united with the emerging state of Poland by its first historic ruler Mieszko I . During the reign of Bolesław II , the region seceded from Poland and became independent, to be reunited with Poland in 1116/1121 by Bolesław III . In 1209,

10292-507: The lineup headlined by Bruno Mars , Gorillaz , Arctic Monkeys , and Depeche Mode . Another important summer event in Gdynia is the Viva Beach Party, which is a large two-day techno party made on Gdynia's Public Beach and a summer-welcoming concerts CudaWianki. Gdynia also hosts events for the annual Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival . In the summer of 2014 Gdynia hosted Red Bull Air Race World Championship . In 2008, Gdynia made it onto

10416-499: The local German industry, and facilitating escapes of endangered Polish resistance members and British and French prisoners of war who fled from German POW camps via the city's port to neutral Sweden . The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times, with the Poles either killed or deported to the Stutthof and Ravensbrück concentration camps. In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from

10540-480: The model operated by PKP , is not equipped with tilting apparatus. The name Pendolino, however, evidently remains as a brand for trains that can be structured both with and without oscillation. During October 2015, NTV announced that it would be procuring an initial batch of twelve ETR 675 trainsets as part of its efforts to expand its fleet via a contract valued at €460m. In comparison with the operator's preceding fleet of Automotrice à grande vitesse (AGV) trainsets,

10664-502: The new Avant services along the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line , starting 29 December 2004. Renfe ordered another 30 non-tilting medium-distance high-speed trains from Alstom/CAF in a follow-on order, which was later reduced to 13 units. However, these trains are based on the New Pendolino design. The first train of the new class designated Renfe Class 114 was presented in autumn 2008. Most of them are used in services along

10788-555: The new DB Class 610 were delivered in 1992. The two-car trains with a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) were produced by a consortium of five German companies and Fiat Ferroviaria. Fiat supplied the bogies, the hydraulic tilting suspension, and the other parts of the tilting technology, thus the trains could be called Pendolino (a Fiat trademarked brand name). Deutsche Bahn ordered more regional and express tilting DMUs with other technology (class 611 and class 612 : Adtranz/Bombardier, ICE TD /class 605: Siemens ). However, for

10912-501: The new class was formally presented. The RENFE has operated its S-114 fleet on its high-speed services between Madrid, Segovia, and Valladolid, along the high-speed line . The Pendolino EVO ETR 675 operated by the open-access high-speed operator Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori (NTV), is a member of the Avelia family of Alstom , which also includes other rolling stock produced and operated across various different countries. The ETR 675, akin to

11036-462: The new regulations governing interoperability (for example, passive security in case of impact). Initial testing of the type revealed some shortcomings, perhaps the most significant of which was that the type was too heavy for the main Gotthard route from Zurich to Milan for which they had been ordered. In fact, the ETR 610's weight impacted the train's permitted cornering speed due to forces exerted upon

11160-598: The new train's maximum speed was approximately 50 km/h (31 mph) slower; the new fleet was reportedly intended to facilitate NTV's expansion of its Italo services, as well as to introduce services to new destinations. On 3 October 2013, the first of NTV's Pendolinos was publicly presented at the Expo Ferroviaria exhibition in Milan ; by this point, the type was undergoing certification trials ahead of operating regular revenue service. In November 2017, NTV announced that it

11284-492: The opening of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel ; however, it was deferred and rescheduled for spring 2009, this date was also missed. During August 2009, the ETR 610 fleet finally achieved sufficient progress as to permit it to enter revenue service. The train is run on international routes between Switzerland and Italy; it is also used to conduct a single daily trip from Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof to Milano Centrale via

11408-522: The other at Kolibki. In 2015 the Emigration Museum opened in the city. Other museums include the Gdynia Aquarium , Experyment Science Center, Abraham's house, Żeromski's house, Gdynia Automotive Museum, Naval Museum, and Gdynia City Museum. Gdynia holds many examples of early 20th-century architecture, especially monumentalism and early functionalism , and modernism . Historic Urban Layout of

11532-497: The outbreak of the German–Polish trade war which reverted most Polish international trade to sea routes, and thanks to the personal engagement of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski , Polish Minister of Industry and Trade (also responsible for the construction of Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy ). By the end of 1930 docks, piers, breakwaters, and many auxiliary and industrial installations were constructed (such as depots, trans-shipment equipment, and

11656-460: The parts for the successor of the ETR 401, ETR 450 . After 1988, the trainset went around Europe to demonstrate the greatness of the tilting revolutionary technology and between 1994 and 2001 it was utilised as a charter train. In 2001 the ETR 401 was put aside in Ancona and since 2013, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the first official pendolino service, it has been partly restored. On 29 May 1988,

11780-660: The pistons actuating the anti-tilting action were placed in the bogie instead of on the carbody sides: this permitted the reorganisation of the vestibules and passenger compartment areas, improving comfort. The bogie-to-body connection is extremely simple and easy to make, with clear advantages for maintenance. ETR 460 keeps axle load to an extremely low level (14.5   ton/axle) to allow the train to negotiate curves up to 35% faster than conventional intercity trains (loco plus coaches). The body, which exploits large aluminium extrusion technology, has substantial modularity and allows for extremely low axle weight, whilst fully respecting

11904-472: The police. Janek Wiśniewski was one of 40 killed, and was commemorated in a song by Mieczysław Cholewa , Pieśń o Janku z Gdyni . One of Gdynia's important streets is named after Janek Wiśniewski. The event was also portrayed in Andrzej Wajda 's movie Man of Iron . On 4 December 1999, a storm destroyed a huge crane in a shipyard. The climate of Gdynia is an oceanic climate owing to its position of

12028-451: The present-day district of Oksywie was first mentioned ( Oxhöft ). Following the fragmentation of Poland, the region became part of the Duchy of Pomerania (Eastern), which became separate from Poland in 1227, to be reunited in 1282. The first known mention of the name "Gdynia", as a Pomeranian ( Kashubian ) fishing village dates back to 1253. The first church on this part of the Baltic Sea coast

12152-447: The previous Warsaw–Gdańsk rail travel time of 4-1/2 to 6   hours was reduced to 2   hours 58   minutes by Pendolino, and reduced further to 2   hours 39   minutes in December 2015. Introduction of the fast, modern Pendolinos in December 2014, had a major effect on rail ridership in Poland. In the first five months of 2015, Warsaw–Kraków rail ridership rose by 50 percent. In May 2015 alone, Warsaw–Kraków ridership

12276-553: The relevant Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI). In the 2020/21 timetable, ED250 routinely operated at a scheduled speed of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) along selected stretches of the Warszawa - Gdynia and Central Rail Line routes. Polish Pendolino trainsets do not have tilting mechanism which precludes them from the main advantage of faster taking of curves. In 2020, one train did derail in Germany during an instrumented test run. The Avant S-114, locally designated as

12400-740: The southern part of the city, while the Polish defense was still ongoing in the northern part. On 14 September 1939, the Germans captured the entire city, and then occupied it until 1945. On 15–16 September, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 7,000 Poles, while Polish soldiers still fought in nearby Kępa Oksywska . The German police surrounded the city and carried out mass searches of weapons. Arrested Poles were held and interrogated in churches, cinemas and halls, and then around 3,000 people were released until 18 September. The occupiers established several prisons and camps for Polish people, who were afterwards either deported to concentration camps or executed. Some Poles from Gdynia were executed by

12524-623: The tenth biggest in Europe. The trans-shipments rose to 8.7 million tons, which was 46% of Polish foreign trade. In 1938 the Gdynia shipyard started to build its first full-sea ship, the Olza . The city was constructed later than the seaport. In 1925 a special committee was inaugurated to build the city; city expansion plans were designed and city rights were granted in 1926, and tax privileges were granted for investors in 1927. The city started to grow significantly after 1928. A new railway station and

12648-533: The terms of a grant from the EU Cohesion Fund which covered 22% of the project cost. On 30 May 2011 the Polish state railways PKP signed an agreement with Alstom for 20 Pendolinos ETR 610 for delivery in 2014. The first Pendolino was delivered on 12 August 2013. Each seven-car Class ED250 trainset has seats for 57 first class and 345 second class passengers, with a buffet/bar and three four-seat business or family compartments. The Pendolinos were to operate on

12772-476: The tilting system off during winter. The trains were expected to receive significant maintenance between 2012 and 2014, to improve reliability of couplers and the tilting system. In Portugal the Pendolino is named Alfa Pendular and is operated by the Portuguese state railway company CP . It connects the cities of Guimarães, Braga, Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Santarém, Lisbon, Albufeira and Faro, among others, and has

12896-453: The timetable and of the ETR 470 has led SBB and Trenitalia to always have a reserve train ready at each terminus of the Milan - Zürich route. In 2012, SBB ordered eight new ETR 610 with delivery in 2015 to be operated on the Milan - Geneva and Milan - Zürich routes. The Finnish model, the class Sm3, is based on the ETR 460 but was adapted to the specific requirements of VR Group (formerly

13020-402: The track that it compelled a lower-than-expected operating speed; it was determined that the new trains would have to run so slowly that traditional trains that lacked tilting systems would be just as fast, and thus some officials publicly questioned the project's value. The original intended schedule for the type's introduction was to coincide with the December 2007 timetable change, together with

13144-426: The traction converters). The Pendolino first began service in Italy in 1988, with model ETR 450 , followed by ETR 460 , ETR 470 and ETR 480 . A new model generation was launched in 2006 with ETR 600 for Trenitalia and ETR 610 / RABe 503 for Cisalpino , a railway company that operated trains between Switzerland and Italy. Manufacturer Alstom labeled them as New Pendolino . The ETR 610 / RABe 503 (also known as

13268-405: The train took 2 hours and 50 minutes while the ordinary trains took 3 hours and 30 minutes. The train had four cars and was mostly considered a travelling laboratory for the new technology. The second unit was adapted for service to the broad gauge Renfe Spanish lines. In 1982, FS retired the ETR 401 from service, due to high maintenance cost, and FIAT transformed it in a train-laboratory, to test

13392-569: The trains still did not receive permission to operate abroad. In December 2006, the trains were given permission to operate in Slovakia and Austria, but as of 2010 permission for Germany has not yet been granted. A Czech Pendolino train appeared in the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale and in Timur Bekmambetov 's 2008 film Wanted starring Angelina Jolie . Czech Railways ČD has been operating Pendolino as an international train between

13516-541: The trains were transferred to the Corredor Mediterráneo line between Valencia and Barcelona . For medium-distance services along its high-speed lines, Renfe ordered a non-tilting variant of the Pendolino, based on the ETR 480 , in 2001. The 20 four-car trains with a service top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph) were built jointly by Alstom and CAF and delivered as the Renfe Class 104 . Renfe deployed them for

13640-400: The vehicle bodies, and making minor accessibility improvements in compliance with Swiss federal disabilities legislation. On 30 May 2011 the Polish state railways PKP signed an agreement with Alstom for 20 ETR 610 Pendolinos. These new trains, referred to as Pendolino ED250, were procured with the intent of operating them several major trunk routes, including between Gdynia and Warsaw , on

13764-402: Was 70 percent higher than a year earlier. After the initial delays Polish Pendolinos were upgraded to provide the access to wireless internet. As of September 2021, all 19 trainsets actually operating have got the equipment installed. China Railway High-speed (CRH) purchased technologies from Alstom to assemble 60 sets of high speed EMU trains, which have been named CRH5 and are based on

13888-646: Was accelerated after the Sejm (Polish parliament) passed the Gdynia Seaport Construction Act on 23 September 1922. By 1923 a 550-metre pier, 175 metres (574 feet) of a wooden tide breaker, and a small harbour had been constructed. Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia as a temporary military port and fishers' shelter took place on 23 April 1923. The first major seagoing ship, the French Line steamer Kentucky , arrived on 13 August 1923 after being diverted because of

14012-659: Was again supplier of bogies and tilt technology when the 28 trains were delivered from 2004 to 2006. Since the failure of Cisalpino , a joint venture between the Italian Trenitalia and the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), the Pendolinos used for transalpine transport between Switzerland and Italy, on the Gotthard and Lötschberg axis routes, were split between Trenitalia (five ETR 470 and seven ETR 610 ) and SBB (four ETR 470 and seven ETR 610). The low reliability of

14136-498: Was blocked by the German battleship Gneisenau that had been brought to Gotenhafen for major repairs. On 28 March 1945, the city was captured by the Soviets and restored to Poland. The Soviets installed a communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in 1989. The post-war period saw an influx of settlers from Warsaw which was destroyed by Germany , and other parts of

14260-666: Was built there. In 1309–1310, the Teutonic Order invaded and annexed the region from Poland. In 1380, the owner of the village which became Gdynia, Peter from Rusocin , gave the village to the Cistercian Order. In 1382, Gdynia became property of the Cistercian abbey in Oliwa . In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of reincorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland , and

14384-458: Was completed in December 2012. In the early 1980s, British Rail had planned to bring tilting train technology to the same line with the Class 370 Advanced Passenger Train project. Technical problems caused by pressure to launch the service early and lack of the political will to provide sufficient funding to overcome them forced the abandonment of this early attempt, although much of the technology

14508-573: Was exercising an option to purchase an additional five trainsets. On 7 December 2017, the first four out of NTV's 17 ETR 675 trains entered service on its route between Rome and Venice , enabling the operator to was increase the number of daily services on its network from 56 to 68. The introduction of the rest of the fleet saw service frequencies being further increased across 2018 to 90 trains per day. China Railway High-speed (CRH) purchased technologies from Alstom to assemble 60 sets of high speed EMU trains, which have been named CRH5 and are based on

14632-828: Was recorded in Gdynia - 960.2 hPa on January 17, 1931. Gdynia is divided into smaller divisions: dzielnicas and osiedles . Gdynia's dzielnicas include: Babie Doły, Chwarzno-Wiczlino, Chylonia , Cisowa , Dąbrowa, Działki Leśne, Grabówek , Kamienna Góra, Karwiny, Leszczynki, Mały Kack, Obłuże , Oksywie , Orłowo , Pogórze, Pustki Cisowskie-Demptowo, Redłowo , Śródmieście , Wielki Kack, Witomino-Leśniczówka, Witomino-Radiostacja, Wzgórze Św. Maksymiliana. Osiedles : Bernadowo, Brzozowa Góra, Chwarzno, Dąbrówka, Demptowo, Dębowa Góra, Fikakowo, Gołębiewo, Kacze Buki, Kolibki, Kolonia Chwaszczyno, Kolonia Rybacka, Krykulec, Marszewo, Międzytorze, Niemotowo, Osada Kolejowa, Osada Rybacka, Osiedle Bernadowo, Port, Pustki Cisowskie, Tasza, Wiczlino , Wielka Rola, Witomino, Wysoka, Zielenisz. Gdynia

14756-759: Was set when the Pendolino ED250 reached a speed of 291 km/h (181 mph), breaking the previous record of 250.1 km/h (155.4 mph) set 19 years prior. On 24 November 2013, the final day of tests on the CMK Central Rail Line, the Pendolino reached 293 km/h (182 mph). The contract between the Polish operator PKP Intercity and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested (' certified ') for operation at 250 km/h (155 mph) using ETCS L2 signalling. These tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet

14880-473: Was so small that it was not marked on many maps of the period: it was about halfway from Oksywie and Mały Kack, now districts of Gdynia. In 1871, the village became part of the German Empire . In the early 20th century Gdynia was not a poor fishing village as it is sometimes described; it had become a popular tourist spot with several guest houses, restaurants, cafés, several brick houses and a small harbour with

15004-467: Was sold to Alstom in 2000. The development of the Pendolino technology continued in Alstom's Italian factories and the next generation, the New Pendolino , was delivered to Trenitalia and Cisalpino, as the ETR 600 and the ETR 610 , from 2006. Even before the first Pendolino EMU was built in Italy, in 1972, Fiat and Renfe signed an agreement for cooperation in tilting-train development. The first fruit of

15128-486: Was suspended on March 27, 2022, as per VR 's announcement that operating a connection between Russia and Finland no longer served a purpose due to the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. Gdynia Gdynia ( Polish: [ˈɡdɨɲa] ; Kashubian : Gdiniô ; German : Gdingen [ˈɡdɪŋən] , 1939-45: Gotenhafen [ˈɡoːtn̩haːfn̩] ) is a city in northern Poland and

15252-626: Was the location of the Kolibki estate, purchased by King John III Sobieski in 1685. In 1772, Gdynia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland . Gdynia, under the Germanized name Gdingen , was included within the newly formed province of West Prussia and was expropriated from the Cistercian Order. In 1789, there were only 21 houses in Gdynia. Around that time Gdynia

15376-540: Was used to design and build Pendolino trains. On 23 February 2007, a Virgin Trains Pendolino train derailed in the Grayrigg rail crash , Virgin chairman Richard Branson credited the robust construction of the Pendolino with saving lives in the crash. Although only some carriages were damaged, the damage was beyond economical repair and the set was written off. All remaining 56 sets passed to Avanti West Coast with

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