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74-534: The Pelsaert Group is the southernmost of the three groups of islands that make up the Houtman Abrolhos island chain. It consists of a number of islands, the largest of which are Gun Island , Middle Island , and Pelsaert Island . The group is named after Francisco Pelsaert a Dutch "opperkoopman", who stranded nearby with the VOC-ship " Batavia " in 1629. The group contains the most southerly true coral reefs in

148-543: A topographical trigger for the forming of eddies , so the Abrolhos can experience currents from any direction, even when the Leeuwin Current is flowing strongly. Unlike most other major ocean currents, there is no large-scale coastal upwelling associated with the Leeuwin Current. There is limited evidence for some sporadic, localised upwelling in the vicinity of the Abrolhos, but if so it appears to have little effect on

222-752: A body of royal marine forces on shore, and of keeping them in exact discipline, and it brings into force the Army Act for one year. Until 1998, mutiny and another offence of failing to suppress or report a mutiny were each punishable with death. Section 21(5) of the Human Rights Act 1998 completely abolished the death penalty in the United Kingdom . (Prior to this, the death penalty had already been abolished for murder, but it had remained in force for certain military offences and treason , although no executions had been carried out for several decades.) This provision

296-462: A century after the passing of the first Mutiny Act. From 1689 to 1803, the Mutiny Act occasionally expired during times of peace. Yet statutory power was given to the crown to make Articles of War that operated in the colonies and elsewhere beyond the seas in the same manner as those made by prerogative in times of war. In 1715, in consequence of the rebellion, this power was created in respect of

370-516: A little less than 4 °C (7 °F) over the year, peaking at nearly 24 °C (75 °F) in March, and falling to around 20 °C (68 °F) in September. This variability is much less than in nearby coastal waters, which reaches a similar peak in summer but drops as low as 18 °C (64 °F) in winter. The relatively low variability in sea temperatures at the Abrolhos is largely attributable to

444-503: A picture of the Abrolhos' climate. The islands have a Mediterranean climate ( semi-arid climate , or BSh, under Köppen climate classification ) with warm dry summers and cooler, wet winters. Mean temperatures range from 9.3 to 19.5 °C (48.7 to 67.1 °F) in July, and from 19.1 to 32.4 °C (66.4 to 90.3 °F) in February. These temperatures have a substantially smaller range than on

518-458: A plant, stone jetty and tramways on Rat Island, a number of buildings on Rat, Gun and Pelsaert islands and had over 40 Malay workers mining and processing the phosphate for export. Over 48,000 tonnes (110 million pounds) was shipped between 1884 and 1896. The islands are a part of the Division of Durack in the federal House of Representatives and the electoral district of Geraldton in

592-520: A ship's captain . This occurred, for example, during Ferdinand Magellan 's journeys around the world, resulting in the killing of one mutineer, the execution of another, and the marooning of others; on Henry Hudson 's Discovery , resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat; and the famous mutiny on the Bounty . Those convicted of mutiny often faced capital punishment . Until 1689, mutiny

666-509: A single carbonate platform , so the waters within an island group are mostly shallow. The channels between groups are 40 to 50 metres (130 to 160 ft) deep, so no impediment to the exchange of offshore and inshore waters. The Houtman Abrolhos lies almost directly in the path of the Leeuwin Current , which draws warm, low-saline water of tropical origin southwards along the coast of Western Australia. This current flows all year round, but

740-491: A small seasonal population of fishermen, and a limited number of tourists are permitted for day trips, but most of the land area is off-limits as a conservation habitat. It is the site of numerous shipwrecks , the most famous being two Dutch ships: Batavia , which was wrecked in 1629 (followed by massacre of over 100 survivors by mutineers), and Zeewijk , wrecked in 1727. The islands are an unincorporated area with no municipal government, subject to direct administration of

814-502: Is a contraction of the Portuguese expression abre os olhos ("open your eyes", i.e. to protect yourself). As a technical term this phytonym was later applied to caltrops ( chevaux de frise ), i.e. "spiked obstructions", and Portuguese sailors used the word to refer to offshore reefs. Houtman thus named the islands using a Portuguese loanword that was current in the Dutch marine terminology of

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888-481: Is a fixed permanent code. But constitutional traditions are fully respected by the insertion in it of a section providing that it shall come into force only by virtue of an annual act of parliament. This annual act recites the illegality of a standing army in time of peace unless with the consent of parliament, and the necessity nevertheless of maintaining a certain number of land forces (exclusive of those serving in India) and

962-459: Is commonly used for insubordination by members of the military against an officer or superior, but it can also sometimes mean any type of rebellion against any force. Mutiny does not necessarily need to refer to a military force and can describe a political , economic , or power structure in which subordinates defy superiors. During the Age of Discovery , mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against

1036-508: Is generally well-mixed, with no evidence of a significant halocline or thermocline . Mean differences in water temperature between sea surface and sea bed range from only half a degree (Celsius; 1 °F) in summer to almost zero in winter, and differences in salinity are very small even when the Leeuwin Current is at its strongest. As with the rest of southwestern Australia, tides at the Houtman Abrolhos are small and irregular. There

1110-418: Is little tidal data available for the islands, but what there is accords very closely with the data for Geraldton. Geraldton tides follow a diurnal pattern, with maximum tidal ranges of around 1 metre (3 ft). Mean sea levels at Geraldton show seasonal fluctuations, being higher in winter when the Leeuwin Current is at its peak. There are also variations from year to year, which are strongly associated with

1184-410: Is nearly always windy. During summer a high pressure ridge lies to the south, causing persistent winds from the southeast or southwest, at speeds exceeding 8.7 metres per second (17 kn) almost half the time. During autumn and winter, the ridge moves northwards, increasing the atmospheric pressure over the islands, resulting in highly variable winds. Winter tends to produce both the strongest gales and

1258-477: Is partly due to the low-salinity waters of the Leeuwin Current, but there are a number of other factors involved, including high evaporation of coastal waters in summer. Temperatures can also vary substantially from year to year. Annual mean temperatures vary by as much as 1 °C (2 °F); with cooler years usually cooler throughout the year. There is evidence that annual mean temperatures are related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. The water column

1332-433: Is strongest during southern hemisphere winter months. In general the Leeuwin Current runs along the shelf break, and thus passes close by the western edge of the Abrolhos. It meanders, sometimes passing well out to sea and sometimes directly through the island chain, bathing it in warm tropical water; Although the direction of the Leeuwin Current is predominantly southerly, Shark Bay and the Houtman Abrolhos together act as

1406-587: Is the obligation of every member of the U.S. military , a principle established by the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials following World War II and reaffirmed in the aftermath of the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War . However, a U.S. soldier who disobeys an order after deeming it unlawful will almost certainly be court-martialed to determine whether the disobedience was proper. In addition, simple refusal to obey

1480-502: Is to be carefully avoided as very dangerous to ships that wish to touch at this coast. It is fully ten miles in length, lying in 28° 46. The word Abrolhos is Portuguese , making the Houtman Abrolhos one of only two Australian places with a Portuguese name, the other being Pedra Branca in Tasmania . The noun abrolhos means 'thorn', and originally designated the spiny fruit of the bindii plant ( Tribulus terrestris ). Etymologically it

1554-763: The Ocean Queen , wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1842; the Ben Ledi , wrecked off Pelsaert Island in 1879; and the Windsor , wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1908. This article about a location in Western Australia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Houtman Abrolhos The Houtman Abrolhos (often called the Abrolhos Islands ) is a chain of 122 islands and associated coral reefs in

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1628-537: The City of Greater Geraldton . In July 2019, the Houtman Abrolhos was declared a national park by the Western Australian Government . In early November 2022, the government published its three-part plan to manage the site in the following 10 years, based on research and community consultation carried out after the preceding two years. Some critics thought that the plan did not encourage land-based tourism to

1702-642: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Apparently, ENSO events induce a weaker Leeuwin Current, which results in lower sea levels. There is no published information on wave heights in the Abrolhos. In the open ocean, waves are typically a little over two metres high all year round. Nearer the mainland, they are usually less than 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in), with a calmer period in March and April, and another in October and November. As of 2012 ,

1776-633: The Government of Western Australia . In July 2019, the Houtman Abrolhos was declared a national park by the state government. The Houtman Abrolhos archipelago is in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Australia, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Geraldton in the state of Western Australia . Its 122 islands and associated coral reefs comprise three island groups, the Wallabi Group , Easter Group and Pelsaert Group . The most northerly group,

1850-478: The Indian Ocean off the west coast of Australia about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Geraldton, Western Australia . It is the southernmost true coral reef in the Indian Ocean, and one of the highest latitude reef systems in the world. It is one of the world's most important seabird breeding sites, and the centre of Western Australia's largest single-species fishery, the western rock lobster fishery. It has

1924-692: The Indian Ocean . The group is part of the Houtman Abrolhos Important Bird Area , identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for supporting large numbers of breeding seabirds. A great many ships have been wrecked in the Pelsaert Group. The most notable wreck is the Zeewijk , which was wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1727, the survivors staying on Gun Island for some time afterwards. Other wrecks include

1998-544: The Western Australian Legislative Council . Management is vested in the Department of Fisheries. Some of the islands are considered to be remnants of the mainland isolated by rising sea level during the last 8,000 to 10,000 years. Others were more recently formed from coral rubble. The Houtman Abrolhos lies in the Indian Ocean about 60 kilometres (40 mi) off the coast of Western Australia, near

2072-465: The 16th century. Kenneth McIntyre , for example, claimed that Houtman was in possession of Portuguese maps of the west coast of Australia, and that he named the islands "abrolhos" in accordance with the name on those maps. Charting of the islands was previously credited to Jorge de Menezes , but the notion that Menezes visited Australia is now thoroughly discredited, and no other candidate has been proffered. The primary piece of evidence used to support

2146-477: The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has not published climatic data for the Houtman Abrolhos. An automatic weather station has been installed on North Island since 1990, and hourly measures of precipitation , air temperature , wind speed , wind direction , relative humidity and atmospheric pressure have been publicly available since then. Based on this and other data, researchers have put together

2220-467: The Houtman Abrolhos is located within the Southwest Shelf Transition , an Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (IMCRA) biotone that takes in the continental shelf from Perth to Geraldton . This province is defined as the area of shelf where tropical waters intergrade into temperate, thus supporting both tropical and temperate biota. In addition, this area contains

2294-426: The Leeuwin Current, which bathes the islands in warm tropical water during winter months. A similar annual pattern occurs in salinity . There is a clear seasonal variation, with values ranging from a summer high of around 35.7 ppt , to a winter low of around 35.4 ppt. As with water temperatures, the variability in salinity is much smaller than in coastal waters, where summer salinity reaches 36.4 ppt. This difference

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2368-633: The Parliamentary forces in the time of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell were governed not by an act of the legislature, but by articles of war similar to those issued by the king and authorized by an ordinance of the Lords and Commons exercising in that respect the sovereign prerogative. This power of law-making by prerogative was however held to be applicable during a state of actual war only, and attempts to exercise it in times of peace were ineffectual. Subject to this limitation, it existed for considerably more than

2442-487: The Wallabi Group, consists of an island clump about 17 kilometres (11 mi) by 10 kilometres (6 mi), and also takes in the outlying North Island 14 kilometres (9 mi) to the north-west. The main islands of the Wallabi Group are North Island, West Wallabi Island , East Wallabi Island and Beacon Island . The group is best known for the shipwreck of Batavia on Morning Reef near Beacon Island in 1629, and

2516-501: The act of Parliament. The Mutiny Act 1873 was passed in this manner. Such matters remained until 1879 when the last Mutiny Act was passed and the last Articles of War were promulgated. The Mutiny Act legislated for offences in respect of which death or penal servitude could be awarded. Meanwhile, the Articles of War, while repeating those provisions of the act, constituted the direct authority for dealing with offences for which imprisonment

2590-458: The administration of the act in many matters formerly dealt with by the Articles of War. These rules, however, must not be inconsistent with the provisions of the Army Act itself, and must be laid before parliament immediately after they are made. Thus in 1879, the government and discipline of the army became for the first time completely subject either to the direct action or the close supervision of Parliament. A further notable change took place at

2664-469: The agreed disobedience would be such as to subvert discipline. The same definition applies in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force . The military law of England in early times existed, like the forces to which it applied, in a period of war only. Troops were raised for a particular service and were disbanded upon the cessation of hostilities. The crown, by prerogative , made laws known as Articles of War for

2738-480: The archipelago enough. A spokesperson for Western Australia's Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development said that their top priority is preservation of the wildlife on the islands. Aboriginal people visited the islands during the Holocene , as indicated by the discovery on Beacon Island of a flaked stone artefact made from Eocene fossiliferous chert . According to the surviving historical record,

2812-587: The biota is dominated by tropical species. This is attributable to the location of the Houtman Abrolhos at the northern limit of the Southwest Shelf Transition, together with the warming influence of the Leeuwin Current. Under IMCRA, the Southwest Shelf Transition divides into two meso-scale bioregions. One is named Abrolhos Islands , and covers the shelf waters surrounding the Houtman Abrolhos, with an area of 6,645 square kilometres (2,566 sq mi). The other bioregion, Central West Coast , covers

2886-484: The capital of the Dutch East Indies . Pelsaert and some of his crew set off in an open boat to Batavia (now Jakarta ) to get help. A group of the crew who remained on some of the islets terrorised and killed many of the other crew and passengers, including women and children. When Pelsaert returned, a number of the culprits were executed. The Zeewijk was the last of the four Dutch East Indiamen to be wrecked on

2960-454: The claim of Portuguese priority is the 16th century Dieppe maps , some of which are alleged to show the west coast of Australia, including an island at the position of the Houtman Abrolhos. That island is unlabelled on most of the Dieppe maps but, on Pierre Desceliers ' 1550 map, it is labelled Arenes . In 1895, George Collingridge suggested that Arenes was a corruption of Abrolhos , but that

3034-498: The edge of Australia's continental shelf . At less than 50 metres (160 ft) deep, the shelf is quite shallow. It is also fairly level, the depth increasing to the west at a modest gradient of about 1.3 metres per kilometre (7 ft/mi). About five kilometres (3 mi) to the west of the Houtman Abrolhos lies the shelf break , beyond which the seabed falls away much more steeply, averaging around 50 metres per kilometre (260 ft/mi). The islands of each island group arise from

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3108-420: The extremely low levels of nutrients in the water. Sea temperature at the islands varies according to a diurnal cycle, with the water at its coldest between six and eight in the morning, and at its warmest between three and four in the afternoon. In summer the daily temperature range is around 1 °C (2 °F); in winter it is about half that. There is also an annual cycle, with sea temperature varying by

3182-544: The first sighting of the Houtman Abrolhos by Europeans was in 1619, sailing the Dutch VOC ships Dordrecht and Amsterdam , only three years after Dirk Hartog made the first authenticated sighting of what is now Western Australia, and only 13 years after the first authenticated European voyage to Australia by the Duyfken , in 1606. Discovery of the islands was credited to Frederick de Houtman , Captain-General of Dordrecht , as it

3256-414: The first-known Dutch-Malay and Dutch-Malagasy dictionaries in 1603. He appears to have been fluent-enough in Portuguese that he might have used an evocative Portuguese word if it described the area better than any Dutch word did. It has been argued by proponents of the theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia that the Portuguese name is evidence that the islands were charted by Portuguese navigators in

3330-470: The forces in the kingdom, but apart from and in no respect affected the principle acknowledged all this time that the crown of its mere prerogative could make laws for the government of the army in foreign countries in time of war. The Mutiny Act 1803 effected a great constitutional change in this respect: the power of the Crown to make any Articles of War became altogether statutory, and the prerogative merged in

3404-427: The government and discipline of the troops while thus embodied and serving. Except for the punishment of desertion, which was made a felony by statute in the reign of Henry VI , these ordinances or Articles of War remained almost the sole authority for enforcing discipline until 1689. That year, the first Mutiny Act was passed and the military forces of the crown were brought under the direct control of Parliament. Even

3478-407: The highest concentration of west coast endemics. Consistent with this, the Houtman Abrolhos contains a mix of tropical, temperate and west coast endemic fauna, resulting in unusual associations such as the occurrence of tropical corals in close association with temperate macro-algae. The proportions of tropical, temperate and west coast endemic biota vary from taxonomic group to group, but in general

3552-399: The history of English military law up to 1879 may be divided into three periods, each having a distinct constitutional aspect: (I) prior to 1689, the army, being regarded as so many personal retainers of the sovereign rather than servants of the state, was mainly governed by the will of the sovereign; (2) between 1689 and 1803, the army, being recognised as a permanent force, was governed within

3626-456: The islands, including two boys who were accused of sodomy and marooned on separate islands of the Mangrove Group. On 10 July the longboat, fitted for a voyage and crewed with eleven men, was sent to Batavia to obtain help. It never arrived there, and nothing is known of its fate. Four months later the castaways began building a 18-metre (60 ft) boat, sufficient to carry all the men and

3700-417: The label Fr. Houtman's abrolhos . On a map produced by Gerritsz the following year, they are labelled Houtman's Abrolhos . On British Admiralty charts, the islands are labelled Houtman's Rocks . In 1629, some of the islands were the scene of an infamous shipwreck and mutiny. The Dutch ship Batavia , under the command of Francisco Pelsaert , ran aground on her maiden voyage to the port of Batavia ,

3774-504: The largest island in the Pelsart Group. The commander, John Clements Wickham , named the place Gun Island and the passage between the Easter and Pelsart Groups, Zeewijk Channel. Later during the 19th century many islets were used by men collecting guano . A lease to mine rock phosphate on the islands was obtained by Charles Broadhurst in 1884. After surveying the area he constructed

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3848-520: The mainland: the summer temperature is typically a degree cooler, while winter temperatures are a good deal warmer. This is due to the influence of the ocean, and to the Leeuwin Current. 86% of the rain falls between April and September; on average there are 89 raindays, resulting in 469 millimetres (18.5 in) of rain. The wettest month is June, when over 100 millimetres (3.9 in) typically falls. In contrast, only about 70 millimetres (2.8 in) can be expected to fall between October and March. It

3922-434: The men landed ten chests of money, containing 315,836 guilders and weighing a total of three tonnes (6,600 lb). The crew of Zeewijk were stranded in the Pelsaert Group for ten months, during which time they lived off seals, seabirds, eggs, and victuals salvaged from the wreck. They obtained some water from rainfall, but were forced to explore throughout the group in search of further supplies. A great many men died on

3996-445: The military law of England. The act contained a proviso saving the right of the crown to make Articles of War, but in such a manner as to render the power in effect a nullity by enacting that no crime made punishable by the act shall be otherwise punishable by such articles. As the punishment of every conceivable offence was provided, any articles made under the act could be no more than an empty formality having no practical effect. Thus

4070-641: The money chests. Completed in March 1728 and affectionately named Sloepie ("little sloop "), it was the first ocean-going vessel built in Australian history. On 26 March 1728, the surviving men set sail for Batavia, arriving in Sunda Strait late the following month. During Admiralty surveys of the north west coast in 1840, crew from HMS  Beagle discovered a brass gun of about three pounds calibre, an iron swivel on which paint still adhered as well as numerous other artefacts signifying European occupation, on

4144-414: The most frequent periods of calm. In addition to these winds, there is daily pattern of land breezes in the morning, followed by the onset of south-westerly sea breezes in the afternoon. This pattern is caused by temperature differences between the land and the ocean, and is not as strong in the Houtman Abrolhos as on the mainland, but is present nonetheless. Three classes of storm have been identified for

4218-729: The northwest initially, then gradually moving around to southerly. Under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), the islands of the Houtman Abrolhos fall within the Geraldton Hills subregion of the Geraldton Sandplains region. The main biogeographic significance of the islands is their isolation, allowing them to provide refugia for such threatened fauna as tammar wallabies ( Macropus eugenii ), Australian sea lions ( Neophoca cinerea ) and rare breeding seabirds. In marine terms,

4292-402: The realm by statute and without it by the prerogative of the crown; and (3) from 1803 to 1879, it was governed either directly by statute or by the sovereign under an authority derived from and defined and limited by statute. Although in 1879 the power of making Articles of War became in effect inoperative, the sovereign was empowered to make rules of procedure, having the force of law, to regulate

4366-403: The region. Brief squalls may occur between December and April. A tropical cyclone occurs in the area about once in three years, between January and April; these may generate extremely high wind speeds that are potentially destructive. During winter, extra-tropical cyclones sometimes pass south of Geraldton, generating winter gales with gusts of up to 35 metres per second, the wind direction from

4440-463: The remaining area. The vegetation of the Houtman Abrolhos islands is dominated by chenopod shrubs. The flora is generally the same as the coastal flora of the adjacent mainland, with the exception of the islands' mangrove, saltbush and salt lake vegetation. Mutiny Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military , of a crew , or of a crew of pirates ) to oppose, change, or remove superiors or their orders. The term

4514-402: The same time. The Mutiny Act had been brought into force on each occasion for one year only, in compliance with the constitutional theory: that the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace, unless with the consent of parliament, is against law. Each session therefore the text of the act had to be passed through both Houses clause by clause and line by line. The Army Act, on the other hand,

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4588-459: The southeast, across Zeewijk Channel , lies the Pelsaert Group, the most southerly true coral reef in the Indian Ocean. The main islands of this group are Middle Island , Square Island , Long Island , Pelsaert Island , Basile Island and the Mangrove Group . A great many ships have been wrecked in the Pelsaert Group, most notably Zeewijk , which was wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1727,

4662-446: The subsequent mutiny and massacre that took place among the survivors. The Easter Group lies to the southeast of the Wallabi Group, from which it is separated by a 9-kilometre-wide (5.6 mi) channel named Middle Channel . It is about 20 by 12 kilometres (12.4 mi × 7.5 mi), and consists of a number of islands, including Rat Island , Wooded Island , Morley Island , Suomi Island and Alexander Island . Further to

4736-480: The survivors staying on Gun Island for some time afterwards. Other wrecks include Ocean Queen , wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1842; Ben Ledi , wrecked off Pelsaert Island in 1879; Windsor , wrecked on the Half Moon Reef in 1908.; and possibly Ridderschap van Holland in 1694 and Aagtekerke in 1727. The islands are a part of Western Australia. They are part of the Electoral district of Geraldton , and

4810-471: The task. In 1879, a measure was passed into law consolidating in one act both the Mutiny Act and the Articles of War, and amending their provisions in certain important respects. This measure was called the Army Discipline and Regulation Act 1879. After one or two years of experience highlighted the need for improvement, it was superseded by the Army Act 1881, which formed the foundation and main portion of

4884-573: The time. John Forsyth states that the islands are named after the Abrolhos Archipelago off the east coast of Brazil , which was discovered and named by Portuguese navigators early in the 16th century. That position is supported by the fact that Houtman was familiar with the Abrolhos Archipelago, having sailed through it in 1598. Others assert that abrolhos was a Portuguese lookout 's cry which, like many other Portuguese maritime terms,

4958-522: The west coast of Australia. Due to the Ship's Council having made the inexplicable decision to disregard sailing orders and actually seek out the west coast of Australia, the ship ran onto the Half Moon Reef at about 7:30 pm on 9 June 1727. It did not break up immediately, and the heavy swell made evacuation impossible until 18 June. The longboat was launched on that day, and the crew and stores were thereafter gradually transferred to nearby Gun Island . Later,

5032-504: Was Houtman who later wrote about the discovery in a letter to the directors of the Dutch East India Company : On the 29th do. deeming ourselves to be in an open sea, we shaped our course north-by-east. At noon we were in 29° 32' S. Lat.; at night about three hours before daybreak, we again unexpectedly came upon a low-lying coast, a level, broken country with reefs all round it. We saw no high land or mainland, so that this shoal

5106-582: Was mocked by J. E. Heeres in 1898, and, according to J. S. Battye , "this suggestion can scarcely be regarded seriously. It certainly does not in any way add to the merit of the Portuguese claim". Setting aside the Portuguese claims, the Houtman Abrolhos first appear on a map in 1622, on a little-known portolan by Hessel Gerritsz . They are unlabelled, marked merely as a group of small circles. They are first named in print in Gerritsz' 1627 map Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht , where they bear

5180-645: Was not required by the European Convention on Human Rights , since Protocol 6 of the Convention permitted the death penalty in time of war, and Protocol 13, which prohibits the death penalty for all circumstances, did not then exist. The government introduced section 21(5) as a late amendment in response to parliamentary pressure. The United States ' Uniform Code of Military Justice defines mutiny thus: U.S. military law requires obedience only to lawful orders. Disobedience to unlawful orders (see Superior orders )

5254-498: Was regulated in England by Articles of War instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first Mutiny Act was approved, which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to Parliament . The Mutiny Act, altered in 1803, and the Articles of War defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act in 1879. This, in turn,

5328-730: Was replaced by the Army Act in 1881. Today the Armed Forces Act 2006 defines mutiny as follows: (2)For the purposes of this section a person subject to service law takes part in a mutiny if— (a)in concert with at least one other person subject to service law, he— (i)acts with the intention of overthrowing or resisting authority; or (ii)disobeys authority in such circumstances as to subvert discipline; (b)he agrees with at least one other person subject to service law to overthrow or resist authority; or (c)he agrees with at least one other person subject to service law to disobey authority, and

5402-470: Was taken up by sailors of other nationalities, becoming, by Houtman's time, a Dutch loan word for offshore reefs. Additionally, Frederick De Houtman had at least some grasp of Portuguese, having been sent by Amsterdam merchants to Lisbon from 1592 – 1594 with his brother Cornelis to learn about the Portuguese route to the Indies. Frederick also appears to have been a keen linguist, having published

5476-492: Was the maximum punishment, as well as with many matters relating to trial and procedure. The act and the articles were found not to harmonize in all respects. Their general arrangement was faulty, and their language sometimes obscure. In 1869, a royal commission recommended that both should be recast in a simple and intelligible shape. In 1878, a committee of the House of Commons endorsed this view and made recommendations for performing

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