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54-418: Modern breeders and dog show judges seem to prefer the long-haired type over the more traditional spaniel -type coat. The Pekingese's flat face and large eyes are some of the breed's most obvious characteristics. The body is compact and low to the ground. Pekingese also have a muscular and durable body. The breed's unusual rolling gait may have been deliberately developed through selective breeding, to prevent

108-610: A 15 and 25% loss of body water. Mild dehydration usually resolves with oral rehydration , but severe cases may need intravenous fluids. Dehydration can cause hypernatremia (high levels of sodium ions in the blood). This is distinct from hypovolemia (loss of blood volume , particularly blood plasma ). Chronic dehydration can cause kidney stones as well as the development of chronic kidney disease . The hallmarks of dehydration include thirst and neurological changes such as headaches , general discomfort , loss of appetite , nausea , decreased urine volume (unless polyuria

162-577: A branch of the Celts moving from Spain into Cornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland. Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the " Agassian hunting dog " described in the hunting poem Cynegetica attributed to Oppian of Apamea , which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman Britain : There

216-421: A dehydrated state is accomplished by the replenishment of necessary water and electrolytes (through oral rehydration therapy , or fluid replacement by intravenous therapy ). As oral rehydration is less painful, non-invasive, inexpensive, and easier to provide, it is the treatment of choice for mild dehydration. Solutions used for intravenous rehydration may be isotonic , hypertonic , or hypotonic depending on

270-748: A higher risk for breathing difficulties (most notably brachycephalic obstructed airway syndrome). Because of this, they are rarely capable of more than 30 minutes of exercise per day. It is important to monitor their breathing while exercising, especially if in the heat. If the Pekingese begins wheezing, exercise should cease immediately. After running, they should rest in a cool place until their breathing returns to normal. They must have access to plenty of water before, during, and after exercise to prevent overheating and dehydration . The breed emerged in China from several kinds of small dog owned by aristocratic families. Unlike

324-575: A little over 4 pounds and many other breeders had bred true miniatures of a similar size. He noted that miniatures may appear in a litter bred from full-sized Pekingese and were exhibited in classes for dogs less than 7 pounds at the major dog shows in Britain. In 1946 (when Hubbard wrote his book), the Sleeve Pekingese had a strong following with the most popular colours being cream and white, with white being considered particularly attractive. He illustrated

378-506: A self-colored face is equally acceptable in show dogs . Regardless of coat color, the exposed skin of the muzzle, nose, lips and eye rims is black. Due to heavy shedding and to prevent mats, this double-coated breed requires frequent extensive grooming . Pekingese weigh from 7 to 14 lb (3.2 to 6.4 kg) and stand about 6–9 inches (15–23 cm) at the withers ; however, they can be smaller. These smaller Pekingese are commonly referred to as "sleeve" Pekingese or just "sleeves". The name

432-486: A side effect from many different types of drugs and medications. In the elderly, blunted response to thirst or inadequate ability to access free water in the face of excess free water losses (especially hyperglycemia related) seem to be the main causes of dehydration. Excess free water or hypotonic water can leave the body in two ways – sensible loss such as osmotic diuresis , sweating , vomiting and diarrhea , and insensible water loss, occurring mainly through

486-564: A spaniel can get the job done. On the basis of function and hunting style, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) draws a distinction between Continental and Anglo-American spaniels. The FCI places Continental dogs of the spaniel type in the pointing group (Group 7, sect. 1.2) because they function more like setters which "freeze" and point to game. Breeds in this group include the Blue Picardy Spaniel ,

540-616: Is trauma . Primary health concerns include neurological and cardiovascular defects, As a result of breeding for an increasingly flattened face, its brachycephaly can lead to health issues in some Pekingese. Therefore other potential concerns in the breed are eye issues and breathing problems , resulting from its tiny skull and flattened face. Furthermore, skin allergies (including hotspots ) and eye ulcers may develop spontaneously. Pekingese may also develop keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) and progressive retinal atrophy . In an effort to address potential breathing difficulties caused by

594-631: Is a lack of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes . It occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake. This is usually due to excessive sweating, disease, or a lack of access to water. Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis , which may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a 3-4% decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects. A 5-8% decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over 10% of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration, accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs with

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648-437: Is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that

702-497: Is contained within the cells. This consists of approximately 40% of the total body water. Fluid inside the cells has high concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and proteins. Extracellular fluid consists of all fluid outside of the cells, and it includes blood and interstitial fluid. This makes up approximately 60% of the total body water. The most common ions in extracellular fluid include sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The concentration of dissolved molecules and ions in

756-676: Is required. Fluids containing a proper balance of replacement electrolytes are given orally or intravenously with continuing assessment of electrolyte status; complete resolution is normal in all but the most extreme cases. The prognosis for dehydration depends on the cause and extent of dehydration. Mild dehydration normally resolves with oral hydration. Chronic dehydration, such as from physically demanding jobs or decreased thirst, can lead to chronic kidney disease . Elderly people with dehydration are at higher risk of confusion, urinary tract infections , falls, and even delayed wound healing. In children with mild to moderate dehydration, oral hydration

810-529: Is taken from ancient times, when emperors would carry the smallest of the breed in their sleeves. A Pekingese over 14 lbs. is disqualified in the show ring. The Pekingese is slightly longer than tall when measured from the forechest to the rear. The overall outline is an approximate ratio of 3 high to 5 long. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . The leading cause of death for Pekingese, as for many other Toy breeds,

864-515: Is the cause of dehydration), confusion , unexplained tiredness , purple fingernails, and seizures . The symptoms of dehydration become increasingly severe with greater total body water loss. A body water loss of 1-2%, considered mild dehydration, is shown to impair cognitive performance. While in people over age 50, the body's thirst sensation diminishes with age, a study found that there was no difference in fluid intake between young and old people. Many older people have symptoms of dehydration, with

918-422: Is typically seen in dehydration due to free water loss. A urinalysis, which is a test that performs chemical and microscopic analysis of urine, may find darker color or foul odor with severe dehydration. Urinary sodium also provides information about the type of dehydration. For hyponatremic dehydration, such as from vomiting or diarrhea, urinary sodium will be less than 10mmol/L due to increased sodium retention by

972-633: The French Spaniel , the Brittany , the Pont-Audemer Spaniel , and the Small Münsterländer . The FCI classifies most other dogs of the spaniel type as flushing or water dogs (Group 8, sections 2 and 3). (Русский охотничий спаниель) The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels. Dehydration In physiology, dehydration

1026-708: The King Charles Spaniel into the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in less than a century. In assisting hunters, it is desirable that spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, and are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbits, waterfowl, rats, and mice. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, along fencerows or marshlands,

1080-608: The Old French word espaigneul which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from the Latin Hispaniolus which simply means "Spanish". In Edward, 2nd Duke of York 's work The Master of Game , which was mostly a 15th-century translation of an earlier work by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn entitled Livre de chasse , spaniels are described as being from Spain as much as all Greyhounds are from England or Scotland. Sixteenth-century English physician John Caius wrote that

1134-429: The skin and respiratory tract . In humans, dehydration can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body. These occur primarily through either impaired thirst/water access or sodium excess. Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body by mass. Within the body, water is classified as intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid refers to water that

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1188-502: The Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent. Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that the ancient Romans imported spaniels into Britannia by way of the trade routes to the Far East . Colonel David Hancock adds a belief that

1242-602: The Chinese Imperial Household led to dogs being bred as small as possible and to practices aimed at stunting their growth: giving puppies rice wine , holding newborns tightly for hours at a time or putting the puppies into tight-fitting wire mesh waistcoats. These practices were apparently forbidden by Dowager Empress Cixi . In Hubbard's time, the term Sleeve was applied in Britain to a miniature Pekingese no more than 6–7 pounds in weight, often appearing to be only about 3–4 pounds. Mrs Flander's Mai Mai weighed only

1296-406: The Pekingese coat healthy and presentable requires daily brushing and a trip to the groomer every 8–12 weeks. Dogs intended as a house pet may be kept in a puppy cut, which requires less maintenance than a show coat. It is important to remove foreign materials from the eyes daily, and clean the creases on the face to prevent sores ( hot spots ). It is also necessary to keep and maintain the long fur in

1350-500: The Sleeve Pekingese is a true miniature of the standard-sized dog, and was also known as the Miniature Pekingese. The name Sleeve Pekingese came from the custom of carrying these small dogs in the capacious sleeves of the robes worn by members of the Chinese Imperial Household. They were used as a defensive weapon if needed. Hubbard indicated that this tradition appeared to be early Italian rather than Chinese, but its adoption by

1404-548: The breed's "perceived desirability has plummeted, eclipsed entirely by that of the shih tzu ". The Kennel Club also states that "their popularity has declined". However, in 2021 a Pekingese named Wasabi won the Westminster dog show , the fourth time a Pekingese won Best in Show at Westminster. According to the 1948 publication Dogs In Britain, A Description of All Native Breeds and Most Foreign Breeds in Britain by Clifford LB Hubbard,

1458-653: The breed's flat face, the Kennel Club (UK) significantly changed the breed standard in October 2008, removing the clause that the "profile [should be] flat with nose well up between eyes" and adding instead that the "muzzle must be evident". This was in response to public opinion following the BBC programme, Pedigree Dogs Exposed . The breed standards of two other brachycephalic breeds, the Pug and English Bulldog , were soon also changed. Keeping

1512-411: The cause of dehydration as well as the sodium concentration in the blood. Pure water injected into the veins will cause the breakdown ( lysis ) of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ). When fresh water is unavailable (e.g. at sea or in a desert), seawater or drinks with significant alcohol concentration will worsen dehydration. Urine contains a lower solute concentration than seawater; this requires

1566-548: The common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of the Newfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions. The origin of the word spaniel is described by the Oxford English Dictionary as coming from

1620-448: The court dogs from wandering in ancient times. All breed standards allow a wide range of color combinations. The majority of Pekingese are gold, red or sable. Cream, black, white, tan, black-and-tan and occasionally 'blue' or slate grey have appeared in the breed. The latter often has poor pigment and light eyes. Albino Pekingese (white with pink eyes) should not be bred due to health problems associated with albinism . A black mask or

1674-522: The description with a white Sleeve Pekingese bred by Mrs Aileen Adam. There are two origin stories for the Pekingese. The more common one is The Lion and the Marmoset: The other originating story is The Butterfly Lions: Spaniel A spaniel is a type of gun dog . Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century, spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinct English Water Spaniel

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1728-406: The ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The King Charles is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from

1782-435: The fluid is described as Osmolarity and is measured in osmoles per liter (Osm/L). When the body experiences a free water deficit, the concentration of solutes is increased. This leads to a higher serum osmolarity. When serum osmolarity is elevated, this is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. These receptors trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH resists dehydration by increasing water absorption in

1836-610: The heat. When such large amounts of water are being lost through perspiration, electrolytes , especially sodium, are also being lost. In most athletes exercising and sweating for 4–5 hours with a sweat sodium concentration of less than 50 mmol/L, the total sodium lost is less than 10% of total body stores (total stores are approximately 2,500 mmol, or 58 g for a 70-kg person). These losses appear to be well tolerated by most people. The inclusion of sodium in fluid replacement drinks has some theoretical benefits and poses little or no risk, so long as these fluids are hypotonic (since

1890-813: The kidneys and constricting blood vessels. It acts on the V2 receptors in the cells of the collecting tubule of the nephron to increase expression of aquaporin. In more extreme cases of low blood pressure, the hypothalamus releases higher amounts of ADH which also acts on V1 receptors. These receptors cause contractions in the peripheral vascular smooth muscle. This increases systemic vascular resistance and raises blood pressure. Dehydration occurs when water intake does not replace free water lost due to normal physiologic processes, including breathing , urination , perspiration , or other causes, including diarrhea , and vomiting . Dehydration can be life-threatening when severe and lead to seizures or respiratory arrest, and also carries

1944-490: The kidneys in an effort to conserve water. In dehydrated patients with sodium loss due to diuretics or renal dysfunction, urinary sodium may be elevated above 20 mmol/L. Patients may also have elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine . Both of these molecules are normally excreted by the kidney, but when the circulating blood volume is low, the kidney can become injured. This causes decreased kidney function and results in elevated BUN and creatinine in

1998-416: The kidneys to create more urine to remove the excess salt, causing more water to be lost than was consumed from seawater. If a person is dehydrated and taken to a medical facility, IVs can also be used. For severe cases of dehydration where fainting , unconsciousness , or other severely inhibiting symptoms are present (the patient is incapable of standing upright or thinking clearly), emergency attention

2052-583: The mainstay of dehydration prevention is the replacement of free water losses). The most effective treatment for minor dehydration is widely considered to be drinking water and reducing fluid loss. Plain water restores only the volume of the blood plasma, inhibiting the thirst mechanism before solute levels can be replenished. Consumption of solid foods can also contribute to hydration. It is estimated approximately 22% of American water intake comes from food. Urine concentration and frequency will return to normal as dehydration resolves. In some cases, correction of

2106-525: The medieval French espaigneul —"Spanish"—to modern French, espagnol . The Oxford English Dictionary defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears". Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry in Collier's New Encyclopedia : Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of

2160-460: The most common being fatigue. Dehydration contributes to morbidity in the elderly population, especially during conditions that promote insensible free water losses, such as hot weather. Risk factors for dehydration include but are not limited to: exerting oneself in hot and humid weather, habitation at high altitudes, endurance athletics, elderly adults, infants, children and people living with chronic illnesses. Dehydration can also come as

2214-774: The others, it could only be owned by members of the Chinese Imperial Palace . During the Second Opium War , in 1860, the Old Summer Palace in Beijing was sacked and set ablaze by a combined Anglo-French expeditionary force, after the Xianfeng Emperor had fled with all of his court members to Chengde . A British soldier, Captain John Hart Dunne came across a lone pekingese, which he brought back to England. It

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2268-436: The patient's body, in a location such as the forearm or the back of the hand, and watching to see how quickly it returns to its normal position. The skin turgor test can be unreliable in patients who have reduced skin elasticity, such as the elderly. While there is no single gold standard test to diagnose dehydration, evidence can be seen in multiple laboratory tests involving blood and urine. Serum osmolarity above 295 mOsm/kg

2322-409: The rear end (aka the "trousers" or "skirt") clean and well-groomed, as the area is prone to soiling. In cold climates, the trousers may accumulate clumps of snowballs. Due to their abundance of fur, it is important to keep the Pekingese cool. The breed is prone to have heatstroke when exposed to high temperatures. Pekingese exercise needs are minimal. Due to their extremely short snouts, they are at

2376-668: The risk of osmotic cerebral edema if rehydration is overly rapid. The term "dehydration" has sometimes been used incorrectly as a proxy for the separate, related condition of hypovolemia , which specifically refers to a decrease in volume of blood plasma . The two are regulated through independent mechanisms in humans; the distinction is important in guiding treatment. Common exam findings of dehydration include dry mucous membranes, dry axillae, increased capillary refill time, sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor. More extreme cases of dehydration can lead to orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, weakness, and altered mental status. Depending on

2430-498: The serum. For routine activities, thirst is normally an adequate guide to maintain proper hydration. Minimum water intake will vary individually depending on weight, energy expenditure, age, sex, physical activity, environment, diet, and genetics. With exercise, exposure to hot environments, or a decreased thirst response , additional water may be required. In athletes in competition, drinking to thirst optimizes performance and safety, despite weight loss, and as of 2010, there

2484-473: The spaniels of the time were mostly white, marked with spots that are commonly red. He described a new variety to have come out of France, which were speckled all over with white and black, "which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe". In the appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into the British Isles as early as 900 BC by

2538-466: The sporting type of spaniel originated in China from the short-faced ancestors of dogs such as the Pekingese , Pug and Shih Tzu . The theory goes that these ancestors were introduced into Southern Europe and evolved into the small sporting spaniels of the period around AD 1300–1600. The issue of how a short-muzzled dog could evolve into a longer-muzzled dog is addressed by pointing to the evolution of

2592-508: The tale has no support from contemporary documents, while both Hay and Fitzroy may well have acquired pekes from some source, they were serving Naval officers expected to stay with their ships guarding the entrance to Beijing. The Empress Dowager Cixi presented Pekingese to several Americans, including John Pierpont Morgan and Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth , daughter of Theodore Roosevelt , who named it Manchu . The first Pekingese in Ireland

2646-601: The troops before the Summer Palace was burnt to the ground. Lord John Hay took a pair, later called Schloff and Hytien , and gave them to his sister, the Duchess of Wellington, wife of Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington . Sir George Fitzroy took another pair, and gave them to his cousins, the Duke and Duchess of Richmond and Gordon. The fifth was the one found by captain Dunne. However

2700-405: The underlying cause of dehydration, other symptoms may be present as well. Excessive sweating from exercise may be associated with muscle cramps. Patients with gastrointestinal water loss from vomiting or diarrhea may also have fever or other systemic signs of infection. The skin turgor test can be used to support the diagnosis of dehydration. The skin turgor test is conducted by pinching skin on

2754-1113: Was introduced by Dr. Heuston. He established smallpox vaccination clinics in China. The effect was dramatic. In gratitude, the Chinese minister, Li Hongzhang presented him with a pair of Pekingese. They were named Chang and Lady Li . Dr. Heuston founded the Greystones kennel. Around the turn of the century, Pekingese dogs became popular in Western countries. They were owned by such arbiters of fashion as Alexandra of Denmark , wife of Edward VII , and Elsie de Wolfe , popular American interior decorator. Later, they were owned by Rumer Godden , who wrote in her autobiography that "I do not like dogs except very large ones and one or two with such character that they cannot be denied; Pekingese are not dogs but something more" and by Auberon Waugh , who on one occasion fancifully boasted that one of his dogs shared his love of The Daily Telegraph and hatred for The Sunday Times . A 2018 Country Life article asserted that

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2808-431: Was no scientific study showing that it is beneficial to stay ahead of thirst and maintain weight during exercise. In warm or humid weather, or during heavy exertion, water loss can increase markedly, because humans have a large and widely variable capacity for sweating. Whole-body sweat losses in men can exceed 2 L/h during competitive sport , with rates of 3–4 L/h observed during short-duration, high-intensity exercise in

2862-435: Was the first of the breed to survive the voyage. He presented her to Queen Victoria , who named it Looty . It is often said that during the sack of the palace grounds, a contingent of British and French troops entered one of the palaces. An elderly aunt of the emperor had remained behind, but when the troops entered the palace she committed suicide . She was found dead with five Pekingese beside her body. They were taken by

2916-683: Was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward and pointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels—those that sprang pheasants and partridges for hunting with falcons, rabbits and smaller mammals such as rats and mice for hunting with greyhounds . During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting with flintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984) write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs." The word "spaniel" would seem to be derived from

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