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19-521: Inspired by the model of the Solovki , Tryphon wished to convert the local Skolts to Christianity and to demonstrate how faith could flourish in the most inhospitable lands. His example was eagerly followed by other Russian monks. By 1572, the Pechenga Monastery counted about 50 brethren and 200 lay followers. Six years after St. Tryphon's death in 1583, the wooden monastery was raided and burnt down by

38-604: A center of Christianization in the north of Russia. The monastery also had a large library of manuscripts and books. The monastery garden also had some exotic flora, such as the Tibetan wild roses presented to the monks by Agvan Dorzhiev , a Lama. After the Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War , the Soviet authorities closed down the monastery and incorporated many of the buildings into Solovki prison camp , [1] one of

57-584: Is a fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia. It was one of the largest Christian citadels in northern Russia before it was converted into a Soviet prison and labor camp in 1926 to 1939, and served as a prototype for the camps of the Gulag system. The monastery has experienced several major changes and military sieges. Its most important structures date from

76-465: Is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay ( бухта Благополучия ) on Solovetsky Island . The monastery is surrounded by massive wall 8 to 11 meters high and 4 to 6 meters thick. The wall incorporates 7 gates and 8 towers (built in 1584–1594 by an architect named Trifon), made mainly of huge boulders up to several tonnes of weight. There are also religious buildings on the monastery's grounds with

95-729: The New Valamo Monastery , where they kept their autonomy until 1984 when the last of them died at the age of 110 . Although the monastery buildings were destroyed during the war, the Russian Orthodox Church decreed the reestablishment of the monastery in Pechenga in 1997. 69°32′39.94″N 31°12′47.15″E  /  69.5444278°N 31.2130972°E  / 69.5444278; 31.2130972 Solovetsky Monastery The Solovetsky Monastery ( Russian : Солове́цкий монасты́рь , IPA: [səlɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪj mənɐˈstɨrʲ] )

114-772: The Russian Revolution , it consisted of the Upper Monastery, commemorating the graves of Tryphon and 116 martyrs of the 1589 raid, and the new Lower Monastery, overlooking the Pechenga Bay . The stauropegic monastery continued to flourish when Pechenga became part of Finland in 1920. At the end of the Continuation War in 1944 the Moscow Armistice granted Petsamo to the Soviet Union. The brethren were evacuated to

133-564: The posadnik of Novgorod , donated her lands at Kem and Summa to the monastery in 1450, the monastery quickly enlarged its holdings, which was situated strategically on the shores of the White Sea. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery extended its commercial activities, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. This included saltworks (in the 1660s, it owned 54 of them), trapping , fishing, mica works, ironworks , pearl works, among others. Archmandrites of

152-491: The 16th century, when Filip Kolychev was its hegumen (comparable to an abbot ). The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 by the monk Zosima ; however, monks Herman and Savvatiy from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery lived on the island from 1429 to 1436, and are considered to be co-founders of the monastery. Zosima later became the first hegumen of the monastery. After Marfa Boretskaya , wife of

171-509: The Swedes on December 25, 1589. It is said that the raid claimed the lives of 51 monks and 65 lay brothers, bringing the history of Tryphon's establishment to an end. This revenge raid, and was part of the Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595, is said to have been carried out by a Finnish peasant chief Pekka Antinpoika Vesainen , but the claim is contested. In 1591 Tsar Fyodor I ordered to revive

190-627: The attacks of the Livonian Order and the Swedes (in 1571, 1582 and 1611). During the Crimean War , the Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three British ships. After nine hours of shelling on the 6 and 7 July 1854 the vessels left with nothing. Between the 16th and the early 20th centuries, the monastery was also a place of exile for the opponents of autocracy and official Orthodoxy and

209-558: The brine. Earliest examples of pans used in the solution mining of salt date back to prehistoric times and the pans were made of ceramics known as briquetage . Later examples were made from lead and then iron . The change from lead to iron coincided with a change from wood to coal for the purpose of heating the brine. Brine would be pumped into the pans, and concentrated by the heat of the fire burning underneath. As crystals of salt formed these would be raked out and more brine added. In warmer climates no additional heat would be supplied,

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228-537: The earliest forced-labor camps of the gulag during the 1920s and 1930s. "In the earliest years of the Soviet prison system, the Solovetsky Special Prison Camp (SLON) was home to a large group of . . . imprisoned writers." The camp main activity was logging, and when most of the surrounding area had been deforested, the camp was closed. Before the Second World War, a naval cadet school was opened on

247-417: The initial source of brine but may also use natural saltwater springs and streams. The water is evaporated, usually over a series of ponds, to the point where sodium chloride and other salts precipitate out of the saturated brine, allowing pure salts to be harvested. Where complete evaporation in this fashion was not routinely achievable due to weather, salt was produced from the concentrated brine by boiling

266-529: The island. A small brotherhood of monks has re-established activities in the monastery after the collapse of communism , and it currently houses about ten monks. The monastery has also recently been extensively repaired, but remains under reconstruction. The Solovetsky Monastery is also an historical and architectural museum . It was one of the first Russian sites to have been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List . The Solovetsky Monastery

285-438: The monastery appears as a location for a possible final mission. Saltworks A saltern is an area or installation for making salt . Salterns include modern salt-making works ( saltworks ), as well as hypersaline waters that usually contain high concentrations of halophilic microorganisms , primarily haloarchaea but also other halophiles including algae and bacteria. Salterns usually begin with seawater as

304-565: The monastery became stauropegic (from the Greek stauros meaning " cross " and pegio meaning "to affirm"), i.e. it was subordinated directly to the Synod . Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky stockades , the Solovetsky Monastery served as an important frontier fortress with dozens of cannons and a strong garrison . In the 16th to 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling

323-643: The monastery in the vicinity of Kola , but the new hermitage fell in flames in 1619. Although the New Pechenga Monastery was eventually moved to the town itself, it was so sparsely settled that the Holy Synod deemed it wise to disband it in 1764. As the Russian colonization of the Kola Peninsula accelerated in the late 19th century, the Pechenga Monastery was restored at its original location in 1886. Prior to

342-654: The monastery were appointed by the tsar himself and the patriarch . By the 17th century, the Solovetsky Monastery had about 350 monks, 600–700 servants , artisans and peasants . In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the strongholds of the Old Believers of the Raskol (schism) in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising of 1668–1676 was aimed at Patriarch Nikon 's ecclesiastic reform and took on an anti- feudal nature. In 1765,

361-544: The principal structures interconnected with roofed and arched passages. They are in turn surrounded by multiple household buildings and living quarters, including a refectory (a 500 m² chamber ) with the Uspensky Cathedral (built in 1552–1557), Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1556–1564), Church of Annunciation (1596–1601), stone chambers (1615), watermill (early 17th century), bell tower (1777), and Church of Nicholas (1834). In Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War ,

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