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62-450: Pearl Milling Company is a North American brand for pancake mix , table syrup , and other breakfast food products. The original version of the pancake mix was developed in 1888–1889, and was advertised as the first " ready-mix " cooking product. In June 2021, the Aunt Jemima brand name was discontinued by its current owner, PepsiCo , with all products rebranded to Pearl Milling Company,

124-582: A Jewish immigrant from Austria. Its first factory was on Pitt Street in the Lower East Side of Manhattan . The company's 47,000-square-foot (4,400 m ) matzo factory, along with Katz's Delicatessen and Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery , is a surviving piece of the Lower East Side's Jewish heritage. Baking mixes sold in Europe account for about 30% of the global market. Major manufacturers such as

186-434: A bread machine . Ingredients in baking mixes may include flour, bread flour, baking powder, baking soda, yeast, sugar and salt, as well as others depending upon the food type. Gluten-free baking mixes may be prepared using rice flour in place of wheat flour. Dry baking mixes typically require the addition of water or milk, and may also require additional ingredients such as eggs, butter and cooking oil. Commercially,

248-434: A fundamental skill and is important for nutrition, as baked goods, especially bread, are a common and important food, both from an economic and cultural point of view. A person who prepares baked goods as a profession is called a baker . All types of food can be baked, but some require special care and protection from direct heat. Various techniques have been developed to provide this protection. In addition to bread, baking

310-610: A glutted flour market, after a year of experimentation they began selling their excess flour in paper bags with the generic label "Self-Rising Pancake Flour" (later dubbed "the first ready-mix "). The original 1889 Formula was: To distinguish their pancake mix, in late 1889 Rutt appropriated the Aunt Jemima name and image from lithographed posters seen at a vaudeville house in St. Joseph, Missouri. However, Rutt and Underwood could not raise enough capital and quickly ran out of money. In 1890, they sold their Aunt Jemima Manufacturing Company to

372-503: A must for dry ingredients. Eleven events occur concurrently during baking, some of which (such as starch gelatinization) would not occur at room temperature. The dry heat of baking changes the form of starches in the food and causes its outer surfaces to brown, giving it an attractive appearance and taste. The browning is caused by the caramelization of sugars and the Maillard reaction . Maillard browning occurs when "sugars break down in

434-545: A pastry crust), which protects the food from direct heat and seals the natural juices inside. Meat, poultry , game , fish or vegetables can be prepared by baking en croûte . Well-known examples include Beef Wellington , where the beef is encased in pastry before baking; pâté en croûte , where the terrine is encased in pastry before baking; and the Vietnamese variant, a meat-filled pastry called pâté chaud . The en croûte method also allows meat to be baked by burying it in

496-1042: A respected profession because pastries were considered decadent, and Romans loved festivity and celebration. Thus, pastries were often cooked especially for large banquets, and any pastry cook who could invent new types of tasty treats was highly prized. Around 1 AD, there were more than three hundred pastry chefs in Rome, and Cato wrote about how they created all sorts of diverse foods and flourished professionally and socially because of their creations. Cato speaks of an enormous number of breads including; libum (cakes made with flour and honey, often sacrificed to gods ), placenta (groats and cress), spira (modern day flour pretzels), scibilata ( tortes ), savillum (sweet cake), and globus apherica ( fritters ). A great selection of these, with many different variations, different ingredients, and varied patterns, were often found at banquets and dining halls. The Romans baked bread in an oven with its own chimney, and had mills to grind grain into flour. A bakers' guild

558-434: A result. In Paris, the first open-air café of baked goods was developed, and baking became an established art throughout the entire world. Every family used to prepare the bread for its own consumption, the trade of baking, not having yet taken shape. Mrs Beeton (1861) Baking eventually developed into a commercial industry using automated machinery which enabled more goods to be produced for widespread distribution. In

620-657: Is a brand of organic baking mixes, cereals, grains and nut butters. The company was founded in 1960 by nutritionist Frank Ford in Hereford , the seat of Deaf Smith County in the southern Texas Panhandle west of Amarillo , Texas . Many Arrowhead Mills products are certified at least 70 percent organic by the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA) or Pro-Cert Organic Systems. Atkins Nutritionals produces an all-purpose baking mix, along with several other foods. Dr. Atkins founded Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. in 1989 to promote

682-533: Is given to their quality at formal events. They are also one of the main components of a tea party , including at nursery teas and high teas, a tradition which started in Victorian Britain, reportedly when Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford "grew tired of the sinking feeling which afflicted her every afternoon round 4 o'clock ... In 1840, she plucked up courage and asked for a tray of tea, bread and butter, and cake to be brought to her room. Once she had formed

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744-536: Is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the Grand Ole Opry , a radio program featuring country music . Auntie Anne's is an American chain of pretzel bakeries that also produces a pretzel baking mix. The chain started as a market stand in the Downingtown, Pennsylvania Farmer's Market. Cherrybrook Kitchen is a company that produces baking mixes and other baking products. The company

806-450: Is similar to recrystallization and is promoted by storage at cool temperatures, such as in a domestic refrigerator or freezer. Baking, especially of bread, holds special significance for many cultures. It is such a fundamental part of everyday food consumption that the children's nursery rhyme Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man takes baking as its subject. Baked goods are normally served at all kinds of parties and special attention

868-414: Is used to prepare cakes , pastries , pies , tarts , quiches , cookies , scones , crackers , pretzels , and more. These popular items are known collectively as "baked goods," and are often sold at a bakery , which is a store that carries only baked goods, or at markets, grocery stores, farmers markets or through other venues. Meat, including cured meats, such as ham can also be baked, but baking

930-425: Is usually reserved for meatloaf , smaller cuts of whole meats, or whole meats that contain stuffing or coating such as bread crumbs or buttermilk batter . Some foods are surrounded with moisture during baking by placing a small amount of liquid (such as water or broth ) in the bottom of a closed pan, and letting it steam up around the food. Roasting is a term synonymous with baking, but traditionally denotes

992-475: The 19th century, alternative leavening agents became more common, such as baking soda . Bakers often baked goods at home and then sold them in the streets. This scene was so common that Rembrandt , among others, painted a pastry chef selling pancakes in the streets of Germany, with children clamoring for a sample. In London, pastry chefs sold their goods from handcarts. This developed into a delivery system of baked goods to households and greatly increased demand as

1054-493: The Aunt Jemima brand would be discontinued and replaced with a new name and image "to make progress toward racial equality". The image was removed from packaging in late 2020, while the name change was said to be planned for a later date. On February 9, 2021, PepsiCo announced that the replacement brand name would be Pearl Milling Company. PepsiCo had purchased that brand name for that purpose on February 1, 2021. The new branding

1116-588: The Betty Crocker brand name. It also owns the Pillsbury Company , which makes its own baking mixes. Bisquick is a baking mix brand that was founded by Carl Smith in 1931. At the time, Smith was employed a sales executive for the General Mills, Inc. Sperry Division. Bisquick may be used to bake several foods, such as biscuits, pancakes, coffee cake and other baked goods. According to General Mills, Bisquick

1178-520: The COVID-19 pandemic, another round of shrinkflation resulted in some mixes being reduced to as low as 13 ounces (another 15%). However, not all manufacturers followed this trend of reducing the amount to maintain the price; the King Arthur Baking Company, which makes premium-quality cake mixes, continued to produce 22-ounce (620 g) cake mixes. The accumulated changes, which reduced

1240-646: The Church of the Holy Cross, from which these sweet pastries take the name. For Jews, matzo is a baked product of considerable religious and ritual significance. Baked matzah bread can be ground up and used in other dishes, such as gefilte fish , and baked again. For Christians, bread has to be baked to be used as an essential component of the sacrament of the Eucharist . In the Eastern Christian tradition, baked bread in

1302-572: The Irish Kerry Group and the Belgian Puratos Group were founded there. Dr. Oetker is a German company that also produces cake mixes which are sold in various other countries. Baked goods Baking has traditionally been performed at home for day-to-day meals and in bakeries and restaurants for local consumption. When production was industrialized, baking was automated by machines in large factories. The art of baking remains

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1364-630: The Pearl Milling Company in 1896, claims to be the first baking mix in the United States. The sale of baking mixes in Asia is due in part to urbanization and the adoption of Western baked goods as a hobby or social activity. About a quarter of all baking mixes are sold in North America. Major manufacturers include Archer Daniels Midland , Dawn Foods , and General Mills . Arrowhead Mills

1426-613: The Randolph Truett Davis Milling Company (also in St. Joseph, Missouri), then the largest flouring mill on the Missouri River, having an established reputation with wholesale and retail grocers throughout the Missouri River Valley . R. T. Davis improved the flavor and texture of the product by adding rice flour and corn sugar , and simplified the ready-mix by adding powdered milk . Only water

1488-504: The United States, the baking industry "was built on marketing methods used during feudal times and production techniques developed by the Romans." Some makers of snacks such as potato chips or crisps have produced baked versions of their snack products as an alternative to the usual cooking method of deep frying in an attempt to reduce their calorie or fat content. Baking has opened up doors to businesses such as cake shops and factories where

1550-534: The amount needed. In other cases, the mix is sold pre-measured in a commonly desired size, such as enough baking mix to make a particular size of cake. Around 2012, most large American manufacturers of cake mixes reduced the size of their standard cake mixes by about 15% by weight, as a result of rising prices for ingredients. This resulted in complaints from some customers about the mix making smaller cakes or fewer cupcakes. Betty Crocker and Pillsbury mixes shrank from 18.25 to 15.25 ounces (520 to 430 g). After

1612-441: The amount of fat that is contained in the food item. Higher levels of fat such as margarine , butter , lard, or vegetable shortening will cause an item to spread out during the baking process. With the passage of time, breads harden and become stale . This is not primarily due to moisture being lost from the baked products, but more a reorganization of the way in which the water and starch are associated over time. This process

1674-485: The baking process is done with larger amounts in large, open furnaces. The aroma and texture of baked goods as they come out of the oven are strongly appealing but is a quality that is quickly lost. Since the flavour and appeal largely depend on freshness, commercial producers have to compensate by using food additives as well as imaginative labeling. As more and more baked goods are purchased from commercial suppliers, producers try to capture that original appeal by adding

1736-481: The brand. Baking mix A baking mix is a mixed formulation of ingredients used for the cooking of baked goods . Baking mixes may be commercially manufactured or homemade. Baking mixes that cater to particular dietary needs, such as vegan , gluten-free , or kosher baking mixes, can be bought in many places. The global market for baking mixes, both for home and professional use, has been estimated at over US$ 1 billion in 2023. Baking mixes are produced for

1798-586: The company introduced a line of baking mixes including pancakes, cookies, carrot cake and pumpkin bread. Jiffy mix is a baking mix brand produced and owned by the Chelsea Milling Company in Chelsea, Michigan. Jiffy mix has been produced since 1930. As of 2015, 19 mixes are produced, which are distributed to all of the U.S. states, and in 32 countries. Most of the company's products are handled, processed and produced in-house, which includes grain storage,

1860-498: The company to his employees using an employee stock ownership plan . Dassant is an American brand of baking mixes. The company was founded in 1980, with its specialization product the Classic Beer Bread . Dassant Truffle Brownie mix was first introduced in 1987. Since then it has been reviewed by numerous publications. In January 2012, Woman's World Magazine called the mixes the "holy grail of brownie mixes". In early 2012,

1922-623: The company's name was changed to The King Arthur Flour Co. to reflect its principal brand, and also converted to an employee-owned business structure. The employee-owned company has been named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont every year since the inception of the award in 2006. Conagra Brands is an American packaged foods company that owns the Duncan Hines brand, which includes cake mixes. Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 – March 15, 1959)

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1984-432: The contents for themselves which adds an element of surprise. Eggs can also be used in baking to produce savory or sweet dishes. In combination with dairy products especially cheese , they are often prepared as a dessert . For example, although a baked custard can be made using starch (in the form of flour , cornflour , arrowroot , or potato flour ), the flavor of the dish is much more delicate if eggs are used as

2046-447: The cooking of whole animals or major cuts through exposure to dry heat ; for instance, one bakes chicken parts but roasts the whole bird. One can bake pork or lamb chops but roasts the whole loin or leg. There are many exceptions to this rule of the two terms. Baking and roasting otherwise involve the same range of cooking times and temperatures. Another form of baking is the method known as en croûte (French for "in crust", referring to

2108-535: The day they are to be served, to make sure they are as fresh as possible." Baking needs an enclosed space for heating – typically in an oven . Formerly, primitive clay ovens were in use. The fuel can be supplied by wood, coal, gas, or electricity. Adding and removing items from an oven may be done by hand with an oven mitt or by a peel , a long handled tool specifically used for that purpose. Many commercial ovens are equipped with two heating elements: one for baking, using convection and thermal conduction to heat

2170-405: The effect of baking while reducing the amount of fat needed. Other equipment/tools needed for baking precision include a method for measuring ingredients. Ideally, a scale accurate to the gram is used, as exact measurements provide the best results, but some bakers rely on measuring cups and measuring spoons . Digital kitchen scales are also popular in baking where precise measurements are

2232-453: The embers of a fire—a favorite method of cooking venison . Salt can also be used to make a protective crust that is not eaten. Another method of protecting food from the heat while it is baking is to cook it en papillote (French for "in parchment"). In this method, the food is covered by baking paper (or aluminum foil ) to protect it while it is being baked. The cooked parcel of food is sometimes served unopened, allowing diners to discover

2294-580: The food, and one for broiling or grilling, heating mainly by radiation. Another piece of equipment still used for baking is the Dutch oven . "Also called a bake kettle, bastable, bread oven, fire pan, bake oven kail pot, tin kitchen, roasting kitchen, doufeu (French: "gentle fire") or feu de compagne (French: "country oven") [it] originally replaced the cooking jack as the latest fireside cooking technology," combining "the convenience of pot-oven and hangover oven." Asian cultures have adopted steam baskets to produce

2356-530: The form of birds is given to children to carry to the fields in a spring ceremony that celebrates the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste . Jesus defines himself as the “bread of life” (John 6:35). Divine “Grace” is called “bread of the strong” and preaching, religious teaching, the “bread of the word of God”. In Roman Catholicism , the piece of blessed wax encased in a reliquary is the “sacred bread”. In Hebrew, Bethlehem means "the house of bread", and Christians see in

2418-434: The grinding of grains into flour, product mixing and box manufacturing. Martha White is an American brand under which several baking mixes are purveyed. The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of Nashville, Tennessee -based Royal Flour Mills in 1899. At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey. The Martha White brand

2480-521: The habit she found she could not break it, so spread it among her friends instead. As the century progressed, afternoon tea became increasingly elaborate." The Benedictine Sisters of the Benedictine Monastery of Caltanissetta baked a pastry called Crocetta of Caltanissetta (Cross of Caltanissetta). They used to be prepared for the Holy Crucifix festivity . The monastery was situated next to

2542-507: The invention of enclosed ovens. The book Bread for the Wilderness states that "Ovens and worktables have been discovered in archaeological digs from Turkey ( Hacilar ) to Palestine ( Jericho (Tell es-Sultan) ) and date back to 5600 BC." Baking flourished during the Roman Empire . Beginning around 300 BC, the pastry cook became an occupation for Romans (known as the pastillarium) and became

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2604-455: The label "home-baked." Such attempts seek to make an emotional link to the remembered freshness of baked goods as well as to attach positive associations the purchaser has with the idea of "home" to the bought product. Freshness is such an important quality that restaurants, although they are commercial (and not domestic) preparers of food, bake their own products. For example, scones at The Ritz London Hotel "are not baked until early afternoon on

2666-570: The low-carbohydrate products of his increasingly popular Atkins diet . This diet was developed after Atkins read a research paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association published by Gordon Azar and Walter Lyons Bloom. Atkins used information from the study to resolve his own overweight condition. General Mills owns the brand Betty Crocker , under which a variety of foods are purveyed, including baking mixes. Marjorie Husted

2728-413: The market is divided into dough mixes , complete mixes , and concentrates . A complete mix may be a powdered mixture that needs only water (or water and yeast) added. A concentrate contains flavorful ingredients such as spices and cocoa, but needs additional flour or other bulky ingredients added. Dough mixes are the most common. Some baking mixes are sold in bulk volumes, and the baker measures out

2790-766: The mixture into a kind of broth-like paste. The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, as humans mastered fire, they roasted the paste on hot embers, making bread-making more convenient as it could be done whenever fire was created. According to Britannica , the Ancient Egyptians invented the first ovens. They also baked bread using yeast, which they had previously been using to brew beer. By 2600 BCE, they were making bread in ways similar in principle to those of today. The book Culinary Creation states that bread baking began in Ancient Greece around 600 BC, leading to

2852-448: The name of the company that produced the original pancake mix product. In 1888, St. Joseph Gazette editor Chris L. Rutt and his friend Charles G. Underwood bought a small flour mill at 214 North Second Street in St. Joseph, Missouri . Rutt and Underwood's "Pearl Milling Company" produced a range of milled products (such as wheat flour and cornmeal ) using a pearl milling process. Facing

2914-670: The oven space must not be shared with another dish. These factors, along with the theatrical effect of an air-filled dessert, have given this baked food a reputation for being a culinary achievement. Similarly, a good baking technique (and a good oven) are also needed to create a baked Alaska because of the difficulty of baking hot meringue and cold ice cream at the same time. Baking can also be used to prepare other foods such as pizzas , baked potatoes , baked apples, baked beans , some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagne . The earliest known form of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mashed

2976-442: The preparation of specific foods such as breads, quick breads, pancakes, waffles, cakes, muffins, cookies, brownies pizza dough, biscuits and various desserts, among other foods. Some all-purpose baking mixes, including commercial and homemade varieties, can be used to prepare several types of baked goods, such as biscuits, pizza dough, muffins, cookies and pancakes, among others. Some bread baking mixes are formulated for use in

3038-574: The presence of proteins. Because foods contain many different types of sugars and proteins, Maillard browning contributes to the flavour of a wide range of foods, including nuts, roast beef, and baked bread." The moisture is never entirely "sealed in"; over time, an item being baked will become dry. This is often an advantage, especially in situations where drying is the desired outcome, like drying herbs or roasting certain types of vegetables. The baking process does not require any fat to be used to cook in an oven. When baking, consideration must be given to

3100-570: The seller of pancake mix was also protected against infringement by an unrelated seller of a different but related product—pancake syrup. Aunt Jemima became one of the longest continually running logos and trademarks in the history of American advertising. The Quaker Oats Company purchased the Aunt Jemima Mills Company in 1926, and formally registered the Aunt Jemima trademark in April 1937. Quaker Oats introduced Aunt Jemima syrup in 1966. This

3162-470: The thickening agent. Baked custards, such as crème caramel , are among the items that need protection from an oven's direct heat, and the bain-marie method serves this purpose. The cooking container is half-submerged in water in another, larger one so that the heat in the oven is more gently applied during the baking process. Baking a successful soufflé requires that the baking process be carefully controlled. The oven temperature must be absolutely even and

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3224-481: The time owned the cake mix license, sold the cake mix business to the U.S. consumer products company Procter & Gamble . The company expanded the business to the national market and added a series of related products. Streit's is a kosher food company based in New York City that produces 11 cake mixes. The company also produces pancake mixes and many other foods. The company was founded in 1916 by Aron Streit,

3286-486: The train every day. As soon as the sales executive returned from that business trip, he stole the chef's idea and created Bisquick. Bob's Red Mill is an American company that produces over 400 products, including baking mixes. The company is a producer of lines of natural, certified organic , and gluten-free milled grain products, billing itself as the "nation's leading miller of diverse whole-grain foods." In February 2010, owner Bob Moore transferred ownership of

3348-480: The weight by about a quarter and added additional leavening agents , meant that some recipes based on combining standard-sized cake mixes with other ingredients, such as those in the Cake Mix Doctor cookbook by Anne Byrn , no longer worked. Some home bakers have attempted to compensate for this by adding flour, sugar, and other ingredients to the store-bought mix. Aunt Jemima pancake mix , manufactured by

3410-480: Was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of food products that bears his name. In 1952, Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread through the Durkee's Bakery Company of Homer , New York . Principals Michael C. Antil Sr., Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors. This was Duncan Hines' first foray into baked goods. In 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills, who at

3472-716: Was established in 168 BC in Rome . Eventually, the Roman art of baking became known throughout Europe and eventually spread to eastern parts of Asia. By the 13th century in London, commercial trading, including baking, had many regulations attached. In the case of food, they were designed to create a system "so there was little possibility of false measures, adulterated food or shoddy manufactures." There were by that time twenty regulations applying to bakers alone, including that every baker had to have "the impression of his seal" upon bread. Beginning in

3534-433: Was followed by Aunt Jemima Butter Lite syrup in 1985 and Butter Rich syrup in 1991. Quaker Oats was purchased by PepsiCo in 2001. Aunt Jemima branded frozen foods were licensed out to Aurora Foods in 1996, which was absorbed into Pinnacle Foods in 2004. This entire frozen food product lineup was permanently discontinued by Pinnacle Foods in 2017 following a product recall . On June 17, 2020, Quaker Oats announced that

3596-503: Was founded in response to the growing number of children and adults diagnosed with food allergies . 11 million adults and children are affected by peanut, dairy, egg and nut allergens , while approximately one in 133 Americans suffers from celiac disease . The King Arthur Baking Company is an American supplier of flour, baking mixes, baked goods and cookbooks. The company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts by Henry Wood. In 1996

3658-470: Was invented in 1930 after one of their top sales executives met an innovative train dining car chef on a business trip. After the sales executive complimented the chef on his deliciously fresh biscuits, the dining car chef shared that he used a pre-mixed biscuit batter he created consisting of lard, flour, baking powder and salt. The chef then stored his pre-mixed biscuit batter on ice in his kitchen ahead of time, enabling him to bake fresh biscuits quickly on

3720-410: Was launched that June, one year after the company announced they would drop Aunt Jemima branding. PepsiCo referenced the Aunt Jemima brand by logotype on the front of the packaging for at least six months after the rebrand. Following that period, PepsiCo said it would not be able to completely permanently abandon the Aunt Jemima brand due to trademark law ; if it does, a third party could obtain and use

3782-441: Was the creator of Betty Crocker. She was a home economist and businesswoman under whose supervision the image of Betty Crocker became an icon for General Mills. In 1921, Washburn Crosby merged with five or more other milling companies to form General Mills. There are a number of Betty Crocker-branded products, such as plastic food containers and measuring cups, and a line of small appliances like popcorn poppers and sandwich makers with

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3844-531: Was then needed to prepare the batter. The brand became successful enough that the Davis Milling Company was renamed Aunt Jemima Mills in February 1914. In 1915, the well-known Aunt Jemima brand was the basis for a trademark law ruling that set a new precedent. Previously, United States trademark law had protected against infringement by other sellers of the same product, but under the "Aunt Jemima Doctrine",

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