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68-650: The Peace Monument , also known as the Navy Monument , Naval Monument or Navy-Peace Monument , stands on the western edge of the United States Capitol Complex in Washington, D.C. It is in the middle of Peace Circle , where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect. The surrounding area is Union Square , which the monument shares with the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial , James A. Garfield Monument , and

136-621: A U.S. Navy fleet to the Mediterranean to combat the Barbary pirates. The fleet bombarded numerous fortified cities in present-day Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, ultimately extracting concessions of safe conduct from the Barbary states and ending the first war. During the War of 1812 , with the encouragement of the United Kingdom, the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels. Following

204-433: A parade and speeches from prominent individuals. This may be in part to the bad blood between Porter and Welles, or the fact the monument was not actually finished. Decorative lampposts and elaborate water features were never completed, possibly due to lack of funding. One writer mentioned the parts that were never installed: "Cascades flow from the mouths of bronze dolphins in the sub-base, and four artistic lamp posts stand at

272-565: A peace agreement in favor of America. The dey was forced to pay $ 10,000 in compensation and to renounce all that America had been paying him. When the United States military efforts of the early 19th century were successful against the pirates, partisans of the Democratic-Republicans contrasted their presidents' refusals to buy off the pirates by paying tribute with the failure of the preceding Federalist administration to suppress

340-651: A peace treaty with Algiers in 1785, the Algerian corsair captains entered the waters of the Atlantic and attacked American ships, refusing to release them except for large sums of money. Two American ships, the schooner Maria , and the Dauphin were captured by Algerian pirates in July 1785 and the survivors forced into slavery, their ransom set at $ 60,000. A rumor that Benjamin Franklin , who

408-597: A position of neutrality . Thus, the countries of Europe and the United States of America failed to ally against the countries of the Islamic Maghreb and Algiers in particular, and the matter so remained until the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815. James Madison recommended that Congress declare the "existence of a state of war between the United States and the Dey and Regency of Algiers." While Congress did not formally declare

476-758: A series of two wars fought by the United States , Sweden , and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis , Algiers , and Tripoli ) and Morocco of North Africa in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent US. The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815. The Barbary Wars were

544-492: A state of war, they did pass legislation, enacted on March 3, 1815, that authorized the president to use the U.S. Navy, "as judged requisite by the President" to protect the "commerce and seamen" of the United States on the "Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas." Congress also authorized the president to grant the U.S. Navy the ability to seize all vessels and goods belonging to Algiers. The legislation also authorized

612-582: Is a maxim of the Barbary States, that 'The Christians who would be on good terms with them must fight well or pay well.'" America paid to Algiers during the presidency of George Washington and his successor, John Adams (1797-1801), $ 1,000,000, or a fifth of the government's annual budget, in tribute. The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitian War or the Barbary Coast War,

680-467: Is crying due to the lives lost during the Civil War. History has a stylus and a tablet which reads, "They died that their country might live." On the west side of the monument's second tier is Victory holding an oak branch in her left hand. Neptune and Mars are depicted as small children holding weaponry. In addition to the branch, Victory is holding a laurel wreath with her right hand. Further down

748-430: Is not meant to be outside in the elements. The monument is 44 feet (13 m) high and is 10 feet (3.0 m) long on each side. There were additional pieces that were to be installed, including decorative lampposts and water features, but either due to funding or Welles' intervention, the monument remained unfinished. The monument has become a gathering place during protests and rallies, leading to further deterioration of

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816-679: Is the Capitol Visitor Center . Despite many delays, the Center opened in December 2008, and includes an exhibition gallery, two theaters, a dining facility, and gift shops. The budget for construction of the center was $ 584 million. On January 6, 2021, the Capitol was stormed by supporters of President Donald Trump after a rally in front of the White House . A Capitol Police officer was wounded and

884-613: Is the central feature of the complex. Other parts of the Capitol Complex include: I. United States Congress II. United States Courts Buildings In addition to the buildings listed above, several monuments , sculptures , and other works of art are located in and around the Capitol Complex. These include the National Statuary Hall Collection and the Statue of Freedom among many others. The westernmost part of

952-747: The Capitol Reflecting Pool . The front of the monument faces west towards the National Mall while the east side faces the United States Capitol . The idea of a monument honoring men who fought in the Union Navy during the Civil War was spearheaded by Admiral David Dixon Porter , who wanted the monument to stand in Annapolis, Maryland , where his father, Commodore David Porter , had assisted in

1020-877: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (now the Ford House Office Building ). A third building for the Library of Congress, the James Madison Memorial Building , opened in 1980 and the Senate's third building, the Hart Senate Office Building , was occupied in 1982. The most recent large structure within the Capitol complex is the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building , which was opened in 1992. Renovations to

1088-543: The Longworth House Office Building ) was occupied. The Supreme Court at last found a permanent home when its own building was completed in 1935. The last building constructed within the complex in this decade was the Library of Congress Annex, now named the John Adams Building , which opened in 1939. Within twenty years, attention returned to the need for more Congressional office space; this led to

1156-742: The National Mall Historic District , the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site , the collective listing of Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. , and the L'Enfant Plan . Ownership of the monument was transferred in 1973 to the Architect of the Capitol , which has performed several cleaning and restoration projects since that time. After the Civil War , there were plans to erect a significant number of memorials in Washington, D.C. , honoring men who served in

1224-465: The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial , James A. Garfield Monument, and Capitol Reflecting Pool . The square is on the west side of the United States Capitol Complex , which borders the eastern edge of the National Mall. The Peace Monument is in the middle of Peace Circle where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect. The monument's name has several varieties, including the original Navy Monument,

1292-575: The Union Army . Admiral David Dixon Porter wanted to also honor Union Navy sailors amongst the memorials. Porter had started planning for a memorial in 1864 after Union forces captured Fort Fisher . His father, Commodore David Porter , had also led a movement to honor United States Navy sailors who fought in the Barbary Wars . His father's memorial, the Tripoli Monument , was originally placed in

1360-609: The Vietnam War and the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident . In 1973, ownership of the monument transferred to the Architect of the Capitol as part of the United States Capitol grounds. By that time the monument was in serious need of repairs and cleaning. There were pieces missing, as well as lichen and grime on the monument. The marble type used to build the monument is not accustomed to being outdoors, exposed to

1428-562: The Washington Navy Yard , but it was moved to Annapolis, Maryland , in 1860. Porter Jr. was selected to lead the United States Naval Academy after the war. It was there, in 1865, that he began making serious plans for the Civil War monument. Porter raised money for his project via naval personnel and private citizens. By 1871, he had raised $ 9,000, and sketched what the monument should look like. No competition to design

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1496-505: The dey followed on April 12, 1815 informing him of America's decision to enter into war against him and giving him the choice between peace and war after reminding him of the horrors of war and the advantages of peace and understanding. In the year 1816, Dey Omar answered this letter and offered America the renewal of the previous treaty concluded during the reign of Hassan Pasha (1791-1798). Madison answered him on August 21 and asked him to resume negotiations. These were renewed and ended with

1564-432: The dey pledged to work with Tunisia and Tripoli , to also sign this treaty, and peace would be achieved for America in the entire Mediterranean basin. On September 5, 1795, American negotiator Joseph Donaldson signed a peace treaty with the dey of Algiers, with 22 articles that included an upfront payment of $ 642,500 in specie ( silver coinage ) for peace, the release of American captives, expenses, and various gifts for

1632-539: The dey's royal court and family. America suffered another humiliation when it sent tribute carried by the large armed frigate " USS George Washington (1798) " to Algiers; Dey Mustapha Pasha forced US commodore William Bainbridge to hoist an Ottoman Algerian flag over his warship before sailing to Constantinople carrying tribute to the Ottoman sultan in 1800. As Lieutenant and consul William Eaton informed newly appointed Secretary of State John Marshall in 1800, "It

1700-568: The " Naval Act of 1794 " on the need to establish a defensive naval fleet, but stipulated in one of its articles that the project be stopped if an agreement was reached with Algiers. During the presidency of George Washington (April 30, 1789 – 1797), and after America failed to form an American-European alliance against the Maghreb countries, the U.S. announced its desire to establish friendly relations with Algiers in February 1792, and reported this to

1768-462: The Barbary states after its independence was recognized between 1786 and 1794 to pay tribute in exchange for leaving American merchantmen alone, and by 1797, the United States had paid out $ 1.25 million or a fifth of the government's annual budget in tribute. These demands for tribute imposed a heavy financial drain and by 1799 the U.S. was in arrears of $ 140,000 to Algiers and some $ 150,000 to Tripoli. Many Americans resented these payments, arguing that

1836-527: The Botanic Garden Conservatory began in September 1997 and continued for four years until December 2001 when the building reopened. The Conservatory's aluminum framework, glazing, interior floors, doors, and lighting were replaced; all electrical, plumbing, and environmental control systems were upgraded, and air conditioning was added to the display halls. The newest addition to the Capitol Complex

1904-520: The DCIHS on June 19, 1973. The monument is one of eighteen sculptures, fountains, and other memorials related to the Civil War , which were collectively listed on the NRHP on September 20, 1978, and the DCIHS on March 3, 1979. The fourth and final listing is the L'Enfant Plan , listed on the DCIHS on January 19, 1971, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997. During the 1970s, people scaled the monument during protests against

1972-533: The Dey Hassan III Pasha, like how Great Britain bought peace and security for its ships. When the American government began negotiating with Algiers, the Dey asked for $ 2,435,000 as the price for the peace contract and the ransom of the prisoners, then reduced the amount to $ 642,500 and $ 21,000 in military equipment that is presented to Algiers every year. Reconciliation took place between the two parties, and

2040-453: The Mediterranean and along the coast. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as America's oldest unbroken friendship treaty with a foreign power. In 1787, Morocco became one of the first nations to recognize the United States. Starting in the 1780s, realizing that American vessels were no longer under the protection of the British navy , the Barbary pirates seized American ships in

2108-539: The Mediterranean. In 1785, the U.S. had disbanded its Continental Navy and therefore had no seagoing military force, its government agreed in 1786 to pay tribute to stop the attacks. On March 20, 1794, at the urging of President George Washington, Congress voted to authorize the building of six heavy frigates and establish the United States Navy , in order to stop these attacks and the demands for more and more money. The United States had signed treaties with all of

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2176-510: The Naval Monument, and Navy-Peace Monument. The monument measures 44 feet (13 m) high and is 10 feet (3.0 m) long on each side. The entire monument is made of Carrara marble, which has required long-term maintenance since that type of marble is not intended for outdoor purposes. The sculptures at the top of the monument face west and depict America crying on the shoulder of History , both of whom are wearing classical robes. America

2244-541: The Roman Catholic Church. The British became familiar with captivity narratives written by Barbary pirates' prisoners and slaves. During the American Revolutionary War , the pirates attacked American ships. On December 20, 1777, Morocco's sultan Mohammed III declared that merchant ships of the new American nation would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage into

2312-532: The base is the quatrefoil basin which is on all sides of the monument. The east side of the monument, facing the Capitol, features a topless statue of Peace . She is wearing a robe that she holds with her left arm and her right hand is holding an olive branch. There are two cherubs at her feet. Also by her feet is a dove resting on wheat, symbolizing Agriculture and Plenty , and on the other side of her feet are Science , Literature , and Art emblems. United States Capitol Complex The Capitol Building

2380-563: The coasts of Ireland and western Britain, and going as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing ships, they engaged in razzias , raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain , and Portugal, but also in England , Scotland , the Netherlands , Ireland, and as far away as Iceland. The main purpose of their attacks

2448-572: The conclusion of the War of 1812 and America's peace with Britain, James Madison , Jefferson's successor, directed military forces against the Barbary states in the Second Barbary War. Lasting only three days, the second conflict ended the need for further tribute from the United States, granted the U.S. full shipping rights in the Mediterranean Sea, and significantly reduced incidents of piracy in

2516-609: The construction of a second building for the Senate (now named the Dirksen Senate Office Building ), which was completed in 1958. The House's third building, the Rayburn House Office Building , opened in 1965. In the 1970s, two more buildings became available for the House: the former Congressional Hotel, the O'Neill House Office Building (demolished in 2002), and a larger building originally constructed for

2584-568: The death of United States Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick , who died from two strokes after the attack. In 2022, art and architecture critic Philip Kennicott called for a national memorial to victims of gun violence in the United States . He said the best location would be at the foot of the Capitol, between the Peace Monument and James A. Garfield Monument . The Peace Monument is located on Reservation 202A in Union Square , along with

2652-519: The early 20th century, the Capitol Complex was born. Known simply as the "House Office Building" and "Senate Office Building" when they opened in 1908 and 1909, the Cannon House Office Building and Russell Senate Office Building became the first buildings solely for use as offices by the House of Representatives and the Senate. These new buildings were heated and provided with electricity by

2720-504: The elements. After many tests and observations, the monument was cleaned in 1991, a year after masonry and other parts were repaired. Fissures were filled, missing pieces replaced, and a stone consolidant was applied to everything that was marble. Additional cleaning took place in 1999 and 2010. In 1999, The Washington Post reporter DeNeen L. Brown noted the monument "was missing feet, arms and facial features, eaten away by wind and acid rain and damaged by frequent protesters." The monument

2788-414: The exception of the east front extension 1958–1962 and courtyard infill areas 1991–1993). Even with the enlargements, Congress eventually grew too big for the building and new facilities had to be constructed to meet the needs of the government. With the moving of the Library of Congress into its own building in 1897, and with the construction of new office buildings for the House and Senate in

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2856-571: The first major American war fought entirely outside the New World , and in the Arab World . The wars were largely a reaction to piracy by the Barbary states . Since the 16th century, North African pirates had captured ships and even raided European coastal areas across the Mediterranean Sea . Originally starting out with the goal of capturing individuals for the domestic North African slave trade,

2924-499: The focus later shifted to kidnapping for ransom. By the 19th century, pirate activity had declined, but Barbary pirates continued to demand tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. Refusal to pay would result in the capture of American ships and goods, and often the enslavement or ransoming of crew members. After Thomas Jefferson became president of the US in March 1801, he sent

2992-513: The grounds is the Capitol Reflecting Pool, which reflects the Capitol and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial . With the exception of the Ford and O'Neill House Office Buildings, all House and Senate office buildings within the Capitol Complex are linked to the Capitol via an underground network of people movers or footpath tunnels . Construction of the Capitol began in 1792. When built, it was

3060-573: The installation of the Tripoli Monument . Due to an uneasy relationship between the younger Porter and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles , the monument was not installed in Annapolis. Porter lobbied Congress and an additional $ 20,000 was allocated to build the base. This was in addition to the $ 9,000 Porter raised amongst naval personnel and private citizens. Porter chose Franklin Simmons to sculpt

3128-423: The marble. People protesting against the Vietnam War , the Three Mile Island accident , and the murder of George Floyd , have gathered at the monument. It was also a site where rioters gathered before the January 6 United States Capitol attack . The Peace Monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites :

3196-448: The money would be better spent on a navy that would protect American ships from the attacks of the Barbary pirates, and in the 1800 United States presidential election , Thomas Jefferson won against incumbent second President John Adams in part by noting that the United States was "subjected to the spoliations of foreign cruisers" and was humiliated by paying "an enormous tribute to the petty tyrant of Algiers". After Spain concluded

3264-421: The monument and allocated $ 20,000 for the base. Porter wanted the monument to be placed in Annapolis, where his father's monument was located, but Welles said no. The Congress found a better location for the monument, near the United States Capitol complex. An Act of Congress passed on July 31, 1876, allowing for the monument to be erected on the proposed site. The following year, Simmons began shipping pieces of

3332-420: The monument to Washington, D.C., on a boat named Supply . Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the granite base and most pieces of the monument were installed in 1877. The statue of Peace was added to the monument in January 1878. Unlike many other Civil War memorials erected at the time, the Naval Monument (later renamed the Peace Monument by the press), did not receive an elaborate dedication with

3400-464: The monument was held, as Porter directly selected Franklin Simmons to sculpt the work. Simmons was known for his works in Washington, D.C., including the equestrian statue of John A. Logan and his many busts and statues in the Capitol. Porter had probably seen Simmons' works since the latter had moved to Washington, D.C., in the 1860s. Simmons had also already designed one Civil War monument located in Lewiston, Maine . Porter gave Simmons his sketch for

3468-418: The monument's statues, one of many works in Washington, D.C., by Simmons. Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the base. Pieces of the monument began to arrive in 1876, and the final piece arrived in January 1878. Unlike most of the city's war monuments, there was no formal dedication ceremony. The monument is made of Carrara marble , which has led to numerous restorations, since that type of marble

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3536-423: The monument, and insisted it be made of Carrara marble . After fundraising was complete, Simmons began carving the commission at his art studio in Rome. Gideon Welles , Secretary of the Navy, was angry that he was not consulted on the matter. The two men had a tumultuous relationship; Porter knew Welles would have rejected the idea. After Porter lobbied members of Congress in 1872, the federal government approved

3604-448: The new Capitol Power Plant which opened in 1910 and is still used today. The 1930s was a decade of major construction within the growing Capitol Complex. In 1933 alone the U.S. Botanic Garden Conservatory , Director's residence, and Bartholdi Park were completed; the Senate Office Building's First Street wing, which had been omitted during construction for funding reasons, was added; and the Additional House Office Building (later named

3672-466: The only existing building for the use by the nation's legislature . In addition to Congress, the building was also designed to house the Library of Congress , the Supreme Court , the district courts , and other offices. Following the completion of the building and as the nation grew, so did the size of the Congress. The Capitol and its grounds were enlarged accordingly, and by 1892 the building had reached essentially its present size and appearance (with

3740-407: The piracy. The Federalist Party had adopted the slogan, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute," but had failed to end the attacks on merchant ships. From 1796 to 1797 French raiders seized some 316 merchant ships flying American colors. To counter this ongoing advent, three frigates, USS  United States , USS  Constitution and USS  Constellation , were built to answer

3808-485: The powers subject to habitual depredations from them. A proposal was made to put up a coalition of naval warships from nations at war with the Barbary states , provided that naval operations would be directed against Algerian vessels in particular, and then impose a maritime blockade on North Africa. When this proposal was presented to the concerned countries, France refused, and Spain apologized for not accepting it, because of its recent treaty with Algiers. The proposal

3876-416: The president to commission privateers for the same purpose. During the reign of the Dey Omar Pasha (1815-1817), American-Algerian relations worsened when the Dey began to demand an increase in the annual tribute. The Americans went to Algiers to fight under Commodore Stephen Decatur , which culminated in the Battle off Cape Gata and the death of the famous corsair captain Raïs Hamidou . A letter to

3944-615: The prisoners, and agreed to continue sending gifts to the dey and replace its consul with another one, then withdrew its fleet from the Mediterranean in 1807. When the war broke out between America and Britain in 1812, the regent on the British throne, George IV , sent a letter to Dey Haji Ali Pasha (1809-1815) confirming to him the bonds of friendship that united the two countries and declaring his country's readiness to defend Algiers against every aggressor as long as these ties remained. By that he intended to win over Algiers to Britain against America, or at least convince Algiers to adopt

4012-428: The region. The Barbary corsairs were pirates and privateers who operated out of North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast , in reference to the Berbers . The corsairs predation covered the Mediterranean, and extended south along West Africa 's Atlantic, even to the eastern coast of Brazil, into the North Atlantic Ocean raiding

4080-418: The rim of the basin." The monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS). The National Mall Historic District was listed on the DCIHS on November 8, 1964, and the NRHP on October 15, 1966. The Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site was listed on the NRHP on October 15, 1966, and

4148-454: Was en route from France to Philadelphia about that time, had been captured by Barbary pirates, caused considerable upset in the U.S. Thomas Jefferson , who was elected to the presidency twice, was inclined to the idea of confronting Algiers with force. He wrote in his autobiography: I was very unwilling that we should acquiesce in the European humiliation of paying a tribute to those lawless pirates and endeavored to form an association of

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4216-411: Was eventually captured and the crew taken prisoners and enslaved. To prevent this powerful warship from being used by the Barbary pirates, the ship was later destroyed by a raiding party of American Marines and soldiers and allied sailors from the armed forces of King Ferdinand of Sicily, led by Stephen Decatur. A treaty was reached on June 30, 1805, under which America paid Algiers $ 60,000 ransom for

4284-451: Was favored by Portugal , Malta , Naples , Venice , Denmark and Sweden . But the project failed when the US Congress objected to it for fear of its high financial costs, and more Algerian ships attacked American ships because of their lack of association with Algiers by any treaty in this period. Thus, in February 1, 1791, the US Congress was forced to allocate $ 40,000 to free American captives in Algiers. But two years later, it passed

4352-535: Was pronounced dead a day later at a nearby hospital. Additionally, one of the protesters was shot and later pronounced dead at a nearby hospital. A further three deaths from medical emergencies were reported while over a hundred injuries were reported by Capitol Police. Some text from this article came from the public domain webpages of the Architect of the Capitol : 38°53′27″N 77°00′26″W  /  38.89083°N 77.00722°W  / 38.89083; -77.00722 Barbary Wars The Barbary Wars were

4420-649: Was sent on May 13, 1801, under the command of Commodore Richard Dale . Other notable officers in the fleet included Stephen Decatur , assigned to the frigate USS  Essex and William Bainbridge in command of Essex which was attached to Commodore Richard Dale 's squadron which also included Philadelphia , President and Enterprise . The ship Philadelphia was blockading Tripoli's harbor when she ran aground on an uncharted reef. Under fire from shore batteries and Tripolitan gunboats , Captain William Bainbridge tried to refloat her by casting off all of her guns and other objects that weighed her down. The ship

4488-497: Was the first of two wars fought by the alliance of the United States and several European countries against the Northwest African Muslim states known collectively as the Barbary states. These were Tripoli and Algiers, quasi-independent entities nominally belonging to the Ottoman Empire, and (briefly) the independent Sultanate of Morocco . This war began during Thomas Jefferson's term when he refused to pay an amount that greatly increased when he became president. A U.S. naval fleet

4556-474: Was to capture Europeans for the slave market in North Africa. The Barbary states were nominally part of the Ottoman Empire , but in practice they were operating independently and the Ottoman government in Constantinople was not involved. Since the 1600s, the Barbary pirates had attacked British shipping along the northern coast of Africa, holding captives for ransom or enslaving them. Ransoms were generally raised by families and local church groups, including

4624-428: Was vandalized by unknown assailants during the George Floyd protests with spray-painted messages like "BLM," "all pigs will die," and "capitalism must fall." The monument was power washed by Architect of the Capitol employees afterwards. Before the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, members of the Proud Boys and other rioters gathered around the monument. It is also where flowers and flags were left after

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