Bernadette Payeur (born 1952) is a Canadian film producer .
30-568: Payeur was born in La Prairie, Quebec . She is known for producing Benoît Pilon 's 2008 film The Necessities of Life and Sébastien Pilote 's films The Salesman (2011) and The Dismantling (2013). For The Necessities of Life , she was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture . In 2015, she produced Pilon's film Iqaluit for Quebec's Association coopérative de productions audio-visuelles (ACPAV). This article about
60-543: A v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=35.74+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-35.75v^{+0.16}+0.4275T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Fahrenheit scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; and v is the wind speed in miles per hour. Windchill temperature is defined only for temperatures at or below 10 °C (50 °F) and wind speeds above 4.8 km/h (3.0 mph). As
90-548: A − 11.37 v + 0.16 + 0.3965 T a v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=13.12+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-11.37v^{+0.16}+0.3965T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Celsius temperature scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Celsius; and v is the wind speed at 10 m (33 ft) standard anemometer height , in kilometres per hour. When
120-611: A Canadian film producer is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . La Prairie, Quebec La Prairie ( French pronunciation: [la pʁɛʁi] ) is an off-island suburb ( south shore ) of Montreal , in southwestern Quebec , Canada, at the confluence of the Saint-Jacques River and the Saint Lawrence River in the Regional County Municipality of Roussillon . The population as of
150-477: A given ambient air temperature on exposed skin as the air motion accelerates the rate of heat transfer from the body to the surrounding atmosphere. Its values are always lower than the air temperature in the range where the formula is valid. When the apparent temperature is higher than the air temperature, the heat index is used instead. A surface loses heat through conduction , evaporation , convection , and radiation . The rate of convection depends on both
180-471: A public French school which offers the International Baccalaureate (IB) Programme, Collège Jean de la Mennais , a private mixed French school and Saint-François-Xavier, a public French school. The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality. Windchill Wind chill (popularly wind chill factor ) is the sensation of cold produced by the wind for
210-409: Is most rapid at the start of any exposure, when the skin is still warm. The apparent temperature (AT), invented in the late 1970s, was designed to measure thermal sensation in indoor conditions. It was extended in the early 1980s to include the effect of sun and wind. The AT index used here is based on a mathematical model of an adult, walking outdoors, in the shade (Steadman 1994). The AT is defined as
240-561: Is planned to be created and orchestrated by Nature-Action. The park would include Smithers' swamp, as well as, Hydro-Quebec's servitude area in which the western chorus frog , a vulnerable species in Quebec, is found in greatest numbers. There is a controversy involving the city housing development in that area which was supposed to be conserved integrally with high priority according to RCM of Roussillon 1990s' maps. Local environmental organisms, such as Vigile verte and Projet Rescousse, are denouncing
270-609: The Canada 2021 Census was 26,406. French Jesuits were the first Europeans to occupy the area, which was named La Prairie de la Magdelaine but was also called François-Xavier-des-Prés. The land was given to the Jesuits by Jacques de La Ferté and the Company of One Hundred Associates in 1647. It is in La Prairie that the story Kateri Tekakwitha took place. In 1668, the site was named Kentaké,
300-572: The French and Indian War . New France , sparsely-populated by indigenous peoples and descendants of French colonists, was ceded by France and divided into British colonies. The territory of La Prairie became part of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) within the British Empire . In 1845, the village of La Prairie was established. One year later, La Prairie-de-la-Magdelaine was established. La Prairie
330-615: The Hudson River . The first railway line in British North America, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad , connected it with Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu on July 21, 1836; the railway ran over 16 miles (26 km). The construction of a rail line between La Prairie and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu would greatly accelerate the commercial development of the village. River transport equally played an important role in La Prairie's history. Like
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#1732855978127360-567: The Iroquois name for "at the prairie". In the beginning of modern Quebec history, the territory of La Prairie would be visited on numerous occasions by Iroquois and English settlers from New York , among others at the time of the Anglo-Iroquois expedition of Pieter Schuyler in 1691, who commanded two battles on August 11, 1691. The close of the Seven Years' War led to the 1763 treaty ending
390-401: The 1960s, wind chill began to be reported as a wind chill equivalent temperature (WCET), which is theoretically less useful. The author of this change is unknown, but it was not Siple or Passel as is generally believed. At first, it was defined as the temperature at which the windchill index would be the same in the complete absence of wind. This led to equivalent temperatures that exaggerated
420-582: The Antarctic before the Second World War, and were made available by the National Weather Service by the 1970s. They were based on the cooling rate of a small plastic bottle as its contents turned to ice while suspended in the wind on the expedition hut roof, at the same level as the anemometer . The so-called Windchill Index provided a pretty good indication of the severity of the weather. In
450-600: The United States, and the United Kingdom implemented a new wind chill index developed by scientists and medical experts on the Joint Action Group for Temperature Indices (JAG/TI). It is determined by iterating a model of skin temperature under various wind speeds and temperatures using standard engineering correlations of wind speed and heat transfer rate. Heat transfer was calculated for a bare face in wind, facing
480-494: The air temperature falls, the chilling effect of any wind that is present increases. For example, a 16 km/h (10 mph) wind will lower the apparent temperature by a wider margin at an air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) than a wind of the same speed would if the air temperature were −10 °C (14 °F). The 2001 WCET is a steady-state calculation (except for the time-to-frostbite estimates). There are significant time-dependent aspects to wind chill because cooling
510-559: The choice of that land for housing development. The debate is ongoing. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , La Prairie had a population of 26,406 living in 11,049 of its 11,309 total private dwellings, a change of 9.5% from its 2016 population of 24,110 . With a land area of 43.47 km (16.78 sq mi), it had a population density of 607.5/km (1,573.3/sq mi) in 2021. The CIT Le Richelain provides commuter and local bus services. The town has three high schools: l'École de la Magdeleine,
540-413: The difference in temperature between the surface and the fluid surrounding it and the velocity of that fluid with respect to the surface. As convection from a warm surface heats the air around it, an insulating boundary layer of warm air forms against the surface. Moving air disrupts this boundary layer, or epiclimate, carrying the warm air away, thereby allowing cooler air to replace the warm air against
570-517: The formulas attempt to qualitatively predict the effect of wind on the temperature humans perceive . Weather services in different countries use standards unique to their country or region; for example, the U.S. and Canadian weather services use a model accepted by the National Weather Service . That model has evolved over time. The first wind chill formulas and tables were developed by Paul Allman Siple and Charles F. Passel working in
600-444: The important factor of humidity and is somewhat more involved than the simpler North American model. The North American formula was designed to be applied at low temperatures (as low as −46 °C or −50 °F) when humidity levels are also low. The hot-weather version of the AT (1984) is used by the National Weather Service in the United States. In the United States, this simple version of
630-427: The index, such as 1400, which was the threshold for frostbite . The original formula for the index was: W C I = ( 10 v − v + 10.5 ) ⋅ ( 33 − T a ) , {\displaystyle WCI=\left(10{\sqrt {v}}-v+10.5\right)\cdot \left(33-T_{\mathrm {a} }\right),} where: In November 2001, Canada,
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#1732855978127660-457: The rest of southwestern Quebec, La Prairie has hot summers and cold winters, for a generally temperate climate. Winters are cold and sometimes long (snow is usually present from mid-November to mid-April), with temperatures occasionally dipping below -30 °C, not counting the windchill . During snowstorms, snowfall frequently surpasses 40 centimeters. In the summer, temperatures sometimes exceed 30 °C. In 2013, Grand Boisé conservation park
690-423: The severity of the weather. Charles Eagan realized that people are rarely still and that even when it is calm, there is some air movement. He redefined the absence of wind to be an air speed of 1.8 metres per second (6.5 km/h; 4.0 mph), which was about as low a wind speed as a cup anemometer could measure. This led to more realistic (warmer-sounding) values of equivalent temperature. Equivalent temperature
720-551: The surface and increasing the temperature difference in the boundary layer. The faster the wind speed, the more readily the surface cools. Contrary to popular belief , wind chill does not refer to how cold things get, and they will only get as cold as the air temperature. This means radiators and pipes cannot freeze when wind chill is below freezing and the air temperature is above freezing. Many formulas exist for wind chill because, unlike temperature, wind chill has no universally agreed-upon standard definition or measurement. All
750-483: The temperature and relative humidity using the equation: e = R H 100 ⋅ 6.105 ⋅ exp ( 17.27 ⋅ T a 237.7 + T a ) , {\displaystyle e={\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}\cdot 6.105\cdot \exp {\left({\frac {17.27\cdot T_{\mathrm {a} }}{237.7+T_{\mathrm {a} }}}\right)},} where: The Australian formula includes
780-514: The temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) and the wind speed is 5 km/h (3 mph), the wind chill index is −24. If the temperature remains at −20 °C and the wind speed increases to 30 km/h (19 mph), the wind chill index falls to −33. The equivalent formula in US customary units is: T w c = 35.74 + 0.6215 T a − 35.75 v + 0.16 + 0.4275 T
810-434: The temperature, at the reference humidity level, producing the same amount of discomfort as that experienced under the current ambient temperature and humidity. The formula is: A T = T a + 0.33 e − 0.7 v − 4.00 , {\displaystyle \mathrm {AT} =T_{\mathrm {a} }+0.33e-0.7v-4.00,} where: The vapour pressure can be calculated from
840-443: The wind, while walking into it at 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph). The model corrects the officially measured wind speed to the wind speed at face height, assuming the person is in an open field. The results of this model may be approximated, to within one degree, from the following formulas. The standard wind chill formula for Environment Canada is: T w c = 13.12 + 0.6215 T
870-459: Was not universally used in North America until the 21st century. Until the 1970s, the coldest parts of Canada reported the original Wind Chill Index, a three- or four-digit number with units of kilocalories /hour per square metre. Each individual calibrated the scale of numbers personally, through experience. The chart also provided general guidance to comfort and hazard through threshold values of
900-451: Was the seat of Laprairie County (1855-1980s), which included the parishes of La Prairie, Notre-Dame, Ste-Catherine, St-Constant, St-Isidore, St-Jacques-le-Mineur, St-Mathieu and St-Philippe. In 1909, La Prairie obtained official city status. Historically, the city has been an important transportation hub, as it was the point of transfer between Montreal ferries and the land route to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , gateway to Lake Champlain and
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