33-588: Patrick Gerard (11 June 1794 – 4 October 1848) was a Scottish writer. Pinus gerardiana is named after him. Gerard was the son of Gilbert Gerard , D.D., and brother of Alexander and of James Gilbert Gerard . He was born 11 June 1794. He probably entered the King's or Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1808, and received a Bengal cadetship in 1812. He was appointed ensign in the 8th Bengal native infantry on 19 August 1812; became lieutenant therein on 16 December 1814, and brevet captain on 19 August 1827. He became captain in
66-753: A British army officer of the Bengal Native Infantry . who collected it during a 1823–25 military survey in India. It was first published in A.B.Lambert, Descr. Pinus, ed. 3, 2: 144 bis in 1832. P. gerardiana is native to Afghanistan , Pakistan , Jammu and Kashmir , and Tibet . It grows at elevations of 1,800–3,350 m (5,910–10,990 ft). It inhabits valley floors in the Himalayas , tending to grow among open vegetation on dry, sunny slopes. It often occurs in association with Cedrus deodara , and Pinus wallichiana . Since their seeds do not have
99-587: A lieutenant-colonel and were divided into 10 companies , each assigned 2 British officers and 2 native officers. Each regiment was assigned an adjutant , an interpreter and a quartermaster . The majority of recruits for the Bengal Native Infantry in the years leading up to the Mutiny were from the districts of Bengal, Oudh ( Awadh ) and the surrounding areas – around three quarters of the total numbers. Mutinying regiments officially ceased to exist following
132-766: A publication now in the public domain : Chichester, Henry Manners (1890). " Gerard, Patrick ". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Pinus gerardiana Pinus gerardiana , commonly known as the chilghoza pine or neja , is a pine species native to parts of central and southern Asia, including the western Himalayas . The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed it as near threatened in 2011. The pine nuts are locally collected for consumption. The trees are 15–25 metres (49–82 ft) tall with usually deep, wide and open crowns with long, erect branches. However, crowns are narrower and shallower in dense forests. The bark
165-456: A wing capable of enabling effective dispersal by wind, the seeds of P. gerardiana are dispersed by birds. The Eurasian nutcracker ( Nucifraga caryocatactes subsp. multipunctata ) is one such species that does so. P. gerardiana is also a secondary host for Himalayan dwarf mistletoe . In 2011, this species was listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . It
198-568: Is very flaky, peeling to reveal light greyish-green patches. The branchlets are smooth and olive-green. The leaves are needle-like, in groups of three, 6–10 centimetres ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 –4 in) long, and spread stiffly. They are glossy green on the outer surface, with blue-green stomatal lines on the inner face; their sheaths fall in the first year. The cones are 10–18 cm (4–7 in) long and 9–11 cm ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) wide when open, with wrinkled, reflexed apophyses and an umbo curved inward at
231-616: The 7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry became the 19th Bengal Native Infantry). In addition, soldiers who did not mutiny when the rest of their regiment did so joined units such as The Lucknow Regiment or The Loyal Purbiah Regiment . During the Indian Mutiny all but twelve of the seventy-four regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments either mutinied, were disarmed, or disbanded peacefully and returned to their homes. Those that mutinied engaged in armed conflict with their officers, other East India Company forces or British Army units. The men of
264-685: The Government of India Act 1858 which established the British Raj , bringing to an end Company rule in India by stripping the East India Company of all its administrative powers and handing over control of its Indian territories and armed forces to the British Crown. Section 56 of the Government of India Act stated: "LVI. The military and naval forces of the East India Company shall be deemed to be
297-566: The 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry which was disbanded on 6 May 1857 at Barrackpore following the actions of Mangal Pandey and his execution for mutiny shortly before the main outbreak. Two regiments of BNI (the 65th and 70th) were serving in China at the time of the outbreak and remained unaffected by the disturbances in Bengal. During the Mutiny the United Kingdom Government passed
330-438: The 52nd Regiment of Foot and covered by the guns of the artillery. Brigadier General Nicholson then informed Colonel Younghusband, the commanding officer, that his men "must give up their arms!" – this order was complied with peacefully. The scene was repeated a short time later when the 33rd BNI arrived at the camping ground. Sepoys from those regiments that were disbanded peacefully, generally returned to their homes, including
363-504: The 9th native infantry on 11 April 1828, and was placed on the invalid establishment in India on 8 August 1832. Most of his service was regimental, part of it attached to the hill corps, of which his brother James Gilbert was surgeon, the 1st Nusseerabad battalion. He died at Simla on 4 October 1848. Gerard was author of ‘Observations on the Climate of Subathoo and Kotguhr’ in ‘Asiat. Res.’ xv. 469–88, meteorological observations made hourly for
SECTION 10
#1732851242219396-625: The Army of Pakistan. The first locally recruited unit of the East India Company's forces in Bengal, raised in 1757 and present at the Battle of Plassey , was known as the Galliez Battalion (named after one of its first Captains) and called the Lal Pultan (Red Battalion) by its locally recruited members. The Bengal Native Infantry regiments underwent frequent changes of numbering during their existence, with
429-475: The Bengal Army was taken by another unit. Those BNI units that were disbanded without violence, were disarmed either by their officers, other East India Company forces or by British Army units using threat of force and then either remained under discipline but weaponless in their cantonments or were allowed to disperse. For example, the 33rd and 35th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry were disarmed at Phillour on
462-854: The Bengal Infantry regiments ceased to exist when the three separate Presidency armies were absorbed into the British Indian Army in 1903. There are units currently serving in the armies of India , Pakistan and the United Kingdom who can trace their lineage directly to units of the Bengal Native Infantry, for example the Jat Regiment in the Indian Army, the Royal Gurkha Rifles in the British Army and 6th Battalion, The Punjab Regiment in
495-570: The Bengal Native Infantry were professional soldiers and "Mutiny" was a specific criminal offence under the Articles of War and the Mutiny Acts , carrying the death penalty following a conviction after trial by court-martial. The executions were carried out either by hanging, by firing squad or by blowing from a gun . Mutinying regiments officially ceased to exist and their place in the Order of precedence of
528-542: The Delhi Field Force. Brigadier General Nicholson was doubtful of their loyalty and was therefore unwilling to take these regiments to Delhi. As the Moveable Column made its way to Phillour the 52nd Regiment of Foot and the artillery were ordered to press on ahead, arriving at the camping ground before the other regiments. When the 35th BNI arrived at the camping ground they found themselves surrounded on three sides by
561-473: The Indian military and naval forces of Her Majesty, and shall be under the same obligations to serve Her Majesty as they would have been under to serve the said Company, and shall be liable to serve within the same territorial limits only, for the same terms only, and be entitled to the like pay, pensions, allowances, and privileges, and the like advantages as regards promotion and otherwise, as if they had continued in
594-521: The Mutiny and in 1861 the twelve surviving Bengal Native Infantry regiments (units that did not mutiny, units that were disarmed and later considered to be free of mutineers or units that were disbanded peacefully & were later reformed) were joined by a mix of hastily raised units (for example, the Allahabad Levy became the 33rd Bengal Native Infantry ) or newly created units from the Punjab (for example,
627-578: The base. The seeds ( pine nuts ) are 17–23 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 7 ⁄ 8 in) long and 5–7 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 4 in) broad, with a thin shell and a rudimentary wing. P. gerardiana is similar to the closely related lacebark pine ( Pinus bungeana ), another pine with flaking bark. However, P. gerardiana has denser, longer, and more slender needles, as well as larger cones than P. bungeana . The scientific name commemorates Captain Patrick Gerard ,
660-551: The following engagements: The Bengal Army was absorbed into the British Indian Army in 1903 with a large number of infantry units passing into the newly organised force. As shown by the following examples, there are a number of military units active today that can trace their lineage directly to regiments of Bengal Native Infantry in the armies of India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. In many cases these units maintain
693-431: The individual seniority of their commanding officers. The regiments were reorganised and renumbered (or renamed) twice in 1861, in 1864, again in 1885 and finally in 1903 the Bengal Army was absorbed into the British Indian Army and the Bengal Infantry ceased to exist. The inclusion of the word "Native" in the titles of the Bengal Native Infantry regiments and throughout the Bengal, Bombay and Madras Armies indicated that
SECTION 20
#1732851242219726-542: The morning of 25 June 1857 by the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (around 800 men) under the command of Brigadier General John Nicholson with the support of the 17th Light Field Battery, Bengal Horse Artillery (12 guns). The 33rd and 35th BNI, around 1500 men, were part of the Punjab Moveable Column, a brigade that was formed to quash outbreaks of mutiny in the Punjab and that was eventually ordered to Delhi to join
759-677: The northern Indian plains. In traditional harvesting practices, enough seeds are left behind for the forest to regenerate, but in areas controlled by private contractors, all cones are harvested. Chilgoza pine nuts are rich in carbohydrates and proteins . The seeds are locally referred to and marketed as "chilgoza", "neja" (singular) or "neje" (plural). Chilghoza is one of the most important cash crops of Afghanistan, as well as of Kinnaur and Pangi Valley of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh , India. They are sold at approximately $ 20–$ 53 per kilograms in India. Bengal Native Infantry The regiments of Bengal Native Infantry , alongside
792-400: The numbers assigned following a reorganisation bearing little or no connection to the regiments that held the pre-existing numbers. The traditional formation of British and Presidency armies' regiments was by a hierarchy in which the "1st Regiment" was the oldest and the highest number was given to the youngest. In 1764 however, the Bengal Native Infantry regiments were renumbered in the order of
825-613: The regiments of Bengal European Infantry , were the regular infantry components of the East India Company 's Bengal Army from the raising of the first Native battalion in 1757 to the passing into law of the Government of India Act 1858 (as a direct result of the Indian Mutiny ). At this latter point control of the East India Company's Bengal Presidency passed to the British Government. The first locally recruited battalion
858-402: The said Company; and the pay and expenses of and incident to Her Majesty's Indian military and naval forces shall be defrayed out of the revenues of India." The twelve "old regiments" that did not mutiny, continued to serve after the Mutiny and were allowed to retain traditions such as red uniforms. and existing battle honours. Following the completion of a widespread reform of the army in what
891-661: The service of the said Company: such forces, and all persons hereafter enlisting in or entering the same, shall continue and be subject to all Acts of Parliament, laws of the Governor-General of India in Council, and articles of war, and all other laws, regulations, and provisions relating to the East India Company's military and naval forces respectively, as if Her Majesty's Indian military and naval forces respectively had throughout such acts, laws, articles, regulations; and provisions been mentioned or referred to, instead of such forces of
924-778: The space of nearly two years; of ‘Account of the Climate and Agriculture of Subathoo and Kotguhr’ in ‘Edinburgh Journal of Science’ (1828), ix. 233–41, cf. Froriep's ‘Notizen’ (1829), xxiii. cols. 65–71; and of ‘Remarks on some Mineral Products of the Himalayas’ in ‘Delhi Medical Journal’ (1844), i. 62–71. A joint paper by Alexander and Patrick, entitled ‘Account of a Journey through the Himalaya Mountains,’ appeared in ‘Edinburgh Philos. Journal’ (1824), x. 295–305. ‘A Journal of Meteorological Observations made in India from 1817 to 1829,’ by Patrick, forms British Museum Addit. MSS. 24017–22. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
957-851: The troops were locally recruited in India (or neighbouring areas), in contrast with the Bengal European Infantry which recruited personnel in the United Kingdom. In 1885, the word "Native" was dropped from the titles of all military units in the Bengal Army. The 1st Brahmans was the first infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised at Oudh by Captain T Naylor in 1776 The Bengal army mostly recruited upper-caste elements like Kanyakubja Brahmins , Rajputs, from Awadh. Bengal Native Infantry regiments typically consisted of 800 privates ( sepoys ), 120 non-commissioned officers ( havildars and naiks ), 20 native commissioned officers ( subedars and jemadars ), 2 British sergeants and 26 British commissioned officers. Regiments were commanded by
990-467: Was found to be very poor. Older trees that do not produce enough cones to harvest pine nuts from are felled for firewood. The wood is also used for local light construction and carpentry. Chilghoza seeds, or pine nuts, are harvested for consumption in autumn and early winter by knocking the cones off of the trees. The trees and seed harvesting rights are owned by local mountain clans and villages in some areas, from which they may be exported to markets in
1023-639: Was now the British Raj, the Bengal Native Infantry was reduced in size and renumbered in 1861. The "loyal" regiments took the first places in the order of precedence, starting with the 21st Regiment of BNI becoming the 1st BNI. There was then a second renumbering of the regiments the same year as a result of transferring four regiments to the Goorkha list. The post-1861 Bengal Native Infantry therefore consisted of 45 regiments. The Bengal Native Infantry has participated in major battles and wars that include, among others,
Patrick Gerard - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-402: Was previously listed as Lower Risk/near threatened in 1998. P. gerardina forests have declined by an estimated 30% due to conversion of pine forests to farmland , intensive grazing , and overharvesting of the seed cones and timber for firewood . The Himachal Pradesh State Forest Department has tried artificial regeneration of chilgoza pine at many places. However, performance of seedlings
1089-485: Was raised by the East India Company in 1757 and by the start of 1857 there were 74 regiments of Bengal Native Infantry in the Bengal Army. Following the Mutiny the Presidency armies came under the direct control of the United Kingdom Government and there was a widespread reorganisation of the Bengal Army that saw the Bengal Native Infantry regiments reduced to 45. The title "Bengal Native Infantry" fell out of use in 1885 and
#218781