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70-623: Despite the government of the Nguyễn dynasty canceling the treaty with the Japanese help in 1945 the French didn't recognise the end of the protectorate until the signing of the Élysée Accords on 9 March 1949 (taking effect on 2 February 1950) which officially transferred sovereignty over Vietnam to former emperor Bảo Đại and the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam . The formal end of

140-536: A council ( Hội đồng phụ chính ) had the power to run all affairs of the Southern court, with the signing of the convention only regulations related to custom, favours, amnesty, conferring titles, dignitaries, among others are given by the emperor. Everything else is up to the French protectorate government. This document also merges the budget of the Southern court with the budget of the French protectorate of Annam and that all

210-500: A later date by mutual agreement. The French government will maintain in these ports agents placed under the orders of its Resident at Huế. Article 5. A Resident General, representing the French Government, will oversee the external relations of Annam and ensure the smooth functioning of the protectorate, while not interfering in the local administration of the provinces comprised within the limits set by Article 3. He will reside in

280-528: A later date' ( s'en remettant au bon vouloir de la République quant aux adoucissements qui pourraient y être ultérieurement apportés ). One of the most problematic aspects of the Harmand Treaty, in the eyes of the Quai d'Orsay, was that it had imposed territorial concessions on Vietnam, annexing four provinces to Cochinchina and Tonkin. These provisions reflected Harmand's personal view that France should be aiming at

350-4368: A lieu, une escorte française ou indigène. Art. 7. Les Résidents éviteront de s’occuper des détails de l'administration des provinces. Les fonctionnaires indigènes de tout ordre continueront à gouverner et à administrer sous leur contrôle; mais ils devront être révoqués sur la demande des autorités françaises. Art. 8. Les fonctionnaires et employés français de toute catégorie ne communiqueront avec les autorités annamites que par l'intermédiaire des Résidents. Art. 9. Une ligne télégraphique sera établie de Saigon à Hanoi et exploitée par des employés français. Une partie des taxes sera attribuée au Gouvernement annamite qui concédera, en retour, le terrain nécessaire aux stations. Art. 10. En Annam et au Tonkin, les étrangers de toute nationalité seront placés sous la juridiction française. L’autorité française statuera sur les contestations de quelque nature qu’elles soient qui s’élèveront entre Annamites et étrangers, de même qu’entre étrangers. Art. 11. Dans l'Annam proprement dit, les Quan-Bo percevront l'impôt ancien sans le contrôle des fonctionnaires français et pour compte de la Cour de Hué. Au Tonkin, les Résidents centraliseront avec le concours des Quan-Bo le service du même impôt, dont ils surveilleront la perception et l'emploi. Une commission composée de commissaires français et annamites déterminera les sommes qui devront être affectées aux diverses branches de l'administration et aux services publics. Le reliquat sera versé dans les caisses de la Cour de Hué. Art. 12. Dans tout le royaume, les douanes réorganisées seront entièrement confiées à des administrateurs français. Il n’y aura que des douanes maritimes et de frontières placées partout où le besoin se fera sentir. Aucune réclamation ne sera admise en matières de douanes, au sujet dés mesures prises jusqu’à ce jour par les autorités militaires. Les lois et les règlements concernant les contributions indirectes, le régime et le tarif des douanes, et le régime sanitaire de la Cochinchine seront applicables aux territoires de l'Annam et du Tonkin. Art. 13. Les citoyens ou protégés français pourront, dans toute l'étendue du Tonkin et dans les ports ouverts de l'Annam, circuler librement, faire le commerce, acquérir des biens meubles et immeubles et en disposer. S. M. le Roi d'Annam confirme expressément les garanties stipulées par le traité du 15 mars 1874 en faveur des missionnaires et des chrétiens. Art. 14. Les personnes qui voudront voyager dans l'intérieur de l'Annam ne pourront en obtenir l'autorisation que par l'intermédiaire du Résident général à Hué ou du Gouverneur de la Cochinchine. Ces autorités leur délivreront des passeports qui seront présentés au visa du Gouvernement annamite. Art. 15. La France s’engage à garantir désormais l'intégrité des États de S. M. le Roi d'Annam, à défendre ce Souverain contre les agressions du dehors, et contre les rébellions du dedans. A cet effet, l'autorité française pourra faire occuper militairement sur le territoire de l'Annam et du Tonkin les points qu’elle jugera nécessaires pour assurer l'exercice du protectorat. Art. 16. S. M. le Roi d'Annam continuera, comme par le passé, à diriger l'administration intérieure de ses États, sauf les restrictions qui résultent de la présente convention. Art. 17. Les dettes actuelles de l'Annam vis-à-vis de la France seront acquittées au moyen de paiements dont le mode sera ultérieurement déterminé. S. M. le Roi d'Annam s’interdit de contracter aucun emprunt à l'étranger sans l'autorisation du Gouvernement français. Art. 18. Des conférences régleront les limites des ports ouverts et des concessions françaises dans chacun de ces ports, l'établissement des phares sur les côtes de l'Annam et du Tonkin, le régime et l'exploitation des mines, le régime monétaire, la quotité à attribuer au Gouvernement annamite sur les produits des douanes, des régles, des taxes télégraphiques et autres revenus non visés dans l'article 11 du présent traité. La présente convention sera soumise à l'approbation du Gouvernement de la République française et de S. M. le Roi d'Annam, et les ratifications en seront échangées aussitôt que possible. Art. 19. Le présent traité remplacera les conventions des 15 mars, 31 août et 23 novembre 1874. En cas de contestation le texte français fera seul foi. Article 1. Annam recognises and accepts

420-517: A lot of control and while the government of the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin , in reality the French maintained control over these territories and the Nguyễn government became subsidiary to the administration of French Indochina . During World War II the Japanese launched a coup d'état ousting the French and establishing the Empire of Vietnam which

490-613: A model for establishing the Nội các and the Cơ mật viện (機密院, "Secret Institute"), based on the Nội các and Quân cơ xứ (軍機處) of the Qing. In the centralised administrations of China and Vietnam, the Emperor theoretically holds absolute power in all decisions. But in reality, he relies on an intricate bureaucratic apparatus below him to provide him with information, gather data, and prepare all agendas. Among

560-449: A number of customs that the previous Nguyễn dynasty emperors had set forth such that subjects now did no longer have to bow down and could look up at the emperor whenever he went somewhere and instituted that mandarins would have to shake hands with the emperor instead of bowing down. On 10 September 1932, the Bảo Đại Emperor issued Decree No. 1 abolishing the regency council and affirming

630-542: A poem using a unique set of homonyms as a play on words: The old seven ministries were replaced with only five ministries, namely the Ministry of Personnel ( Bộ Lại ) headed by Ngô Đình Diệm , the Ministry of Ceremonies and Fine Arts ( Bộ Lễ nghi - Mỹ thuật ) headed by Thái Văn Toản , Ministry of National Education ( Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục ) headed by Phạm Quỳnh , Ministry of Justice ( Bộ Tư pháp ) headed by Bùi Bằng Đoàn , and

700-401: A series of smaller jurisdictions: the prefecture ( phủ ), the subprefecture ( châu , in areas whereas having a significant population of ethnic minorities). Under prefecture and subprefecture, there was the district ( huyện ), the canton ( tổng ). Under district and canton, the bundle of hamlets around one common religious temple or social factor point, the village làng or the commune ( xã ) was

770-476: A silver plaque with gold plating, four and a half inches square and weighing thirteen pounds, bore the carving of a sitting camel. This renunciation by the Vietnamese of their long-standing ties to China was given wide publicity by the French. In French eyes, it made the point that France had effectively replaced China as the arbiter of Vietnamese affairs. The original French text of the treaty, in nineteen articles,

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840-479: A vast territory. In order to better coordinate and communicate between the vastly distant and different regions of the country the Minh Mạng Emperor set up government stations and communication systems throughout his realm. After ascending the throne in 1820, all of Minh Mạng's actions during his first decade on the throne were to the administrative apparatus (especially bureaucracies) to be prepared to replace

910-506: A visa from the Annamese government. Article 15. France undertakes to guarantee henceforth the integrity of the realms of His Majesty the King of Annam, and to defend this Sovereign against all external aggression and internal rebellion. To this effect, the French authorities may station troops at whatever points in the territory of Annam and Tonkin they judge necessary for the effective functioning of

980-653: A year earlier. In order to conceal the fact that China was in practice renouncing its suzerainty over Vietnam, Article IV of the Tientsin Accord bound France to abstain from using any language demeaning to the dignity of the Celestial Empire in its new treaty with Vietnam. Article I of the 1883 Harmand Treaty had contained the offensive phrase 'including China' ( y compris la Chine ) in the statement that France would henceforth control Vietnam's relations with other countries. Patenôtre removed this phrase, and Article I of

1050-1878: Is given below. Art 1. L’Annam reconnaît et accepte le Protectorat de la France. La France représentera Annam dans toutes ses relations extérieures. Les Annamites à l'étranger seront placés sous la protection de la France. Art. 2. Une force militaire française occupera Thuan-An d'une façon permanente. Tous les forts et ouvrages militaires de la rivière de Hué seront rasés. Art. 3. Les fonctionnaires annamites, depuis la frontière de la Cochinchine jusqu’à la frontière de la province de Ninh-Binh, continueront à administrer les provinces comprises dans ces limites, sauf en ce qui concerne les douanes, les travaux publics et, en général, les services qui exigent une direction unique ou l'emploi d'ingénieurs ou d'agents européens. Art. 4. Dans les limites ci-dessus indiquées, le Gouvernement annamite déclarera ouverts au commerce de toutes les nations, outre le port de Qui-Nhon, ceux de Tourane et de Xuan-Day. D’autres ports pourront être ultérieurement ouverts après une entente préalable. Le Gouvernement français y entretiendra des agents placés sous les ordres de son Résident à Hué. Art. 5. Un Résident général, représentant du Gouvernement français, présidera aux relations extérieures de l'Annam et assurera l'exercice régulier du protectorat, sans s’immiscer dans l'administration locale des provinces comprises dans les limites fixées par l'article 3. Il résidera dans la citadelle de Hué avec une escorte militaire. Le Résident général aura droit d'audience privée et personnele auprès de Sa Majesté le Roi d'Annam. Art. 6. Au Tonkin des Résidents ou Résidents-adjoints seront placés par le Gouvernement de la République dans les chefs-lieux où leur présence sera jugée utile. Ils seront sous les ordres du Résident général. Ils habiteront dans la citadelle, et, en tout cas, dans l'enceinte même réservée au mandarin; il leur sera donné, s’il y

1120-488: Is the case, in the enclosure reserved for the mandarin. If necessary, they will be provided with a French or native escort. Article 7. The Residents shall refrain from interfering in the details of the administration of the provinces. Native officials at all levels will continue to govern and administer them, subject to their control, but will be recalled if so required by the French authorities. Article 8. French officials and employees of all kinds shall only communicate with

1190-464: The French conquest of Vietnam Đại Nam became two French protectorates in the form of Annam and Tonkin . Although the emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty were still nominally in control of the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, the resident-superior of Annam gradually gained more influence over the imperial court in Huế. All constituent countries of French Indochina had their own legal systems. In Annam and Tonkin

1260-661: The House of Representatives of Annam . The Trần Trọng Kim cabinet included 10 ministries, namely the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Bộ Ngoại giao ), Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Bộ Nội vụ ), Ministry of Justice ( Bộ Tư pháp ), Ministry of Education and Fine Arts ( Bộ Giáo dục và Mỹ nghệ ), Ministry of Economic Affairs ( Bộ Kinh tế ), Ministry of Public Finance ( Bộ Tài chính ), Ministry of Public Works ( Bộ Công chính ), Ministry of Youth Affairs ( Bộ Thanh niên ), Ministry of Health and Relief ( Bộ Y tế và Cứu tế ), Ministry of Material Assistance ( Bộ Tiếp tế ). Vietnam under

1330-563: The Southern dynasty ( Vietnamese : Nam Triều ; chữ Hán : 南朝) and commonly referred to as the Huế Court ( Vietnamese : Triều đình Huế ; chữ Hán : 朝廷化), centred around the emperor (皇帝, Hoàng Đế ) as the absolute monarch , surrounded by various imperial agencies and ministries which stayed under the emperor's presidency. Following the signing of the Patenôtre Treaty the French took over

1400-506: The quan bo will collect the traditional taxes without the oversight of French officials and for the account of the Court of Huế. In Tonkin, the Residents will oversee the collection of this tax. They will assisted by the quan bo , and will supervise their employment and collection methods. A commission composed of French and Annamese commissioners will determine the amount of money to be assigned to

1470-505: The "low-literate" ( ít chữ nghĩa ) military generals, from 1831 to 1834 these changes would be implemented on a national scale. One of his first reforms to change the militaristic nature of the government of the Nguyễn dynasty was to establish two specialised agencies for communicating between Huế and the regions, namely the Bưu Chính ty and the Thông Chính ty . Before these tasks were done by

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1540-679: The Annamese authorities via the Residents. Article 9. A telegraph line shall be laid from Saigon to Hanoi and operated by French employees. Part of the taxes shall be remitted to the Annamese government, which will in return surrender the land necessary for the telegraph stations. Article 10. Both in Annam and in Tonkin, foreigners of all nationalities shall be placed under French jurisdiction. The French authorities shall determine disputes of any kind that may arise between Annamese and foreigners or solely among foreigners. Article 11. Within Annam strictly defined,

1610-461: The Bảo Đại Emperor issued an imperial edict revoking the protectorate treaty of 1884 restoring Vietnamese independence from France, but in reality the Empire of Vietnam was a Japanese puppet state. Trần Trọng Kim , a renowned historian and scholar, was chosen to lead the government as its prime minister . On 7 April 1945, the Bảo Đại Emperor signed Decree No. 5 approving the composition of Trần Trọng Kim's new cabinet and on 12 May he dissolved

1680-611: The Bảo Đại Emperor signed an imperial decree stating that the Consultative Assembly of Tonkin now represents the government of the Southern dynasty in the French protectorate of Tonkin . Later in December 1933 the Emperor traveled to Tonkin to visit the people and tell them about his reforms. By 1939 the number of ministries in Bảo Đại's cabinet would increase to 7. Following the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina ,

1750-622: The Confucian hierarchy), quận công (highest noble title of all Vietnam), virtually became the dictator of Vietnam during the early years of Tu Duc. Emperor Gia Long ( r.   1802–19) published his legal code Hoàng Việt luật lệ , also known as the Gia Long Code in 1812, comprised 398 articles and was the last legal code of the Vietnamese monarchy. It is based on much of the Chinese legal code and reduced women's legal status in society. The Code

1820-403: The French authorities on the future of the Annamese education system. This meeting was also recorded in the work Hoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu written by Nguyễn Bá Trác . The creation of a ministry of education was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more. On the ninth day of the ninth month of the first year of

1890-442: The Minh Mạng Emperor's reforms was the increasingly close institutionalisation associated with the establishment of new government agencies. During the first 15 years of his rule, the Minh Mạng Emperor restructured the entire administration of the dynasty both at the central and local levels, basically codifying the political structures that the Nguyễn dynasty would use until its downfall in 1945 . The Minh Mạng Emperor also increased

1960-414: The Ministry of Public Works ( Bộ Công chính ) headed by Hồ Đắc Khải . Later the Bảo Đại Emperor also established the Ministry of Finance and Social Relief ( Bộ Tài chính và Cứu tế Xã hội ). The Ministry of Personnel was the only ministry that the Bảo Đại Emperor didn't reform as it would remain practically unchanged until it was renamed to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1942. On 24 October 1933

2030-527: The Ministry of Rites, two Minh Hương Chinese Trịnh Hoài Đức (1765–1825) and Lê Quang Định (1759–1813) who held the minister position of the Ministry of Military, all formerly fought with Gia Long against the Taysons. During Thieu Tri and early Tu Duc ' years (1840s–1860s), several regents arose in the court politics, such as Trương Đăng Quế (1793–1865), Lâm Duy Hiệp (1803–1863), and Nguyễn Tri Phương (1800–1873). For example, Trương Đăng Quế, originally

2100-455: The Ministry of War ( Bộ Binh ), Võ Liêm of the Ministry of Rites ( Bộ Lễ ), Vương Tứ Đại of the Ministry of Public Works ( Bộ Công ). The firing of these high ranking mandarins of the government of the Southern dynasty caused a stir in public opinion at that time, these events caused the poet Nguyễn Trọng Cẩn to convey in detail the feelings of the Vietnamese people at the time through

2170-673: The Ministry of War. At the same time, in the first year of coming to power, the Minh Mạng Emperor reorganised the bureaucracy of the imperial court by consolidating the different cabinets into the Văn thư phòng (文書房). In 1829 the Văn thư phòng was replaced with the Nội các (內閣, "Cabinet"). This was because Minh Mạng understood the way how the government of the Manchu Qing dynasty in China functioned and used them as

Treaty of Huế (1884) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-465: The Nguyễn (1802–1945) was an absolute monarchy. The Huế government was centrally administered by several advisory imperial agencies in a Sino–Vietnamese pattern. The Emperor was the head of state, also the head of the government, and the royal members stayed after. Under the emperor were layers of secretariats with officials ( mandarins ), organised with different functions, acted like a semi-parliamentary system. The Lục Bộ (Council of Six Ministries)

2310-560: The Patenôtre Treaty consequently makes no reference to China. Although the French were careful to save Chinese face in the text of their treaties with China and Vietnam, the signature of the Patenôtre treaty was accompanied by an important symbolic gesture. The seal presented by the emperor of China several decades earlier to the Vietnamese king Gia Long was melted down in the presence of the French and Vietnamese plenipotentiaries. The seal,

2380-662: The Patenôtre Treaty was proclaimed during a ceremony at the Saigon-Cholon City Hall attended by the high commissioner of French Indochina Léon Pignon , Chief of State Emperor Bảo Đại, and delegates of the government of the State of Vietnam . During this ceremony Pignon officially renounced French sovereignty over Vietnam and recognised the independence of the State of Vietnam within the French Union . On 6 June 1884, three weeks after

2450-634: The Supreme Council ( Conseil supérieur ) of the Government-General of French Indochina. In 1900, the governor-general of French Indochina issued a decree that established the Council of the Protectorate ( Hội đồng Bảo hộ ) alongside the resident-superior to "discuss and determine the revenue and expenditures of the budget of the French protectorate of Annam, but that this council would act according to

2520-557: The Vietnamese bureaucracy from a military apparatus created under Gia Long associated with generals, under the direction of the Công Đồng (公同, "Council"), mainly through top-down orders into a highly centralised meritocratic system. Minh Mạng's reforms to the Southern Court would remain largely unchanged until the Bảo Đại Emperor's reforms in 1933. The administrative system of the Nguyễn dynasty

2590-523: The Vietnamese government. Tricou hinted that some of the more objectionable clauses of the Harmand treaty might be revised if the Vietnamese demonstrated their sincerity, and on 1 January 1884 the Vietnamese government declared its full and complete adhesion to the Harmand treaty. Significantly, it also said that it 'trusted in the goodwill of the French Republic that some of its provisions would be softened at

2660-519: The administrative divisions, and the imperial court in Huế. This increase in the number of government documents, especially imperial documents, shows an increase in the size and scope of the administrative system of the Minh Mạng period, associated with the expansion of the network of drafting and circulating documents. With most of the system centering on the Emperor, the Nội các , and the Cơ mật viện . Following

2730-427: The administrative structure of the imperial Huế Court and further legitimised French rule in the legislative branch of the Nguyễn government. From this period onwards any imperial edicts issued by the emperors of Đại Nam had to be confirmed by the resident-superior of Annam giving him both legislative and executive power over the Nguyễn government. In the year 1898 the federal government of French Indochina took over

2800-572: The approval of the French government. Article 18. Talks will be held to determine the limits of the open ports and of the French concessions in each of these ports, locations for the construction of lighthouses on the coasts of Annam and Tonkin, arrangements for the exploitation of the mines, the monetary system, and the portion of the profits accruing from the customs, the regulations, taxes on telegraphic cables and other revenues not specified in Article 11 of this treaty. This convention shall be submitted for

2870-577: The approval of the Government of the French Republic and His Majesty the King of Annam, and ratifications shall be exchanged as soon as possible. Article 19. The present treaty will replace the conventions of 15 March, 31 August and 23 November 1874. In the event of a dispute, the French text shall prevail. Government of the Nguy%E1%BB%85n dynasty The government of the Nguyễn dynasty , officially

Treaty of Huế (1884) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-531: The borders of Tonkin and in the open ports of Annam. His Majesty the King of Annam expressly confirms the guarantees stipulated by the treaty of 15 March 1874 in respect of missionaries and Christians. Article 14. Persons who wish to travel in the interior of Annam must obtain authorisation for their journey either through the Resident General at Huế or from the governor of Cochinchina. These authorities shall supply them with passports, which must be presented for

3010-538: The calculations and orders of the resident-superior. At the meetings of the Council of French Indochina ( Hội đồng Đông Dương ) the governor-general would decide through executive orders. According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sent Cao Xuân Dục and Huỳnh Côn , the Thượng thư of the Hộ Bộ , to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" ( bàn nghị học chính ) with

3080-477: The citadel of Huế with a military escort. The Resident General will be entitled to a right of private and personal audience with His Majesty the King of Annam. Article 6. Residents or Deputy Residents will be placed by the Government of the Republic in the chief towns of Tonkin, where their presence is felt to be useful. They will be under the orders of the Resident General. They will live in the citadel and, where such

3150-595: The conclusion of the Tientsin Accord with China, which implicitly renounced China's historic suzerainty over Vietnam, the French concluded a treaty with Vietnam which provided for a French protectorate over both Annam and Tonkin. The treaty was negotiated for France by Jules Patenôtre , the new French minister to China. The new treaty replaced the notoriously vague 'Philastre treaty' of 15 March 1874 (the Treaty of Saigon ), which had given France limited commercial privileges in Tonkin. It restated, though in milder language, many of

3220-459: The financial and property management duties of the Nguyễn dynasty's imperial court meaning that the Nguyễn dynasty emperor (at the time Thành Thái) became a salaried employee of the Indochinese colonial structure, reducing their power to being only a civil servant of the protectorate government. The resident-superior of Annam also took over the management of provincial mandarins and was a member of

3290-409: The frontier of the province of Ninh Bình, except for the customs and public works and, in general, any services that require the sole direction or the employment of European engineers or agents. Article 4. Within the limits indicated above, the Annamese government will declare the ports of Tourane and Xuan Day open to trade with all nations, as well as that of Qui Nhơn. Other ports may also be opened at

3360-534: The government of the Southern dynasty. In 1894, the court of the Thành Thái Emperor assigned Resident-Superior Léon Jules Pol Boulloche to take care of the management of the state's revenues, expenditures, taxes, etc. In 1897 the resident-superior was granted the power to appoint the Nguyễn dynasty emperors and presided over the meetings of the Viện cơ mật . These moves incorporated French officials directly into

3430-466: The laws of the Nguyễn dynasty, such as Sắc (敕, "Imperial Order"), Chí (誌, "Ordinance"), and Dụ (諭, "Decree"), remained in effect but were subordinate to the laws of the French administration. Since the fall of Huế during the Cần Vương rebellion against the French on 7 May 1885 the government of the French protectorate of Annam would gradually take over the management of the budget and finances of

3500-512: The levels of supervision at every level of the bureaucracy, especially for the compiling, checking, copying, backing up, browsing, sending, and executing documents at every level of the Nguyễn administration. The Minh Mạng Emperor also increased the direct influence of the monarch over the entire administrative system of the country and increased his power within the government. This more complex system also meant that much more documents had to be created for communication between various agencies,

3570-486: The lowest administrative unit, which one respected person nominally took care of village administrative, which called lý trưởng. Two nearby provinces were combined into a pair. Every pair had a governor-general ( Tổng đốc ) and a governor ( Tuần phủ ). Frequently, there were twelve governor-generals and eleven governors, although, in some periods, the emperor would appoint a "commissioner in charge of patrolled borderlands" ( kinh lược sứ ) that supervising entire northern of

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3640-549: The meetings of the Council of Ministers ( Hội đồng thượng thư ) must be chaired by the resident-superior of Annam . Thus, in this document, the French colonialists completely took over all the power of the government of the Southern dynasty, even in Trung Kỳ. In 1933 the Bảo Đại Emperor issued a series of reforms, among them he reformed the affairs of the court, such as rearranging internal affairs and administration. He also gave up

3710-458: The military authorities on customs matters shall be entertained. The laws and regulations of Cochinchina covering indirect contributions, the customs regime, the scale of tariffs and sanitary precautions shall also be applied throughout the territories of Annam and Tonkin. Article 13. French citizens and persons under French protection may travel freely, engage in commerce, and acquire and dispose of moveable and immoveable property anywhere within

3780-463: The ministries of the imperial government of the Nguyễn dynasty consisted of the Ministry of Personnel (吏部, Lại Bộ ), Ministry of Revenue (戶部, Hộ Bộ ), Ministry of Rites (禮部, Lễ Bộ ), Ministry of War (兵部, Binh Bộ ), Ministry of Justice (刑部, Hình Bộ ), and the Ministry of Public Works (工部, Công Bộ ), these were known together as the Lục Bộ (六部). The Minh Mạng Emperor's reforms transformed

3850-459: The ministry was according to the plans and the command of the French Director of Education of Annam (監督學政中圻, Giám đốc Học chính Trung Kỳ ). The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system. On 6 November 1925 a "Convention" ( Quy ước ) was established after Khải Định 's death that stated that while the sovereign is abroad

3920-427: The monarchy of Đại Nam and abolishing the regency. Among these reforms was an imperial edict signed on 8 April 1933 that reshuffled the cabinet, as the Bảo Đại Emperor decided to govern himself and ordained five new well-known ministers from the academic and administrative circles. He retired Nguyễn Hữu Bài of the Ministry of Personnel ( Bộ Lại ), Tôn Thất Đàn of the Ministry of Justice ( Bộ Hình ), Phạm Liệu of

3990-441: The outright conquest of Vietnam. This was not the view of the French foreign ministry, which believed that it would be safer and more convenient for France to govern Vietnam indirectly, by means of a protectorate. Accordingly, by virtue of Articles 3 and 16, the French now restored to Vietnamese internal jurisdiction the provinces of Nghệ An , Thanh Hóa, Hà Tĩnh and Bình Thuận, which the Harmand treaty had transferred to French control

4060-477: The protectorate of France. France will represent Annam in all her external relations. Annamese abroad will be placed under the protection of France. Article 2. A French military force will occupy Thuận An on a permanent basis. All the forts and military installations along the Huế River will be razed. Article 3. Annamese officials will continue to administer the provinces lying between the frontier of Cochinchina and

4130-414: The protectorate. Article 16. As in the past, His Majesty the King of Annam will continue to direct the internal administration of his realms, except where restricted by the provisions of this present convention. Article 17. Annam's outstanding debts to France shall be paid off in a manner subsequently to be determined. His Majesty the King of Annam shall refrain from contracting any foreign loan except with

4200-520: The provisions included in the punitive Harmand Treaty of August 1883, which had never been ratified by the French parliament. It entrenched the French protectorate over both Annam and Tonkin and allowed the French to station residents in most Vietnamese towns. It also granted certain trade privileges to France. Revision of the Harmand treaty had been foreshadowed in January 1884, when the French diplomat Arthur Tricou visited Huế to obtain its ratification from

4270-840: The reign of the Duy Tân Emperor the Học Bộ was established by imperial decree (諭, Dụ ) to take over the functions relating to education from the Ministry of Rites. While the Học Bộ was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the French Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam (French: Conseil de Perfectionnement de l’Enseignement indigène en Annam ; Vietnamese: Hội đồng Hoàn thiện giáo dục Bản xứ Trung Kỳ ; Hán-Nôm: 會同完善教育本處中圻), which dictated its policies. All work done by

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4340-500: The royal court, local governments, and the military were divided into specific orders: Along with the bureaucracy, nineteenth-century Vietnamese court politics also were dominated by several prominent figures. During Gia Long's reign, they were Nguyễn Văn Thành (1758–1817)-the Viceroy of Tonkin from 1802 to 06, Lê Văn Duyệt (1763–1832)-the Viceroy of Saigon from 1812 to 32, Phạm_Đăng_Hưng  [ vi ] (1764–1825)-the minister of

4410-512: The southern part of the empire. In 1803, Vietnam had 57 prefectures, 41 subprefectures, 201 districts, 4,136 cantons and 16,452 villages, and then by 1840s its had been increased to 72 prefectures, 39 subprefectures and 283 districts, which an average 30,000 people per district. Cambodia had been absorbed into the Vietnamese administrative system, bore the name Tây Thành Province from 1834 to 1845. With areas having minority groups like Tày , Nùng , Mèo ( Hmong people ), Mường , Mang and Jarai ,

4480-424: The various government departments and for public services. The remainder will be deposited in the coffers of the Court of Huế. Article 12. The customs regime will be reorganised throughout the realm and entrusted entirely to French administrators. Customs posts shall only be established along the coast and on the frontiers, and shall be located wherever they are needed. No complaints against rulings previously made by

4550-595: The whole six ministries always totally numbered 100 people. The Viện đô sát ( Censorate ) was an important organ that observed the government and then reported to the Emperor. The Viện đô sát's senior officials were called Tả đô ngự sử (Censor-in-chief of the Left) and hữu đô ngự sử (Censor-in-chief of the Right). The Vietnamese censorate comprised six lục khoa ("office of scrutiny"), each headed by an Cấp sự trung (senior supervising secretary) official. The bureaucrat army of

4620-452: Was a collective term for six royal agencies that held ministerial and judicial functions, administering the kingdom. Each ministry had a thượng thư (president), two tham tri (vice-president), two thị lang (minor-president). Under all above positions, the ministry divided itself into several thanh lại ty (panels), which their staffs were lang trung (directors), viên ngoại lang (vice-directors) and chủ sự (secretaries). All members of

4690-576: Was ruled by the Nguyễn government. During the August Revolution the Nguyễn government was abolished in the aftermath of World War II . During the 1930s it was officially called the "government of the Southern dynasty" ( Chánh-phủ Nam-Triều ). After ascending to the throne the Gia Long Emperor adopted the organisational structure of the Revival Lê dynasty 's government. From 1802 until 1906

4760-400: Was the minister of the Ministry of Military, earned the position of regent and Văn Minh đại học sĩ (second-highest rank in the Confucian hierarchy) in 1841 at the time when emperor Thieu Tri ascending the throne and became more powerful. He attained more power after had successfully installed conservative emperor Tu Duc to the crown in 1847, obtained the title đại học sĩ (highest rank in

4830-416: Was thinly spread across the country as the capital city of Huế is around 700 km from Hanoi and around 1000 km from Gia Định , the two most important economic centres of the country and most populous cities. Meaning that the imperial government had to spread diverse functions such as management tools, including directories, demographics, taxes, information tools, and administrative data storage systems across

4900-982: Was translated to French in 1865. During the reign of Gia Long, the empire was divided into twenty-three quasi-militant protectorates trấn and four military departments doanh. Each protectorate, besides having their own separated regional governments, were under patrol of one greater, powerful unit called Overlord of Citadel, or the Viceroy . For examples, the northern protectorates had Bắc thành Tổng trấn (Viceroy of Northern Protectorates) in Hanoi, and southern protectorates had Gia Định thành Tổng trấn (Viceroy of Gia Định Protectorates) resides in Saigon . Two famously viceroys during Gia Long's reign were Nguyễn Văn Thành (Hanoi) and Lê Văn Duyệt (Saigon). By 1802, these were: In 1831, Minh Mạng reorganised his empire by converting all these protectorates into 31 provinces ( tỉnh ). Each province had

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