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57-616: Pasvik or Pasvikdalen (also: Paaččjokk   ( Skolt Sami ) , Báhčaveajji   ( Northern Sami ) , or Paatsjoki   ( Kven ) ) is a rural village area in the Pasvikdalen valley in Northern Norway adjacent to the Norway-Russia border . The settlements of the village area are all located along the Pasvikelva river. In spite of its very high latitude, Pasvik holds

114-458: A speaker of municipal council. Although municipalities do not have police or legislative powers, local ordinances concerning traffic can be set, and municipal parking inspectors can give parking tickets. Municipalities are legal persons and can appear in an administrative court . Likewise, the state of Finland is a separate legal person. Excluding judicial review of formal compliance to administrative law, municipalities are independent and not

171-762: A Sámi newspaper, saying that the term "Eastern Sámi" ("Östsame" in Norwegian) should not be used to refer to the Skolt Sámi. On Finnish territory Skolt Sámi was spoken in four villages before the Second World War. In Petsamo , Skolt Sámi was spoken in Suonikylä and the village of Petsamo. This area was ceded to Russia in the Second World War , and the Skolts were evacuated to the villages of Inari , Sevettijärvi and Nellim in

228-562: A council meeting, which include, for example, zoning, social assistance, and education boards. Council, executive board, and municipal board memberships are elected positions of responsibility, not full-time jobs. Remuneration depends on the municipality and position, but is generally nominal or modest: a regular council member is paid 70 euro on average on a per-meeting basis (2017). Municipal managers ( kaupunginjohtaja , stadsdirektör for cities, kunnanjohtaja , kommunsdirektör for other municipalities) are civil servants named by

285-411: A foreign language. Only a small number of youths learn the language and continue to use it actively. Skolt Sámi is thus a seriously endangered language , even more seriously than Inari Sámi , which has a nearly equal number of speakers and is even spoken in the same municipality . In addition, there are a lot of Skolts living outside of this area, particularly in the capital region. From 1978 to 1986,

342-407: A general raising and backing effect on the preceding vowel, while the effect of original *ā and *ō is lowering. Original *ē is fronting (palatalising) without having an effect on height. Skolt Sámi has 9 cases in the singular (7 of which also have a plural form), although the genitive and accusative are often the same. The following table shows the inflection of čuäcc ('rotten snag') with

399-425: A municipal tax that is a form of income tax , which is the mainstay of the income of a municipality (42% of income). Municipal tax is nominally a flat tax that is levied from a broader population (including lower income levels) than progressive state income tax, which is collected only from medium to high income earners. However, in practice even the municipal tax is progressive due to generous deductions granted to

456-539: A new (and Finnish-speaking) suburb with multiple times the inhabitants than there are in Sipoo. There is currently a heated political debate in Finland about reforming the municipality system. Essentially, a multitude of small municipalities is seen as detrimental to the provision of public services, having originated during Finland's agrarian years. As a result, there have been suggestions of state-imposed mergers. A committee led by

513-460: A part of a local state hierarchy. Municipalities cooperate in regions of Finland . State agencies have jurisdictions spanning one or more regions: each region is served by an ely-keskus ( elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus ) on matters of employment, the economy, transport and environment, while law and environmental enforcement is handled by the local aluehallintovirasto , governing multi-region jurisdictions termed alue .-G.H- Residents pay

570-462: A state agency, and used primarily for traffic-related purposes (signage, speed limits, and highway planning). There are 745 officially recognized urban areas in Finland, 49 of which have more than 10,000 inhabitants and six more than 100,000. Each municipality has a distinct coat of arms . They are posted on the municipal borders and shown in official documents representing the municipality. The coats of arms for many municipalities have been designed in

627-452: A stressed second component, whereas long diphthongs have stress on the first component. Diphthongs may also have two variants depending on whether they occur in a plain or palatalized environment. This has a clearer effect with diphthongs whose second element is back or central. Certain inflectional forms, including the addition of the palatalizing suprasegmental, also trigger a change in diphthong quality. The inventory of consonant phonemes

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684-399: A substantial share of municipal income (21%). In 2023, taxation will be significantly changed, when new wellbeing services counties are founded. Since these are funded by the state, municipal taxes will be reduced by 12.64 percentage points from ~20 to ~7%, and state taxes will be increased correspondingly. Additionally, municipalities levy a property tax, amounting to 3.6% of income, which

741-488: A target of population 20,000 per municipality. Commuter belts have also been proposed as a target by a government committee, such that municipalities where more than 35% of workforce commutes would be subject to a merger. The Sipilä cabinet , from 2015, had been preparing a significant reform of health and social services ( sote-uudistus ), aimed at increasing choice between municipal and private healthcare, and assigning some healthcare responsibilities into larger units than

798-424: Is -d , which is preceded by the plural marker -i , making it look the same as the plural illative . The accusative is also used to mark some adjuncts, e.g. obb tääʹlv ('the entire winter'). The locative marker in the singular is -st and -n in the plural. This case is used to indicate: In addition, it is used with certain verbs: The illative marker actually has three different markers in

855-529: Is always the primary stressed syllable in Skolt Sámi as Skolt is a fixed-stress language. In words with two or more syllables, the final syllable is quite lightly stressed (tertiary stress) and the remaining syllable, if any, are stressed more heavily than the final syllable, but less than the first syllable (secondary stress). Using the abessive and the comitative singular in a word appears to disrupt this system, however, in words of more than one syllable. The suffix, as can be expected, has tertiary stress, but

912-784: Is an independent town with a land area of only 10.49 km (4.05 sq mi). Kauniainen , which was originally a corporation in Espoo , is only 6.00 km (2.32 sq mi). Municipalities were originally parishes . The old word for a municipality is pitäjä , 'keeper', because when the system was instituted, one municipality kept one minister. Municipalities were divided into villages, which consisted of individual properties. Borders between properties and thus municipalities were defined by oral agreements passed down from generation to generation; usually along straight lines between defined markers such as boulders. Medieval documentation survives only from legal disputes concerning borders. In

969-452: Is as follows: Skolt Sámi has vowel length , but it co-occurs with contrasts in length of the following consonant(s). For example, leʹtt ‘vessel’ vs. leeʹtt ‘vessels’. The vowels can combine to form twelve opening diphthongs : Like the monophthongs, all diphthongs can be short or long, but this is not indicated in spelling. Short diphthongs are distinguished from long ones by both length and stress placement: short diphthongs have

1026-485: Is comparatively low: the annual fee is 0.32-0.75% of net present value for permanent residences and 0.50-1.00% for leisure properties like summer cottages as well as undeveloped plots. This is always paid by the owner, never a tenant directly, unlike the council tax . Municipalities receive a share of corporate tax revenue ( yhteisövero ) from companies having a place of business in the municipality (3.8% of income). Some municipal functions receive direct funding both from

1083-429: Is expected as the name of the municipality refers to the entire parish, not just a single center like a church village. Villages have no administrative role, although some have voluntary village associations ( kyläyhdistys ) and other non-governmental public life. Although related, urban areas in Finland ( taajama ) are not local administrative units. A catalog is independently compiled each year by Statistics Finland ,

1140-552: Is not marked orthographically, e.g. joʹǩǩe 'to the river' is pronounced [jo̟ʰcc͡çe] . There is one phonemic suprasegmental , the palatalizing suprasegmental that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable. In written language the palatalizing suprasegmental is indicated with a free-standing acute accent between a stressed vowel and the following consonant, as follows: The suprasegmental palatalization has three distinct phonetic effects: Skolt Sámi has four different types of stress for words: The first syllable of any word

1197-614: Is not spoken as mother tongue anymore in Norway. In Finland, Skolt Sámi is spoken by approximately 300 or 400 people. According to Finland's Sámi Language Act (1086/2003), Skolt Sámi is one of the three Sámi languages that the Sámi can use when conducting official business in Lapland . It is an official language in the municipality of Inari , and elementary schools there offer courses in the language, both for native speakers and for students learning it as

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1254-408: Is only used in the singular and can be replaced by the genitive in most cases. The partitive marker is -d . Municipalities of Finland Municipalities have council-manager government : they are governed by an elected council ( kunnanvaltuusto , kommunfullmäktige ), which is legally autonomous and answers only to the voters. The size of the council is proportional to the population,

1311-453: Is the following: Consonants may be phonemically short or long ( geminate ) both word-medially or word-finally; both are exceedingly common. Long and short consonants also contrast in consonant clusters, cf. kuõskkâd 'to touch' : kuõskam 'I touch'. A short period of voicelessness or h , known as preaspiration, before geminate consonants is observed, much as in Icelandic , but this

1368-623: The Inari municipality. On the Russian (then Soviet) side the dialect was spoken in the now defunct Sámi settlements of Motovsky, Songelsky, Notozero (hence its Russian name – the Notozersky dialect). Some speakers still may live in the villages of Tuloma and Lovozero . In Norwegian territory, Skolt Sámi was spoken in the Sør-Varanger area with a cultural centre in the village of Neiden . The language

1425-636: The 18th century, King Gustaf III implemented the Great Partition, where common lands were redistributed into larger properties, and claimed all unclaimed land to the crown. Thus, there is no "leftover" land outside the jurisdiction of municipalities, as all land belongs to either to a private property or to the government. The secular government divided the properties to taxable units (villages and secular municipalities) according to its own convenience, which were not necessarily convergent with parishes. Furthermore, cities were chartered separately. Up to 1734,

1482-514: The Norwegian record for the warmest summer night with a low of 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) from 17 July 1957. Most of the time, its subarctic climate is very cold. This article about a location in Finnmark is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Skolt Sami language Southern: Skolt Sámi ( sääʹmǩiõll , pronounced [ɕa̟ːmʰc͡çiɘlː] , lit.   '

1539-464: The Skolts had a quarterly called Sääʹmođđâz published in their own language. Since 2013, a new magazine called Tuõddri peeʹrel has been published once a year. The Finnish news program Yle Ođđasat featured a Skolt Sámi speaking newsreader for the first time on August 26, 2016. Otherwise Yle Ođđasat presents individual news stories in Skolt Sámi every now and then. In addition, there have been various TV programs in Skolt Sámi on YLE such as

1596-803: The Sámi language ' ; or nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll , pronounced [nuɘrʰtːɕa̟ːmʰc͡çiɘlː] , lit.   ' the Eastern Sámi language ' ) is a Sámi language that is spoken by the Skolts , with approximately 300 speakers in Finland , mainly in Sevettijärvi and approximately 20–30 speakers of the Njuõʹttjäuʹrr (Notozero) dialect in an area surrounding Lake Lovozero in Russia . In Norway, there are fewer than 15 that can speak Skolt Sámi (as of 2023); furthermore,

1653-405: The addition of a few special characters: Notes: Additional marks are used in writing Skolt Sámi words: Special features of this Sámi language include a highly complex vowel system and a suprasegmental contrast of palatalized vs. non-palatalized stress groups; palatalized stress groups are indicated by a "softener mark", represented by the modifier letter prime (ʹ). The system of vowel phonemes

1710-511: The children's TV series Binnabánnaš . The first book published in Skolt Sámi was an Eastern Orthodox prayer book ( Risttoummi moʹlidvaǩeʹrjj , Prayerbook for the Orthodox ) in 1983. Translation of the Gospel of John was published ( Evvan evaŋǧeʹlium ) in 1988 and Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom ( Pââʹss Eʹččen Evvan Krysostomoozz Liturgia , Liturgy of our Holy Father John Chrysostom )

1767-527: The church village ( kirkonkylä , abbreviated kk ) is the historical center, the largest or administrative center may be in another village. For example, Askola has a church village (Askolan kirkonkylä), but its administrative center is in Monninkylä . Often, the church village has the same name as the municipality, as with Askola. However, this is not necessarily so, e.g. Enontekiö is governed from Hetta ; these villages are often erroneously labeled in maps. This

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1824-420: The comitative singular, use the genitive singular form of the word as the root and -i '. To form the comitative plural, use the plural genitive root and -vuiʹm . The abessive marker is -tää in both the singular and the plural. It always has a tertiary stress. The dual form of the essive is still used with pronouns, but not with nouns and does not appear at all in the plural . The partitive

1881-417: The council. The city manager of Helsinki is called ylipormestari / överborgmästare "Lord Mayor" for historical reasons. There were previously no mayors in Finland, but after a change in law, Tampere was first city to elect a mayor ( pormestari / borgmästare ) in 2007. The mayor is not, however, currently elected directly, but by the municipal council. The mayor acts as municipal manager and as

1938-604: The extremes being 9 in Sottunga and 85 in Helsinki . A subsection of the council, the municipal executive board ( kunnanhallitus ), controls the municipal government and monitors the implementation of decisions of the council. Its decisions must be approved by the council. Unlike national cabinets, its composition is derived from the composition of the council, not along government-opposition lines. Furthermore, individual decisions are prepared in specialized municipal boards ( lautakunta ) for

1995-1172: The former Minister for Regional and Municipal Affairs, Hannes Manninen , suggested creating a two-tier system of municipalities with different powers, while the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities ( Kuntaliitto ) favoured a system where municipalities would be units of at least 20,000–30,000 inhabitants, cf. the current median at 4,700. The motion was inspired by a similar reform in Denmark (see Municipalities of Denmark ). The former government ( Vanhanen II ), however, planned to not impose mergers. Recently, many voluntary mergers have been agreed on. Ten mergers were completed in 2005, one in 2006, 14 in 2007 and one in 2008. In 2009, there were even more, many of which consolidated more than two municipalities. Several cities merged with surrounding rural municipalities in Hämeenlinna , Salo , Kouvola , Seinäjoki , Naantali , Kauhava , Lohja , Raseborg , Jyväskylä and Oulu in 2009. In total, there were 32 mergers, involving 99 municipalities, that reduced

2052-414: The issues these programs faced, they were crucial in creating the youngest generations of Skolt Sámi speakers. In recent years, these programs have been reinstated. In addition, 2005 was the first time that it was possible to use Skolt Sámi in a Finnish matriculation exam , albeit as a foreign language. In 2012, Ville-Riiko Fofonoff ( Skolt Sami : Läärvan-Oʹlssi-Peâtt-Rijggu-Vääʹsǩ-Rijggu-Ville-Reeiǥaž )

2109-530: The language is largely spoken in the Neiden area. It is written using a modified Roman orthography which was made official in 1973. The term Skolt was coined by representatives of the majority culture and has negative connotation which can be compared to the term Lapp . Nevertheless, it is used in cultural and linguistic studies. In 2024, Venke Törmänen, the leader of an NGO called Norrõs Skoltesamene, wrote in Ságat,

2166-607: The largest kunta in Finland, and 1,246 inhabitants in Kaskinen , the smallest kaupunki , so the kunta–kaupunki categorisation mainly concerns the name of the municipality. The areas of the municipalities vary, as the population is the primary criterion for forming a municipality. The largest municipalities in size are found in Lapland, of which the largest is Inari at 17,333.65 km (6,692.56 sq mi) (130 km square). The smallest municipalities are very small towns. Kaskinen

2223-572: The law was different in cities than in rural municipalities. On 6 February 1865, the modern municipalities were established as secular entities separate from the parishes. The reform was inspired by the Swedish municipal reforms of 1862 . Up to 1964, cities financed their own police and registry services. Until 1977 municipalities were divided into cities ( kaupunki , stad ), market towns ( kauppala , köping ) and rural municipalities ( maalaiskunta , landskommun ). The market town category

2280-452: The lowest income levels. The pre-deduction base tax varies from 16% in affluent Kauniainen to 20% or more in a number of small rural municipalities. Next to the municipal tax, municipalities receive funding from the state budget ( valtionapu , 19% of income). This funding is means-tested to municipality wealth and serves to balance the differences in municipal tax revenue. Besides taxes, sales revenue, fees and profit of operations also form

2337-778: The majority language (all but five in Uusimaa region). Four municipalities in northern Lapland ( Utsjoki , Inari , Sodankylä and Enontekiö ) have one or all of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland as an official language. Finnish municipalities can choose to be called either kaupunki ( city or town ) or kunta (small town or rural municipality). Although the Finnish Environment Institute classifies urban settlements with over 15,000 inhabitants as kaupunki , municipalities can name themselves kaupunki with fewer inhabitants. There are 44,991 inhabitants in Nurmijärvi ,

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2394-432: The modern era, many of them by Gustaf von Numers . In addition, municipalities like Vantaa since 2015 and Helsinki since 2017 have a logo distinct from their coat of arms. Distinctively, the Helsinki capital region , has no special arrangements. The area consists of four entirely independent cities that form a continuous conurbation . The Helsinki metropolitan area has grown in population and area relatively quickly:

2451-443: The municipality and the state, e.g. AMK vocational colleges. Finland has an extensive welfare state , and municipalities are responsible for much of the services to that end. Tasks of the municipalities are as follows: Although municipalities are responsible for their own finances, there is much highly specific legislation and regulation that requires the services to be provided up to a standard. Thus, although municipalities have

2508-451: The nearby municipalities, considered rural only 50 years ago, have become suburbs , and the growth is projected to continue. A state-imposed merger of Helsinki and a part of Sipoo , a rural, 40% Swedish-speaking municipality adjacent to the Helsinki metropolitan area, was approved by the government in 2006, counter to the opinion of the Sipoo municipal council. This area will effectively become

2565-551: The number of municipalities by 67. The year 2009 also marked the end of the last maalaiskunta , a municipality surrounding a city but sharing the name, in Jyväskylä . There were four mergers in 2010, six in 2011, ten in 2013, three in 2015, four in 2016, two in 2017, one in 2020 and one in 2021. In the period 2005–2021, the number of municipalities was voluntarily reduced from 444 to 309. In 2012, Katainen's government published an extensive plan aiming at merging municipalities to reach

2622-435: The other Uralic languages are, as it has developed considerably into the direction of a fusional language , much like Estonian . Therefore, cases and other grammatical features are also marked by modifications to the root and not just marked with suffixes. Many of the suffixes in Skolt Sámi are portmanteau morphemes that express several grammatical features at a time. Umlaut is a pervasive phenomenon in Skolt Sámi, whereby

2679-433: The penultimate syllable also has tertiary stress, even though it would be expected to have secondary stress. Zero stress can be said to be a feature of conjunctions , postpositions , particles and monosyllabic pronouns. Skolt Sámi is a synthetic , highly inflected language that shares many grammatical features with the other Uralic languages . However, Skolt Sámi is not a typical agglutinative language like many of

2736-432: The power to voluntarily spend tax-generated income, they are required to first allocate funds to legally prescribed services. Municipalities may provide some of these services through corporations that they own or from private companies that they regulate. For example, Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL) provides public transport services in the capital area. From 2023, new wellbeing services counties will take

2793-519: The responsibility for healthcare and social services from the municipalities. As of 2021 , there are 309 municipalities in Finland, and from 1 January 2025 308, of which (the following numbers not updated) 107 are cities or towns ( kaupunki ). Sixteen municipalities are unilingually Swedish (all in the autonomous Åland region), while 33 are bilingual: 15 with Swedish as the majority language (all but four in Ostrobothnia ) and 18 with Finnish as

2850-408: The same as the genitive singular. The genitive singular is unmarked and looks the same as the nominative plural. The genitive plural is marked by an -i . The genitive is used: The genitive has been replacing the partitive for some time and is nowadays more commonly used in its place. The accusative is the direct object case and it is unmarked in the singular. In the plural, its marker

2907-410: The single morphemes marking noun stem, number, and case separated by hyphens for better readability. The last morpheme marks for case, i marks the plural, and a is due to epenthesis and does not have a meaning of its own. Like the other Uralic languages , the nominative singular is unmarked and indicates the subject or a predicate . The nominative plural is also unmarked and always looks

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2964-407: The singular to represent the same case: -a , -e and -u . The plural illative marker is -d , which is preceded by the plural marker -i , making it look the same as the plural accusative . This case is used to indicate: The comitative marker in the singular is -in and -vuiʹm in the plural. The comitative is used to state with whom or what something was done: To form

3021-498: The umlaut effects as their only trace. The following table lists the Skolt Sámi outcomes of the Proto-Samic first-syllable vowel, for each second-syllable vowel. Some notes: As can be seen, palatalisation is present before original second-syllable *ē and *i , and absent otherwise. Where they survive in Skolt Sámi, both appear as e , so only the umlaut effect can distinguish them. The original short vowels *ë , *u and *i have

3078-404: The vowel in the second syllable affects the quality of the vowel in the first. The presence or absence of palatalisation can also be considered an umlaut effect, since it is also conditioned by the second-syllable vowel, although it affects the entire syllable rather than the vowel alone. Umlaut is complicated by the fact that many of the second-syllable vowels have disappeared in Skolt Sámi, leaving

3135-496: Was abolished and these were renamed as cities. The rest of the municipalities were classified as 'other municipalities'. All municipalities called maalaiskunta were eventually either merged to their parent cities or changed their names. From 1995 onwards only 'municipality' is recognized by law and any municipality is allowed to call itself a city. Not all municipalities have an obvious urban center; indeed, rural municipalities are often composed of distributed rural villages. Although

3192-708: Was published in 2002 Skolt Sámi is used together with Finnish in worship of the Lappi Orthodox Parish ( Lappi ortodookslaž sieʹbrrkåʹdd ) at churches of Ivalo , Sevettijärvi and Nellim . Like Inari Sámi , Skolt Sámi has recently borne witness to a new phenomenon, namely it is being used in rock songs sung by Tiina Sanila-Aikio , who has published two full-length CDs in Skolt Sámi to date. In 1993, language nest programs for children younger than 7 were created. For quite some time these programs received intermittent funding, resulting in some children being taught Skolt Sámi, while others were not. In spite of all

3249-597: Was the first person to use Skolt Sámi for the mother tongue portion of the exam; for this, he won the Skolt of the Year Award the same year. In 1973, an official, standardized orthography for Skolt Sámi was introduced based on the Suõʹnnʼjel dialect. Since then, it has been widely accepted with a few small modifications. The Skolt Sámi orthography uses the ISO basic Latin alphabet with

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