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37-613: Close to Passo Corese is the site of Cures Sabinorum , also called simply Cures . According to Roman historians, it was from here that the Sabine king Titus Tatius marched on Rome, in the seventh year of the city, 747 BC, to avenge the Rape of the Sabine Women , and then agreed to settle in Rome. In the time of Augustus , Cures was merely a village, but it developed in the succeeding centuries, becoming in

74-616: A Sabine. Many of these deities were shared with the Etruscan religion , and were also adopted into the derivative Samnite and ancient Roman religion . Roman author Varro , who was himself of Sabine origin, gives a list of Sabine gods who were adopted by the Romans. Elsewhere, Varro claims Sol Indiges – who had a sacred grove at Lavinium – as Sabine but at the same time equates him with Apollo . Of those listed, he writes, "several names have their roots in both languages, as trees that grow on

111-619: A member of the Umbrian group of Italic languages of the Indo-European family , while Glottolog classifies it as an Old Sabellic dialect alongside South Picene and Pre-Samnite . Latin -speakers called the Sabines' original territory, straddling the modern regions of Lazio , Umbria , and Abruzzo , Sabinum . To this day , it bears the ancient tribe's name in the Italian form of Sabina . Within

148-558: A mountain tribal state, coming finally to war against Rome for its independence along with all the other Italic tribes. Afterwards, it became assimilated into the Roman Republic . The Sabines derived directly from the ancient Umbrians and belonged to the same ethnic group as the Samnites and the Sabelli , as attested by the common ethnonyms of Safineis (in ancient Greek σαφινείς ) and by

185-454: A population speaking a common language extended over both Samnium and Umbria . Salmon conjectures that it was common Italic and puts forward a date of 600 BC, after which the common language began to separate into dialects. This date does not necessarily correspond to any historical or archaeological evidence; developing a synthetic view of the ethnology of proto-historic Italy is an incomplete and ongoing task. Linguist Julius Pokorny carries

222-403: A property line creep into both fields. Saturn, for instance, can be said to have another origin here, and so too Diana." Varro makes various claims for Sabine origins throughout his works, some more plausible than others, and his list should not be taken at face value. But the importance of the Sabines in the early cultural formation of Rome is evidenced, for instance, by the bride abduction of

259-660: A surprise war action starting from Amiternum . Ancient historians debated the specific origins of the Sabines. According to Strabo the Sabines, after a long war with the Umbrians, migrated to the land of the Opici , following the ancient Italic rite of the Ver Sacrum . The Sabines then drove out the Opici and encamped in that region. Zenodotus of Troezen claimed that the Sabines were originally Umbrians that changed their name after being driven from

296-527: A synthetic view of the ethnology of proto-historic Italy is an incomplete and ongoing task. The linguist Julius Pokorny carries the etymology somewhat further back. Conjecturing that the -a- was altered from an -o- during some prehistoric residence in Illyria he derives the names from an o-grade extension *swo-bho- of an extended e-grade *swe-bho- of the possessive adjective, *s(e)we-, of the reflexive pronoun, *se-, "oneself" (the source of English self). The result

333-611: Is 8 km from Fiano Romano , 10 from Montelibretti and Farfa Abbey , 15 from Monterotondo and 16 from Fara in Sabina . The town is the seat of Fara Sabina-Montelibretti railway station , part of the Roman suburban railway line FL1 Orte–Fiumicino . It is crossed by the Italian state highway SS4 "Via Salaria" , and is the starting point of the SS4 Dir, a short beltway that links Passo Corese with

370-595: Is a set of Indo-European tribal names (if not the endonym of the Indo-Europeans): Germanic Suebi and Semnones , Suiones; Celtic Senones ; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs ; Italic Sabelli , Sabini , etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms. The general concept is "our own kith and kin", Pokorny's von eigener Art ("of our own kind"), Gesamtheit der eigenen Leute ("the totality of our own people"), Liebe ("love"), Sippegenossen ("clan comrades"), Sippenangehörigen ("clan members"), and

407-464: Is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . During World War II , Passo Corese was the site of a large POW camp , P.G. 54 . It was the venue for the riding part of the modern pentathlon event for the 1960 Summer Olympics . Located 35 km north of Rome , Passo Corese lies on a plain near the river Tiber , at the borders of the province of Rieti with the one of Rome . It

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444-495: The A1 motorway Milan – Naples , on the northern Roman branch, at the exit "Fiano Romano". Sabines Timeline The Sabines ( US : / ˈ s eɪ b aɪ n z / , SAY -bynes , UK : / ˈ s æ b aɪ n z / , SAB -eyens ; Latin : Sabini  ) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains (see Sabina ) of the ancient Italian Peninsula , also inhabiting Latium north of

481-477: The Anio before the founding of Rome . The Sabines divided into two populations just after the founding of Rome, which is described by Roman legend. The division, however it came about, is not legendary. The population closer to Rome transplanted itself to the new city and united with the preexisting citizenry, beginning a new heritage that descended from the Sabines but was also Latinized . The second population remained

518-731: The Hirpini (main cities: Beneventum , Abellinum , Aquilonia ). They may have later been joined by the Frentani (capital Larinum , the modern Larino ). The earliest written record of the people is a treaty with the Romans from 354 BC, which set their border at the Liris River . Shortly thereafter the Samnite Wars broke out; they won an important battle against the Roman army in 321 BC, and their imperium reached its peak in 316 BC after further gains from

555-523: The Populares in the civil war against Lucius Cornelius Sulla , but unfortunately for them, Sulla ended up winning the war and was declared the dictator of Rome. Sulla ordered all those who went against him to be punished. Thousands of people in Rome and all over Italy were brutally hunted down and killed. Samnites, who were one of the most prominent supporters of the Populares, were punished so severely that it

592-476: The 5th and 6th centuries the seat of a diocese , five of whose bishops are known by name because of their participation in synods or because of correspondence with the popes. The Lombards destroyed Cures, probably in 589, and the population dispersed. In a letter of February 593, Pope Gregory the Great ended the existence of the diocese as a residential see, adding its territory to that of Nomentum . Cures Sabinorum

629-665: The Pomentine plains) and some from that colony settled among the Sabines. According to the account, the Sabine habits of belligerence (aggressive or warlike behavior) and frugality (prudence in avoiding waste) were known to have derived from the Spartans. Plutarch also mentions, in the Life of Numa Pompilius, "Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the Lacedaemonians". Plutarch also wrote that

666-570: The Pythagoras of Sparta, who was Olympic victor in the foot-race, helped Numa arrange the government of the city and many Spartan customs introduced by him to the Numa and the people. Legend says that the Romans abducted Sabine women to populate the newly built Rome. The resultant war ended only by the women throwing themselves and their children between the armies of their fathers and their husbands. The Rape of

703-608: The Reatine territory by the Pelasgians . Porcius Cato argued that the Sabines were a populace named after Sabus , the son of Sancus (a divinity of the area sometimes called Jupiter Fidius). In another account mentioned in Dionysius's work, a group of Lacedaemonians fled Sparta since they regarded the laws of Lycurgus as too severe. In Italy, they founded the Spartan colony of Foronia (near

740-644: The Romans. By 290 BC, the Romans were able to break the Samnites' power after some hard-fought battles. The Samnites were one of the Italian peoples that allied with King Pyrrhus of Epirus during the Pyrrhic War . After Pyrrhus left for Sicily , the Romans invaded Samnium and were crushed at the Battle of the Cranita hills , but after the defeat of Pyrrhus, the Samnites could not resist on their own and surrendered to Rome. Some of

777-402: The Sabine Women became a common motif in art; the women ending the war is a less frequent but still reappearing motif. According to Livy , after the conflict, the Sabine and Roman states merged, and the Sabine king Titus Tatius jointly ruled Rome with Romulus until Tatius' death five years later. Three new centuries of Equites were introduced at Rome, including one named Tatienses, after

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814-533: The Sabine country, but these are given in Latin form. Robert Seymour Conway , in his Italic Dialects , gives approximately 100 words which vary from being well-attested as Sabine to being possibly of Sabine origin. In addition to these he cites place names derived from the Sabine, sometimes giving attempts at reconstructions of the Sabine form. Based on all the evidence, the Linguist List tentatively classifies Sabine as

851-567: The Sabine king. A variation of the story is recounted in the pseudepigraphal Sefer haYashar (see Jasher 17:1–15 ). Tradition suggests that the population of the early Roman kingdom was the result of a union of Sabines and others. Some of the gentes of the Roman republic were proud of their Sabine heritage, such as the Claudia gens , assuming Sabinus as a cognomen or agnomen . Some specifically Sabine deities and cults were known at Rome: Semo Sancus and Quirinus , and at least one area of

888-400: The Sabine women by Romulus 's men, and in the Sabine ethnicity of Numa Pompilius , second king of Rome , to whom are attributed many of Rome's religious and legal institutions. Varro, however, says that the altars to most of these gods were established at Rome by King Tatius as the result of a vow ( votum ). During the expansion of ancient Rome , there were a series of conflicts with

925-503: The Sabines, Sabus, seems to support this view. The Greek terms, Saunitai and Saunitis, remain outside the group. Nothing is known of their origin. At some point in prehistory, a population speaking a common language extended over both Samnium and Umbria . Salmon conjectures that it was common Italic and puts forward a date of 600 BC, after which the common language began to separate into dialects. This date does not necessarily correspond to any historical or archaeological evidence; developing

962-453: The Sabines. Manius Curius Dentatus conquered the Sabines in 290 BC. The citizenship without the right of suffrage was given to the Sabines in the same year. The right of suffrage was granted to the Sabines in 268 BC. Samnium Second Samnite War Third Samnite War Samnium ( Italian : Sannio ) is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites . Their own endonyms were Safinim for

999-553: The Samnites joined and aided Hannibal during the Second Punic War , but most stayed loyal. The Samnites and several other Italic people rebelled against Rome and started the Social War (91–87 BC) , after Romans refused to grant them Roman Citizenship. The war lasted almost three years, and resulted in a Roman victory. However, Samnites and other Italic tribes were granted Roman citizenship, to avoid another war. The Samnites supported

1036-584: The Samnites were landlocked, but during a brief period they controlled parts of both coasts of the Italian peninsula . The Samnites were composed of at least four tribes: the Pentri (capital: Bovianum ), the Caraceni (principal cities: Cluviae , the modern Casoli , and Juvanum , the ruins of which are spread between Torricella Peligna and Montenerodomo ), the Caudini (capital: Caudium , today Montesarchio ) and

1073-556: The country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and Safineis for the people. The language of these endonyms and of the population was the Oscan language . However, not all the Samnites spoke Oscan, and not all the Oscan-speakers lived in Samnium. Ancient geographers were unable to relay a precise definition of Samnium's borders. Moreover, the areas it included vary depending on

1110-448: The endonym of the Indo-Europeans): Germanic Suebi and Semnones , Suiones ; Celtic Senones ; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs ; Italic Sabelli , Sabini , etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms. There is little record of the Sabine language; however, there are some glosses by ancient commentators, and one or two inscriptions have been tentatively identified as Sabine. There are also personal names in use on Latin inscriptions from

1147-403: The etymology somewhat further back. Conjecturing that the -a- was altered from an -o- during some prehistoric residence in Illyria , he derives the names from an o-grade extension * swo-bho- of an extended e-grade * swe-bho- of the possessive adjective, * s(e)we- , of the reflexive pronoun, * se- , "oneself" (the source of English self ). The result is a set of Indo-European tribal names (if not

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1184-490: The like. Samnium mostly lay on the Apennine area; it was delimited by Latium to the north, by Lucania to the south, by Campania to the west, and by Apulia to the east. The principal cities of the region were Bovaiamom , renamed Bovianum by Latins (today: Bojano or Boiano) and Maleventum ( Maloenton in Oscan ), which was later renamed Beneventum by the Romans (today: Benevento ). For most of their history

1221-501: The modern region of Lazio (or Latium ), Sabina constitutes a sub-region, situated north-east of Rome , around Rieti . The Sabines settled in Sabinum, around the tenth century BC, founding the cities of Reate , Trebula Mutuesca and Cures Sabini. Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions the Sabines in relation to the Aborigines , from whom they allegedly stole their capital Lista, with

1258-757: The sole numeral, by scholarly convention the Regio IV has been dubbed " Samnium ". Ancient Samnium had actually been divided into three of the Augustan regions. Etymologically the name Samnium is generally recognized to be a form of the name of the Sabines , who were Umbrians . From Safinim, Sabinus, Sabellus and Samnis an Indo-European root can be extracted, * sabh -, which becomes Sab- in Latino-Faliscan and Saf- in Osco-Umbrian : Sabini and *Safineis. The eponymous god of

1295-514: The time period considered. The main configurations are the borders it had during the floruit of the Oscan speakers, from about 600 BC to about 290 BC, when it was finally absorbed by the Roman Republic . The original territory of Samnium should not be confused with the later territory of the same name. Rome's first Emperor , Augustus , divided Italy into 11 regions. Although these entities only served administrative purposes, and were identified with

1332-479: The toponyms safinim and safina (at the origin of the terms Samnium and Sabinum ). The Indo-European root * Saβeno or * Sabh evolved into the word Safen , which later became Safin . From Safinim , Sabinus , Sabellus and Samnis , an Indo-European root can be extracted, * sabh- , which becomes Sab- in Latino-Faliscan and Saf- in Osco-Umbrian : Sabini and * Safineis . At some point in prehistory,

1369-479: The town, the Quirinale , where the temples to those latter deities were located, had once been a Sabine centre. The extravagant claims of Varro and Cicero that augury , divination by dreams and the worship of Minerva and Mars originated with the Sabines are disputable, as they were general Italic and Latin customs, as well as Etruscan , even though they were espoused by Numa Pompilius , second king of Rome and

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