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43-539: Pasaxon ( Lao : ປະຊາຊົນ , lit.   ' the People ' ) is a weekly newspaper published in Laos . The newspaper was established on 13 August 1950. It is the official organ of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party , a communist party based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism and the only political party authorized in the country. This Laos newspaper-related article

86-560: A local root * trawʔ , which is associated with taro , is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as "Monic (Spoken Mon krao or Nyah-kur traw ), Palaungic (Tung-wa kraɷʔ or Sem klao ), or Katuic (Ong raw or Souei ʰraw < proto-Katuic * craw )", and possibly evoked "a particular (most probably tuber-based) cultivation practice used by small Mon-Khmer horticultural communities—as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal-growing (probably rice-based) societies" Meanwhile, James Chamberlain claims that Jiao originated from

129-639: A revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam, Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed. In 192, Cham people in Xianglin county led by Khu Liên successful revolted against

172-612: A word also ancestral to Lao , thus meaning Jiao & Lao are cognates. Chamberlain, like Joachim Schlesinger, claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam. According to them, the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited by Tai - speakers . They claim that the area become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, or even as late as

215-698: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lao language Lao is a tonal language , where the pitch or tone of a word can alter its meaning, and is analytic , forming sentences through the combination of individual words without inflection. These features, common in Kra-Dai languages , also bear similarities to Sino-Tibetan languages like Chinese or Austroasiatic languages like Vietnamese . Lao's mutual intelligibility with Thai and Isan , fellow Southwestern Tai languages, allows for effective intercommunication among their speakers, despite differences in script and regional variations. In Laos, Lao

258-488: Is not only the official language but also a lingua franca , bridging the linguistic diversity of a population that speaks many other languages. Its cultural significance is reflected in Laotian literature, media, and traditional arts. The Vientiane dialect has emerged as the de facto standard, though no official standard has been established. Internationally, Lao is spoken among diaspora communities , especially in countries like

301-535: Is now southeastern China, specifically what is now Guangxi and northern Vietnam where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an Urheimat . The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various Zhuang languages , sometime around 112 CE, but likely completed by the sixth century . Due to the influx of Han Chinese soldiers and settlers,

344-590: The Han dynasty , the commandery was part of a province of the same name (later renamed to Jiaozhou ) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well as Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. In 670 AD, Jiaozhi was absorbed into the Annan Protectorate established by the Tang dynasty . Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and other names of Vietnam , except during

387-655: The Ming dynasty revived the historical name Jiaozhi and created the Jiaozhi Province in northern Vietnam. After repelling the Ming forces, Lê Lợi dismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5 dao . Thus, Giao Chỉ and Giao Châu have never been names of official administrative units ever since. In 166 CE An-tun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ) of the state of Ta Ch'in sent missinaries from beyond Rinan to offer present of ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise to

430-653: The Red River Delta near modern Hanoi ]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin. During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan [AD 226] a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi [Tonkin]; the prefect [ taishou ] of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun Quan [the Wu emperor], who asked him for a report on his native country and its people." The capital of Jiaozhi

473-551: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages. Lao (including Isan) and Thai, although they occupy separate groups, are mutually intelligible and were pushed closer through contact and Khmer influence, but all Southwestern Tai languages are mutually intelligible to some degree. The Tai languages also include the languages of the Zhuang , which are split into the Northern and Central branches of

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516-520: The Wu . This family controlled several surrounding commanderies, but upon the headman's death Guangzhou was formed as a separate province from northeastern Jiaozhou and Shi Xie's son attempted to usurp his father's appointed replacement. In retaliation, Sun Quan executed the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status. During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam ,

559-575: The Han court. Hou Han shu records: In the ninth Yanxi year [AD 166], during the reign of Emperor Huan , the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus , r.  161–180), sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan... During the reign of Emperor He [AD 89–105], they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted. Then, during

602-459: The Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of Lâm Ấp . Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire. In 2 AD, the region reported four times as many households as Nanhai (modern Guangdong), while its population density is estimated to be 9.6 times larger than that of Guangdong. Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources. The region's location

645-682: The Han, the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu ( Guangzhou ) south to Jiaozhi. The capital of Jiaozhi was first Mê Linh (Miling) (within modern Hanoi 's Me Linh district ) and then Luy Lâu , within Bac Ninh 's Thuan Thanh district . According to the Book of Han ’s "Treatise on Geography", Jiaozhi contained 10 counties : Leilou (羸𨻻), Anding (安定), Goulou (苟屚), Miling (麊泠), Quyang (曲昜), Beidai (北帶), Jixu (稽徐), Xiyu (西于), Longbian (龍編), and Zhugou (朱覯). Đào Duy Anh stated that Jiaozhi's territory contained all of Tonkin , excluding

688-500: The Han. In the following year, thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu. Empress Dowager Deng decided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty. In 157, Lac leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi,

731-486: The Lac lord of Mê Linh, led an uprising that quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern-day Vietnam (Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen , Hepu and Rinan ), forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee. All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen. In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led by Ma Yuan . Copper columns of Ma Yuan was supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed

774-611: The Tai languages. The Tai languages form a major division within the Kra-Dai language family , distantly related to other languages of southern China, such as the Hlai and Be languages of Hainan and the Kra and Kam-Sui languages on the Chinese Mainland and in neighbouring regions of northern Vietnam. The ancestors of the Lao people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what

817-853: The Tai migrants that followed the Mekong River . As the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples diverged, following paths down waterways, their dialects began to diverge into the various languages today, such as the Lao-Phuthai languages that developed along the Mekong River and includes Lao and its Isan sub-variety and the Chiang Saen languages which includes the Central Thai dialect that is the basis of Standard Thai. Despite their close relationship, there were several phonological divergences that drifted

860-506: The United States, France, and Australia, reflecting its global diasporic presence. The Lao language falls within the Lao-Phuthai group of languages, including its closest relatives, Phuthai (BGN/PCGN Phouthai , RTGS Phu Thai ) and Tai Yo . Together with Northwestern Tai—which includes Shan , Ahom and most Dai languages of China, the Chiang Saen languages—which include Standard Thai, Khorat Thai, and Tai Lanna —and Southern Tai form

903-676: The brief fourth period of Chinese rule when the Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the Jiaozhi Province . Chinese chroniclers assigned various folk etymologies for the toponym. According to Michel Ferlus , the Sino-Vietnamese Jiao in Jiāozhǐ (交趾), together with the ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people (lǎo 獠), and the ethnonym Gēlǎo (仡佬), a Kra population scattered from Guizhou (China) to North Vietnam, would have emerged from *k(ə)ra:w . The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded

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946-421: The developing of Han-Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling-class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process. In 100, Cham people in Xianglin county (near modern-day Huế ) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down

989-463: The end of the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, the fall of Jiaozhi and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the Tang dynasty led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Lao originating in

1032-661: The endonym's initial consonantal cluster); noting that the older two-character combinations 鳩獠 Qiūlǎo , 狐獠 Húlǎo , and 屈獠 Qūlǎo had been pronounced * kɔ-lawʔ , * ɣɔ-lawʔ , and * kʰut-lawʔ respectively in Middle Chinese , she reconstructs the endonym * klao , which is either related to the word klao , meaning "person", in the Kra languages , or is a compound, meaning "our people", of prefix k- for "people" and Proto-Tai first person plural pronoun * rəu "we, us". Even so, Michael Churchman acknowledged that "The absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there

1075-490: The ethnonym Keo/ Kæw kɛːw , a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In Pupeo ( Kra branch ), kew is used to name the Tay ( Central Tai ) of North Vietnam. jiāo 交 < MC kæw < OC *kraw [ k.raw ] lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C. rawˀ ] Frederic Pain proposes that *k(ə)ra:w means 'human being' and originates from Austroasiatic : he further links it to

1118-558: The first few centuries AD, before being replaced by Guangdong . In terms of archaeological finds, a Republican -era Roman glassware has been found at a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou along the South China Sea , dated to the early 1st century BC. In addition, from a site near the Red River in the northern Vietnamese province of Lao Cai (borders with Yunnan ), a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD

1161-651: The land on the right bank of the Red River . According to tradition, the Hung kings directly ruled Mê Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords. The Van Lang kingdom fell to the Âu under prince Thục Phán around 258 BC. Thục Phán established his capital at Co Loa in Hanoi's Dong Anh district . The citadel was taken around 208 BC by the Qin general Zhao Tuo . Zhao Tuo declared his independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as

1204-1020: The languages apart with time such as the following examples:     *mlɯn 'slippery'     → {\displaystyle \rightarrow }   ມື່ນ muen /mɯ̄ːn/       → {\displaystyle \rightarrow }   ลื่น luen /lɯ̂ːn/   {} {} ມື່ນ {} ลื่น {} {} muen {} luen *mlɯn → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } /mɯ̄ːn/ → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } /lɯ̂ːn/ 'slippery' {} {} {} {}     *raːk 'to vomit'     → {\displaystyle \rightarrow }   ຮາກ hak /hâːk/       → {\displaystyle \rightarrow }   ราก rak /râːk/ Jiaozhi Jiaozhi ( standard Chinese , pinyin : Jiāozhǐ ), or Vietnamese : Giao Chỉ ,

1247-499: The lower part of Yangtze 's drainage basin, and nowhere farther than today Anhui province in China (i.e. not in today northern Vietnam ); accordingly, Đào defines Jiao(zhi) as "lands in the south which bordered [ancient Chinese's] territories". The native state of Văn Lang is not well attested, but much later sources name Giao Chỉ as one of the realm's districts ( bộ ). Its territory purportedly comprised present-day Hanoi and

1290-506: The rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two-year tax respite. In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words." In 115, the Wuhu Li of Cangwu district revolted against

1333-647: The regions upstream of the Black River and Ma River . Southwestern Guangxi was also part of Jiaozhi. The southwest area of present-day Ninh Bình was the border of Jiuzhen. Later, the Han dynasty created another commandery named Rinan ( Nhật Nam ) located south of Jiuzhen, stretching from the Ngang Pass to Quảng Nam Province . One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi was Su Ding . In AD 39, two sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị who were daughters of

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1376-451: The second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan [AD 159 and 161], and frequently since, [these] foreigners have arrived [by sea] at the frontiers of Rinan [Commandery in modern central Vietnam] to present offerings. The Book of Liang states: The merchants of this country [the Roman Empire] frequently visit Funan [in the Mekong delta], Rinan ( Annam ) and Jiaozhi [in

1419-512: The submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen , confirming them in their posts and ushering in the " First Era of Northern Domination " in Vietnamese history . These commanderies were headed by grand administrators ( taishou ) who were later overseen by the inspectors ( 刺史 , cishi ) of Jiaozhou or "Jiaozhi Province" ( Giao Chỉ bộ ), the first of whom was Shi Dai . Under

1462-461: The tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modern north-central Vietnam . According to Han - Tang records, east of Jiaozhi and the coast of Guangdong , Guangxi was populated by Tai-Kadai speakers (whom Chinese contemporaries called Lǐ 俚 and Lǎo 獠). Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character 獠 transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two-character combinations (which were used transcribe

1505-486: The two commanderies of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen ( Vietnamese : Cửu Chân ; present-day Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , and Hà Tĩnh ). Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and his Chinese mother, the Han launched two invasions in 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital at Panyu ( Guangzhou ). When Han dynasty conquered Nanyue in 111 BC, the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies, one commandery called Jiaozhi

1548-606: The uprising of the Trưng Sisters in AD 44. Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation, destroying the natives' bronze drums in order to build the column, on which the inscription "If this bronze column collapses, Jiaozhi will be destroyed" was carved, at the edge of the Chinese empire. Following the defeat of Trưng sisters, thousands of Chinese immigrants (mostly soldiers) arrived and settled in Jiaozhi, adopted surname Ma, and married with local Lac Viet girls, began

1591-767: Was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese." Jiaozhi, pronounced Kuchi in the Malay , became the Cochin-China of the Portuguese traders c.  1516 , who so named it to distinguish it from the city and the Kingdom of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast . It

1634-466: Was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties , corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam . The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Commandery ( Chinese : 交趾 郡 , 交阯 郡 ; Vietnamese : Quận Giao Chỉ , chữ Hán : 郡交趾) an administrative division centered in the Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam's first and second periods of Chinese rule. During

1677-632: Was highly favorable to trade. Well connected to central China via the Ling Canal , it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and the Maritime Silk Road . By the end of the second century AD, Buddhism (brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier) had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi. During the Three Kingdoms period , Jiaozhi was administered from Longbian ( Long Biên ) by Shi Xie on behalf of

1720-404: Was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels. In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government. In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi. In 178, Wuhu people under Liang Long sparked

1763-553: Was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara , situated near modern Hanoi . Richthofen's view was widely accepted until archaeology at Óc Eo in the Mekong Delta suggested that site may have been its location. Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in

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1806-580: Was subsequently called " Cochinchina ". Numerous Chinese sources, dated to the Spring & Autumn and Warring States periods, mentioned a place called Jiao(zhi) to the south of Ancient China . Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with the Nanman . However, Vietnamese historian Đào Duy Anh locates Jiaozhi (which was mentioned in ancient texts) only south of Mount Heng (衡山) (aka 霍山 Mount Huo or 天柱山 Mount Tianzhu ), within

1849-544: Was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas. Because of this, the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi. From Han to Tang, the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han-era Jiaozhi. In 670, Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan (Pacified South). After this, the name Jiaozhi was applied for the Red River Delta and most or all of northern Vietnam (Tonkin). The Han dynasty received

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