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32-689: The river flows through the Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests ecoregion. Part of the river's basin is in the Maicuru Biological Reserve . The seventh track of the album Aguas da Amazonia is named after the river. 1°32′S 52°38′W  /  1.533°S 52.633°W  / -1.533; -52.633 This article related to a river in Pará , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests (NT0173)

64-713: A diverse array of indigenous peoples , who to varying degrees persist in their autonomous and traditional cultures and subsistence within this environment. The number of these peoples who are as yet relatively untouched by external influences continues to decline significantly, however, along with the near-exponential expansion of urbanization , roads, pastoralism and forest industries which encroach on their customary lands and environment. Nevertheless, amidst these declining circumstances this vast "reservoir" of human diversity continues to survive, albeit much depleted. In South America alone, some 350–400 indigenous languages and dialects are still living (down from an estimated 1,500 at

96-652: Is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil in the Amazon biome . It covers the Amazon basin north of the Amazon River from close to the Atlantic Ocean to the Rio Negro west of Manaus . The ecoregion is relatively intact, although it has been damaged along the main rivers and around population centers. The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests ecoregion is in the north of Brazil in parts of the states of Roraima , Amazonas and Amapá to

128-468: Is crossed by various blackwater or clearwater rivers, including the Trombetas , Jari , Uatumã , Curuapanema , Paru and Araguari . The Köppen climate classification is "Am": equatorial, monsoonal. Mean monthly temperatures are 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F). Rainfall is seasonal. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 millimetres (67 in) in the east to 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in

160-455: Is dry in the summer and has a canopy under 20 metres (66 ft), with mesophyllous, semideciduous and xeromorphic flora. There are also some open meadows. In the west, Manaus may be a region where organisms that had separated and evolved independently during ice ages came back together in warmer periods. The forests to the north and east of Manaus are among the most diverse in the world, and include many endemic plants, animals and insects. To

192-611: Is endemic to the Neotropic realm, occupying a larger geographic area than any other piranha species. Some fish groups originally unique to the Neotropics include: Examples of other animal groups that are entirely or mainly restricted to the Neotropical region include: According to Simberloff. as of 1984 there were a total of 92,128 species of flowering plants (Angiosperms) in the Neotropics. Plant families endemic and partly subendemic to

224-645: Is mostly covered by tropical moist broadleaf forest , including the vast Amazon rainforest , which stretches from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and the lowland forests of the Guianas . The bioregion also includes tropical savanna and tropical dry forest ecoregions. The Central Andes lie between the Gulfs of Guayaquil and Penas and thus encompass southern Ecuador, Chile, Peru, western Bolivia, and northwest and western Argentina. Eastern South America includes

256-806: The Caatinga xeric shrublands of northeastern Brazil, the broad Cerrado grasslands and savannas of the Brazilian Plateau , and the Pantanal and Chaco grasslands. The diverse Atlantic forests of eastern Brazil are separated from the forests of Amazonia by the Caatinga and Cerrado, and are home to a distinct flora and fauna. North of the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador and Colombia, a series of accreted oceanic terranes (discrete allochthonous fragments) have developed that constitute

288-646: The Caribbean Islands , and southern North America. In Mexico, the Yucatán Peninsula and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula are Neotropical. In the United States southern Florida and coastal Central Florida are considered Neotropical. The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast,

320-635: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event altered local flora and fauna. Much later, about two to three million years ago, South America was joined with North America by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama , which allowed a biotic exchange between the two continents, the Great American Interchange . South American species like the ancestors of the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) and

352-470: The Great American Interchange , an important biogeographical event. The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest ( tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ) than any other realm, extending from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil, including the vast Amazon rainforest . These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. These rainforests are also home to

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384-649: The Guianan savanna ecoregion to the east and north, but most of the northern border adjoins the Guianan moist forests ecoregion. In the northwest it adjoins a section of the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. The western part of the Uatuma-Trombetas ecoregion contains large areas of Rio Negro campinarana . To the west it adjoins Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests , Negro–Branco moist forests and Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests . The north of

416-547: The armadillo moved into North America, and North Americans like the ancestors of South America's camelids , including the llama ( Lama glama ), moved south. The long-term effect of the exchange was the extinction of many South American species, mostly by outcompetition by northern species. The Neotropical realm has 31 endemic bird families, which is over twice the number of any other realm. They include tanagers , rheas , tinamous , curassows , antbirds , ovenbirds , toucans , and seriemas . Bird families originally unique to

448-520: The black bearded saki ( Chiropotes satanas ), pied tamarin ( Saguinus bicolor ) and giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ). 42 frog species have been recorded around Manaus including the Surinam horned frog ( Ceratophrys cornuta ) and tree frogs (genus Hyla ). 62 snake species have been recorded including the common lancehead ( Bothrops atrox ), bushmaster ( Lachesis muta ) and boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor ). 23 species of lizards include

480-403: The green iguana ( Iguana iguana ) and many geckos . 482 species of birds have been reported including tinamous (genus Crypturellus ), parrots (genus Amazona ), macaws (genus Ara ), cookoos (genus Coccyzus ), potoos (family Nyctibiidae) and tanagers (genus Tachyphonus ). Endangered birds include the sun parakeet ( Aratinga solstitialis ). The World Wildlife Fund classes

512-674: The temperate rain forests of the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregions, and the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands , are a refuge for the ancient Antarctic flora , which includes trees like the southern beech ( Nothofagus ), podocarps , the alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides ), and Araucaria pines like the monkey-puzzle tree ( Araucaria araucana ). These rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing non-native pines and eucalyptus . South America

544-523: The 1993 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics map the Brazilian part is shown as "lowland ombrophilous dense forests", "submontane ombrophilous dense forests" and "ombrophilous forest – savanna transition". The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests ecoregion is bounded to the south by the Monte Alegre várzea , Gurupa várzea and Marajó várzea ecoregions along the Amazon River . It adjoins sections of

576-584: The Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the Cordillera Occidental. The Orinoco is a region of humid forested broadleaf forest and wetland primarily comprising the drainage basin for the Orinoco River and other adjacent lowland forested areas. This region includes most of Venezuela and parts of Colombia, as well as Trinidad and Tobago . The temperate forest ecoregions of southwestern South America, including

608-630: The Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic kingdom . The Neotropic is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora . Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic realm (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents two to three million years ago, precipitating

640-452: The Neotropics include hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) and wrens (family Troglodytidae). Mammal groups originally unique to the Neotropics include: The Neotropical realm has 63 endemic fish families and subfamilies, which is more than any other realm. Neotropical fishes include more than 5,700 species, and represent at least 66 distinct lineages in continental freshwaters (Albert and Reis, 2011). The well-known red-bellied piranha

672-1360: The Trombetas River, have but similar height and species. The Brazil nut ( Bertholletia excelsa ) and Dinizia excelsa are common, but do not reach the same size as elsewhere. The forests do not have large numbers of epiphyte s. The acapú ( Vouacapoua americana ) is an important timber tree that is endemic to the east of the ecoregion. The dry hills to the north of Óbidos hold plants such as Zamia lecointei , Cynometra longifolia , Tachigalia grandiflora , Swartzia duckei , Ormosia cuneata , Peltogyne paradoxa , Cusparia trombetensis , Vochysia mapuerae , Bonnetia dinizii , Lacunaria sampaioi , Lophostoma dinizii , Ctenardisia speciosa , Mostuea brasiliensis , Macairea viscosa , Buchenavia corrugata , Ferdinandusa cordata , Pouteria speciosa and Lepidocordia punctata . 175 species of mammals have been reported of which over 80 are bats. Primates include red-faced spider monkey ( Ateles paniscus ), pied tamarin ( Saguinus bicolor ), black bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas), Venezuelan red howler ( Alouatta seniculus ) and red-handed tamarin ( Saguinus midas ). Other mammals include jaguar ( Panthera onca ), cougar ( Puma concolor ), anteaters , opossums and many rodents. Endangered mammals include

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704-508: The ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact". The habitat is fairly intact in the interior, but continues to suffer from deforestation along the main roads and rivers, around and to the north of Manaus , and in the region from Óbidos to Monte Alegre along the Amazon. Cattle ranchers have cleared large areas of forest, as have commercial plantations around the Jari River and forestry in the east of

736-553: The ecoregion reaches into the quartzite or sandstone upland terraces and mountains of the ancient Guiana Shield , while the south is in the much newer sedimentary basin of the Amazon River, formed during the recent Tertiary period. It contains high plains, rolling hills and lowlands, with diverse fauna and flora in the different habitats. Soils are mostly kaolinite , or sandy podzols on the slopes, and are low in nutrients, but some areas have very fertile clay loam soils. The ecoregion

768-480: The ecoregion. Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. In biogeography , the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial realms . This realm includes South America, Central America ,

800-915: The north of Manaus there are as many as 235 species of trees in one hectare. Common tree species include Protium hebetatum , Eschweilera coriacea , Eschweilera wachenheimii , Manilkara bidentata , Rinorea guianensis , Pouteria engleri , Swartzia reticulata , Duckeodendron cestroides , and Qualea labouriauara . To the west of the Trombetas the forest typically has a canopy from 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) with emergent trees reaching 40 metres (130 ft). The dense vegetation has many small-to-medium diameter trees, under 600 millimetres (24 in) wide. The most common families of trees are Sapotaceae , Lecythidaceae , Burseraceae , Fabaceae , Rubiaceae , Chrysobalanaceae , Lauraceae , Annonaceae , Moraceae , Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae . The forests are more homogeneous in structure east of

832-574: The north of the Amazon River . Small areas of the ecoregion cross the Brazilian border into Guyana and Suriname. It has an area of 47,319,082 hectares (116,928,000 acres). The ecoregion covers the area to the north of the Amazon River from close to the Atlantic coast to the Rio Negro and the Branco River . In the north to extends to the mountains along the border between Brazil and the Guianas and Suriname. On

864-580: The realm are, according to Takhtajan (1978), Hymenophyllopsidaceae , Marcgraviaceae , Caryocaraceae , Pellicieraceae , Quiinaceae , Peridiscaceae , Bixaceae , Cochlospermaceae , Tovariaceae , Lissocarpaceae ( Lissocarpa ), Brunelliaceae , Dulongiaceae , Columelliaceae , Julianiaceae , Picrodendraceae , Goupiaceae , Desfontainiaceae , Plocospermataceae , Tropaeolaceae , Dialypetalanthaceae ( Dialypetalanthus ), Nolanaceae ( Nolana ), Calyceraceae , Heliconiaceae , Cannaceae , Thurniaceae and Cyclanthaceae . Plant families that originated in

896-683: The realm into bioregions , defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest , found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures. Tropical rainforest , tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are highlight in Southern North America, Amazonia, Caribbean, Central America, Northern Andes and Central Andes. The Amazonia bioregion

928-499: The region. Some species are threatened by the trade in wildlife, by hunting and by selective logging. Upland areas have been destroyed by mining, which has polluted the rivers. Huge areas of upland forest were submerged by the Balbina Dam in the southwest. The 3,850 square kilometres (1,490 sq mi) Rio Trombetas Biological Reserve and the 2,271 square kilometres (877 sq mi) Jari Ecological Station protect parts of

960-478: The time of first European contact ), in about 37 distinct language families and a further number of unclassified and isolate languages . Many of these languages and their cultures are also endangered. Accordingly, conservation in the Neotropical realm is a hot political concern, and raises many arguments about development versus indigenous versus ecological rights and access to or ownership of natural resources . The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) subdivides

992-637: The west. The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests ecoregion is in the Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. The ecoregion contains lowland flooded forests along tributaries of the Amazon, and seasonally dry forests and meadows on the Guiana Shield . The larger part of the ecoregion is covered by humid rainforest with a canopy 30 to 40 metres (98 to 131 ft) high and emergent trees reaching 50 metres (160 ft). There are areas of seasonal forest east of Óbidos that

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1024-480: Was originally part of the supercontinent of Gondwana , which included Africa, Australia, India, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and the Neotropic shares many plant and animal lineages with these other continents, including marsupial mammals and the Antarctic flora . After the final breakup of the Gondwana about 110 million years ago, South America was separated from Africa and drifted north and west. 66 million years ago,

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