The Parsons Paper Company was an American pulp and paper company specializing in cotton-based fine writing papers , based in Holyoke, Massachusetts . Founded in 1853 by Joseph C. Parsons, it was the first and, as of 2024, the last paper manufacturer extant in that city, from 1989 until its liquidation in 2005. In 2008 the company's primary mill was razed in a large suspected arson fire.
41-463: Founded by its namesake Joseph C. Parsons in 1853, the company was established with $ 60,000 in capital and initially met resistance from the Hadley Falls Company which established Holyoke, as they only had one mill site at that time and regarded a small paper company as poor use of their new canal system, arguing a textile mill would generate more jobs and revenue. Indeed, the prevailing wisdom of
82-520: A New York Times article, published on June 8, 2003, Niall Ferguson claimed, using data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), that "the experience of Western Europe in the past quarter-century offers an unexpected confirmation of the Protestant ethic", that the reason that people in modern Protestant Western European nations actually work fewer hours on average than in
123-617: A Factory Town, A Study of Chicopee, Massachusetts . By 1845, 31 textile companies—located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine—produced one-fifth of all cotton and wool textiles in the United States. With the capital earned through these mills, they invested in railroads, especially the Boston and Lowell . These railroads helped transport the cotton from warehouses to factories. These Boston-based investors established banks—such as
164-522: A changing market, however the contracts that he had proposed for Parsons had allowed the company to vastly expand its production volume and brought with it widespread free publicity. The company would fill many contracts for the US government in subsequent decades, including one for a display of drawings at the World's Columbian Exposition . In 1888 the company contracted millwrights D. H. & A. B. Tower to construct
205-553: A subsidiary until its closure in April 2005. Boston Associates The Boston Associates were a loosely linked group of investors in 19th-century New England . They included Nathan Appleton , Patrick Tracy Jackson , Abbott Lawrence , and Amos Lawrence . Often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston , Massachusetts. The term "Boston Associates" was coined by historian and professor of economics and Marxism, Vera Shlakman in her 1935 work, Economic History of
246-408: Is a vindication of God in this life: a theodicy of fortune ; this supported religious and social actions that proved their right to possess even greater wealth. In contrast, those without the ethic instead emphasized that God will be vindicated by granting wealth and happiness in the next life: a theodicy of misfortune . These beliefs guided expectations, behaviour and culture, etc. According to
287-564: Is associated with the modernization phase of a region's economic development and thus, in principle, can be found for any religion or for non-religious persons. A 2013 study of 44 European countries found that religious heritage of countries explains half of the between-country variation in Europe in Work Ethic, more than modernity, while factors such as income, education, religion and (in another study) secularization explain relatively little. However,
328-570: The Boston Associates and their colleagues at the time indicated that writing paper could not be sold in the quantities that Parsons aimed to produce it, and the belief was held that it would only drive down prices and leave a surplus in the market. The very first batches of paper made by Parsons were produced using a 62" Fourdrinier machine by Goddard Rice & Co. of Worcester, and derived from rags from Boynton & Whitcomb of Templeton , driven to Holyoke by four-horse teams. Almost immediately
369-474: The Reformation still far off in the future. Furthermore, he also highlighted the conclusions of other historians, noting that, compared to Catholics, Protestants were "not more likely to hold the high-status capitalist positions", that Catholic Europe did not lag in its industrial development compared to Protestant areas, and that even Weber wrote that "fully developed capitalism had appeared in Europe" long before
410-665: The Suffolk Bank —and invested in others. In time, they controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills. Mill locations established or improved by the Boston Associates: Despite being "shrewd, far-sighted entrepreneurs who were quick to embrace...new investment opportunities",
451-591: The "northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean. They invented nothing, either in technology or business management". Historian Laurence R. Iannaccone has written that "Ironically, the most noteworthy feature of the Protestant Ethic thesis is its absence of empirical support", citing the work of Swedish economic historian Kurt Samuelsson that "economic progress
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#1732856089979492-492: The 14th century , not in the Protestant areas of Europe. Danish macroeconomist Thomas Barnebeck Andersen et al. found that the location of monasteries of the Catholic Order of Cistercians , and specifically their density, highly correlated to this work ethic in later centuries; ninety percent of these monasteries were founded before the year 1300 AD. Economist Joseph Henrich found that this correlation extends right up to
533-703: The Boston Associates were also "committed to the ideals of the original Protestant ethic and Republican simplicity ". Indeed, the members established more than 30 "benevolent societies and institutions" between 1810 and 1840. Their investment in the Boston Manufacturing Company 's Lowell Mills project, which Henry Clay called a test for "whether the manufacturing system is compatible with social virtues", epitomized their worldview. Though not authoritative or necessarily complete, Robert Dalzell's 1987 book, Enterprising elite: The Boston Associates and
574-523: The Catholic attention to production within the family and to personal contacts: "Protestant values are shown to shape a type of individual who exerts greater effort in mutual social control, supports institutions more and more critically, is less bound to close circles of family and friends, and also holds more homogenous values.… (which ultimately works) in favour of anonymous markets, as they facilitate legal enforcement and impersonal exchange." A similar result
615-538: The Catholic ones or in the United States is due to a decline in active Protestantism. There are studies of the existence and impact of the so-called Protestant Ethic on individuals. A study at the University of Groningen shows that unemployed Protestants fare much worse than the general population psychologically. The original New England Colonies in 1677 were mostly Protestant in origin and exhibited industriousness and respect for laws. Pastor John Starke writes that
656-655: The Parable of the Ten Minas in the Book of Luke. The Apostle Paul in 2 Thessalonians said "If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat." The first permanent English settlement in America in the 17th century, at Jamestown , was led by John Smith . He trained the first English settlers to work at farming and fishing. These settlers were ill-equipped to survive in the English settlements in
697-444: The Protestant Ethic thesis is its absence of empirical support." The concept is often credited with helping to define the self-view of societies of Northern, Central and Northwestern Europe as well as the United States. Following a study trip to America, Weber developed his theory of the Protestant Ethic, which included more considerations than attitude to work. Those with the ethic believed that good fortune (e.g. from hard work)
738-476: The Protestant work ethic "multiplied myths about Protestantism, Calvinism, vocation, and capitalism. To this day, many believe Protestants work hard so as to build evidence for salvation." Some support exists that the Protestant work ethic may be so ingrained in American culture that when it appears people may not recognize it. Due to the history of Protestantism in the United States, it may be difficult to separate
779-570: The Protestant work ethic the "lowly" workman also has a noble vocation which he can fulfill through dedication to his work. Weber's book is one of the most influential and cited in sociology, although the thesis presented has been controversial since its release. In opposition to Weber, historians such as Fernand Braudel and Hugh Trevor-Roper assert that the Protestant work ethic did not create capitalism and that capitalism developed in pre- Reformation Catholic communities. Historian Laurence R. Iannaccone has written that "the most noteworthy feature of
820-494: The Reformation. As British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper stated, the concept that "large-scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed". French historian Fernand Braudel wrote that "all historians" opposed the "tenuous theory" of Protestant ethic, despite not being able to entirely quash the theory "once and for all". Braudel continues to remark that
861-582: The Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God." Another passage from the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament provides an example: "A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest, and poverty will come upon you like a robber, and want like an armed man." The New Testament also provides many examples, such as
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#1732856089979902-515: The United States as well as in South America and Australia. One business strategy which had in part allowed the company to see such growth was its greater public exposure through federal government contracts. In the early 1880s J. S. McElwain, effectively the manager of the company, managed to persuade the elder Joseph Parsons to place bids for government envelope and postcard contracts. McElwain would go on to establish his own paper company to adapt to
943-450: The company stock, ultimately it was this second iteration of the company which would endure into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as the former Parsons Paper No. 1 and its assets would be absorbed with a number of other Holyoke paper concerns into the ill-fated American Writing Paper Company trust in 1899. On February 12, 1959, the company and its assets were purchased by National Vulcanized Fiber , which continued to operate it as
984-687: The concept of a Protestant work ethic to racist ideals . Civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. said: We have deluded ourselves into believing the myth that capitalism grew and prospered out of the Protestant ethic of hard work and sacrifice. The fact is that capitalism was built on the exploitation and suffering of black slaves and continues to thrive on the exploitation of the poor—both black and white, here and abroad. Late 20th century works by Lawrence Harrison , Samuel P. Huntington , and David Landes revitalized interest in Weber's thesis. In
1025-518: The concerns of the Boston Associates proved unfounded, as within 10 months of the company's founding it had produced and sold $ 50,000 worth of fine writing paper and by 1859 expanded into a second mill. By the time of the Civil War , the company had become the largest writing and envelope paper producer in the United States. By 1887 Parsons had reached an international market, selling its bristol board , envelope paper, and ledger bonds to customers across
1066-472: The early 1600s and were on the precipice of dying. John Smith emphasized the Protestant work ethic and helped propagate it by stating "He that will not work, shall not eat" which is a direct reference to 2 Thessalonians 3:10. This policy is credited with helping the early colony survive and thrive in its relatively harsh environment. Writer Frank Chodorov argued that the Protestant ethic was long considered indispensable for American political figures: There
1107-516: The faith they received, and that faith apart from works is dead and barren, the Calvinist theologians taught that only those who were predestined to be saved would be saved. For Protestants, salvation is a gift from God; this is the Protestant distinction of sola gratia . In light of salvation being a gift of grace, Protestants viewed work as stewardship given to them. Thus Protestants were not working in order to achieve salvation but viewed work as
1148-482: The initial concentric dispersion of the Reformation to use distance to Wittenberg as an instrument for Protestantism". However, they also note that, between Luther (1500) and Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), the limited data available has meant that the period in question is regarded as a "black box" and that only "some cursory discussion and analysis" is possible. A 2021 study argues that
1189-519: The means by which they could be a blessing to others. Hard work and frugality were thought to be two important applications of being a steward of what God had given them. Protestants were thus attracted to these qualities and strove to reach them. There are many specific theological examples in the Bible used to support a work ethic. Old Testament examples abound, such as God's command in Exodus 20:8–10 to "Remember
1230-425: The mill which characterized the company until its final years in the 21st century. With the establishment of Parsons Paper Mill No. 2, came Parsons Paper Company No. 2, a corporation with $ 300,000 in capital, of which $ 200,000 was supplied by the original company, and the remainder from working men in its ranks. Originally separated as a part of a negotiation with McElwain to allow certain long-time employees to buy into
1271-708: The relationship between contemporary Pentecostalism and neoliberal capitalism, and second, the relationship between Calvinistic asceticism and modern capitalism that interested Weber. Nevertheless, Kirby emphasises the enduring relevance of Weber's analysis: he proposes a "new elective affinity" between contemporary Pentecostalism and neoliberal capitalism, suggesting that neo-Pentecostal churches may act as vehicles for embedding neoliberal economic processes, for instance by encouraging practitioners to become entrepreneurial, responsibilised citizens. Austrian political economist Joseph Schumpeter argued that capitalism began in Italy in
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1312-426: The study showed that Protestant heritage was actually the least correlated with a strong work ethic, with Muslim, then Orthodox, then Catholic heritages being the strongest. A 2009 study of 32 mainly developed countries found no difference in work ethic between Catholics and Protestants, after correcting for demographic and country effects; however, it found substantial support for a social ethic effect due to e.g.
1353-682: The successes of the country from the ethic that may have significantly contributed to propelling it. Tshilidzi Marwala asserted in 2020 that the principles of Protestant ethic are important for development in Africa and that they should be secularized and used as an alternative to the ethic of Prosperity Christianity , which advocates miracles as a basis of development. In a recent journal article, Benjamin Kirby agrees that this influence of prosperity theology, particularly within neo-Pentecostal movements , complicates any attempt to draw parallels between, first,
1394-503: The theory, Protestants, beginning with Martin Luther , conceptualized worldly work as a duty which benefits both the individual and society as a whole. Thus, the Catholic idea of good works was transformed for Protestants into an obligation to consistently work diligently as a sign of grace . Whereas Catholicism teaches that good works are required of Catholics as a necessary manifestation of
1435-535: The twenty-first century. Other factors that further developed the European market economy included the strengthening of property rights and lowering of transaction costs with the decline and monetization of feudalism , and the increase in real wages following the epidemics of bubonic plague . Social scientist Rodney Stark commented that "during their critical period of economic development, these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic, not Protestant", with
1476-537: The values represented by the Protestant ethic as developed by Max Weber are not exclusively related to Protestantism but to the modernization phase of economic development. Weber observed this phase of development in areas dominated by Protestants at the time of his observations. From these observations, he concludes that a worldly asceticism consisting of a preference for work and a sober life are associated with Protestantism. However Dutch management economists Annemiek Schilpzand and Eelke de Jong argue that this value pattern
1517-661: The world they made , enumerated the following businessmen as members of the Boston Associates social strata: Protestant work ethic The Protestant work ethic , also known as the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic , is a work ethic concept in sociology , economics , and history . It emphasizes that a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith , particularly Calvinism , result in diligence , discipline , and frugality . The phrase
1558-401: Was a sturdy and responsible individual, responsible to himself, his society, and his God. Anybody who could not measure up to that standard could not qualify for public office or even popular respect. One who was born "with a silver spoon in his mouth" might be envied, but he could not aspire to public acclaim; he had to live out his life in the seclusion of his own class. Others have connected
1599-502: Was a time, in these United States, when a candidate for public office could qualify with the electorate only by fixing his birthplace in or near the "log cabin". He may have acquired a competence, or even a fortune, since then, but it was in the tradition that he must have been born of poor parents and made his way up the ladder by sheer ability, self-reliance, and perseverance in the face of hardship. In short, he had to be "self made". The so-called Protestant Ethic then prevalent held that man
1640-467: Was initially coined in 1905 by sociologist Max Weber in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Weber asserted that Protestant ethics and values, along with the Calvinist doctrines of asceticism and predestination , enabled the rise and spread of capitalism . Just as priests and caring professionals are deemed to have a vocation (or "calling" from God) for their work, according to
1681-418: Was uncorrelated with religion, or was temporally incompatible with Weber's thesis, or actually reversed the pattern claimed by Weber." German economists Sascha Becker and Ludger Wößmann have posited an alternate theory, claiming that the literacy gap between Protestants (as a result of the Reformation ) and Catholics was sufficient explanation for the economic gaps, and that the "results hold when we exploit